Magellan–Elcano expedition

From Hispanopedia

The Magellan and Elcano expedition was a 16th-century Spanish maritime expedition initially captained by Ferdinand Magellan. This expedition, brought to completion by Juan Sebastián de Elcano on its return, accomplished the first circumnavigation of the Earth in history.

The purpose of the expedition was to open a trade route to "the spice islands" (the present-day Moluccas) by the west, seeking a passage between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. It consisted of five ships, which went down the Guadalquivir River from Seville on August 10, 1519. A few days later, the Captain General and the captains of the other ships came in the longboats after finishing the preparations, so the ships finally departed from Sanlúcar de Barrameda on September 20, 1519.[1][2]

Map of the first voyage of circumnavigation of the world
Map of the first voyage of circumnavigation of the world

The squadron, after exploring the American coastline south of Brazil for months, managed to cross the Strait of Magellan on November 28, 1520. On its crossing of the Pacific it reached the Philippine islands, where, on April 27, 1521, Ferdinand Magellan died in the Battle of Mactan. The expedition members continued sailing to the Moluccas, the goal of their voyage, where they chose Juan Sebastián Elcano to captain the return voyage. Sailing west across the Indian Ocean and rounding Africa, on September 6, 1522, the Victoria, the only ship remaining in the expedition, returned to Sanlúcar de Barrameda, becoming the first vessel in history to sail around the world. That same day the ship was towed upriver to Seville, owing to the poor condition the ship was in, arriving two days later (September 8, 1522)[1][2] with its valuable cargo of spices.

Background

Map by Martin Waldseemüller published in 1516 showing the world known to Europeans at the time.

The goal of Christopher Columbus was to sail west to the "Indies" in search of spices and other riches of Asia. On his voyages, Columbus would find gold on the island of Hispaniola and in Central America, but he never found the spice islands, which today we know as the Maluku Islands, part of present-day Indonesia. Not even on the fourth voyage of Columbus could a sea passage be found to the Asia that Europeans knew.

After the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494, influence over the world had been divided in two by an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean. Spain had control of the western zone, which encompassed a large part of the American continent, in addition to the Canary Islands. Portugal, on the other hand, would control the entire eastern zone, with territories ranging from Africa to the Indian Ocean and the eastern tip of South America, which would allow the colonization of Brazil. For all these reasons Spain was very interested in a sea route to Asia that did not involve sailing south around Africa and then heading east to India. The overland passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific was already known in 1519, because in 1513 the Spanish conquistador Vasco Núñez de Balboa had sighted the Pacific Ocean, which he called the "South Sea", by an overland crossing through Central America.

Ferdinand Magellan believed in the possibility of reaching the spice islands by sailing west, without needing to take his ships east around the entire western coast of Africa, and then returning to Spain. His plan was very similar to that of Christopher Columbus. Magellan, born in Portugal, had experience at sea and knew the Indies well, since he spent eight years as a soldier of the Portuguese Armada in the Indian Ocean.

The voyage was extremely complicated, since at that time there were no navigational charts of that part of the world. The maps of 1519 had not charted the route that Magellan intended to follow; only some islands of the Caribbean and the coasts from Central America to northern Brazil appeared, but nothing farther south. In the east, the maps showing the coasts of Asia and Africa in the 16th century were not especially detailed.[3]

Preparations for the expedition

Capitulations of Valladolid

King Charles I of Spain was 18 years old when he agreed to finance Magellan's expedition to the Spice Islands in 1518. Here he is portrayed by Bernard van Orley c. 1517.

After failing when he presented his proposals to the King of Portugal, Manuel I, who already knew a route for sailing to Asia around Africa and had no need to finance a new one, Magellan decided to go to Spain to present his bold project to the then young King Charles I. Once the project was accepted by Charles I, capitulations for the expedition were signed in Valladolid on March 22, 1518, in which Magellan was granted the title of governor and adelantado of all the lands he might discover.

Both the offering of the project first to the King of Portugal and then to the King of Spain, as well as conditions favorable to the discoverer, were situations that had also occurred in the first voyage of Columbus.

The expedition initially consisted of five vessels with 239 men under the command of Magellan, aboard the flagship, the Trinidad; the other four ships were the San Antonio, the Concepción, the Victoria and the Santiago.[4][5] Second in command was the Spaniard Juan de Cartagena, veedor (inspector) general of the armada.[6] Juan Sebastián Elcano, who would end up captaining the return voyage, set out as master of the Concepción, commanded by Gaspar de Quesada.[7] Also traveling on the expedition was Antonio Pigafetta,[8] who would write a chronicle of the voyage.

Composition of the fleet on its departure from Cádiz

Ship Tonnage[9] Crew[4] Captain[4] Remarks
Trinidad 110 62 Ferdinand Magellan Ends up boarded by the Portuguese in the Moluccas, with seventeen surviving sailors, after unsuccessfully trying to return eastward across the Pacific.
San Antonio 120 57 Juan de Cartagena Its crew mutinies in the Strait of Magellan on November 1, 1520, and returns to Seville on May 6, 1521.
Concepción 90 44 Gaspar de Quesada Abandoned and burned off the island of Bohol (Philippines), for lack of enough crew to sail it.
Victoria 85 45 Luis de Mendoza The only one to complete the expedition.
Santiago 75 31 Juan Serrano Wrecked on May 3, 1520, in the estuary of the Santa Cruz River (Argentine Patagonia)
239 (total)

The voyage

Departure of the expedition

The nao Victoria 500, permanently located in Seville, Spain.

The squadron departed from Seville on August 10, 1519, leaving from the Muelle de las Muelas wharf on the Guadalquivir River, near the west side of the present-day San Telmo Bridge. The name Muelas of this wharf comes from old millstones (muelas) which, placed along the riverbank, gave it stability and allowed better port use of the boarding area.[10] The fleet went down the Guadalquivir until it reached its mouth, at Sanlúcar de Barrameda (Cádiz), a port on the Atlantic Ocean.[11] During the following weeks, Ferdinand Magellan and the captains of the naos went back and forth to Seville in their feluccas to deal with various unforeseen matters and smooth over some difficulties while the provisioning of the squadron was completed. Magellan himself made his will in Seville on August 24.[12]

Continuing the descent of the Betis, one passes near Coria and some other villages as far as San Lúcar... That is where the port that opens onto the ocean is... A few days later, the commander-in-chief and the captains of the other ships came in the longboats from Seville to San Lúcar, and the provisioning of the squadron was completed. Every morning we went ashore to hear Mass in the church of Our Lady of Barrameda; and before departing, the chief ordered that the entire crew go to confession, absolutely forbidding any woman to embark in the squadron.

— Antonio Pigafetta. Report on the First Voyage Around the World.[13]

The expedition set sail from Sanlúcar de Barrameda on September 20, 1519.[14][15][16][17]

Atlantic crossing to Patagonia

They called at Tenerife (Canary Islands), and the Atlantic crossing continued past the islands of Cape Verde and the coasts of Sierra Leone. After skirting the area near the northern coast of Africa, the fleet sailed across the Atlantic toward America. On October 3, 1519, the weather worsened with wind, squalls and currents, so the fleet had to stop for fear of being wrecked, drifting without a fixed course until the storm passed. During those storms, they frequently saw St. Elmo's fire, an atmospheric electrical phenomenon which they interpreted as a divine sign, at one point seeing this fire like a torch at night on the tip of the mainmast of a nao, where it remained for more than two hours. Before disappearing, the light became so intense that for a quarter of an hour the sailors walked about blinded, begging for mercy.[3]

During the crossing, Juan de Cartagena, veedor general of the armada, together with other officers, asked Magellan to be consulted on all matters relating to the voyage as a "conjunta persona" (joint person) according to the King's instructions. Shortly afterward Cartagena hailed Magellan from his ship as "captain" and not as "captain general". Magellan took advantage of a meeting of all the captains on the Victoria to arrest Cartagena. Replacing Juan de Cartagena, Magellan would first place Antonio de Coca and later Álvaro de Mezquita in command of the San Antonio.[18]

Almost four months after leaving Spain,[3] the fleet approached the coast of America. On December 13, 1519, they made landfall at Santa Lucía Bay, where Rio de Janeiro stands today. From there, they followed the coast southward, where they found a great channel leading inland. Magellan and the fleet sailed inland thinking they had found the entrance to the South Sea, the name by which the Pacific Ocean was known. After fifteen days they realized that it was an inlet three hundred kilometers deep,[3] the estuary of the Río de la Plata—the widest in the world—between the present-day states of Uruguay and Argentina. After this disappointment, they went on coasting along the shore into the unknown, reaching the coast of what Magellan called "Patagonia".

Contact with the Tehuelche indigenous people

In what they named the gulf or bay of San Julián, the first encounter took place between the indigenous people of Patagonia, called the Tehuelche, and the Spaniards who made up the expedition of what would become the Spanish Empire. According to the accounts of the expedition's cartographer and chronicler Antonio Pigafetta in Report on the First Voyage Around the World and of Charles I's secretary Maximilianus Transylvanus, after several days of contact and exchange of goods, Magellan gave the order to kidnap two locals and several women to take them as a gift for King Charles I.[19][20] In the end one of them managed to escape and the other died in captivity after refusing to eat; a Spanish sailor also died after being poisoned by an arrow.[21][19]

Mutiny during the wintering

Monte Cristo, in San Julián Bay (Argentine Patagonia), where Magellan ordered a cross to be erected.[22]

On March 31, 1520, only a few days from Antarctica, they sought refuge in a bay which they called "port of San Julián" to spend the winter. Provisions were running out, the days were growing shorter and the men were cold. Magellan then decided to reduce the food rations. Several captains and officers agreed to demand that he return to Spain.[23]

Captains Gaspar de Quesada and Luis de Mendoza, together with Antonio de Coca and Juan de Cartagena, mutinied against the Admiral out of disagreement with his command, seeking to return to Spain because they considered that the expedition had failed, having not yet found the passage to the South Sea. Among the mutineers was Juan Sebastián Elcano, who during the uprising took command of the nao San Antonio after the rebels seized its captain, Álvaro de Mezquita.[24]

The insurrection was put down with the death of Mendoza, Captain of the Victoria. Magellan sentenced Quesada to death, and he was executed, and he banished Juan de Cartagena and the cleric Pedro Sánchez de la Reina, who were abandoned in those lands when the fleet departed. He pardoned more than forty men because they were needed for the expedition.[23][25]

On May 3 the ship Santiago was lost, smashed to pieces against the rocks at the mouth of the Santa Cruz River (Argentine coast).[3] Magellan distributed the survivors of the Santiago among the remaining naos and appointed Juan Serrano captain of the Concepción and Duarte Barbosa captain of the Victoria.[26]

Strait of Magellan (map by Jodocus Hondius, 1606).
Modern map of the Strait of Magellan.

The expedition continued to the southern tip of the continent and, between October 21 and November 27, 1520, passed through the strait that joins the two oceans. Crossing it was very difficult, given the complexity of the coast. To do so, one ship went ahead exploring in search of the best route and then retraced its course to lead the rest as far as the explored area. Once these painstaking stages were completed, they managed to leave the "labyrinth" for the Pacific Ocean. Magellan named it the "Strait of All Saints", although it is now known as the Strait of Magellan, since his expedition was the first European one to sight it. While sailing through the strait, the Spaniards sighted numerous bonfires on the southern coast, lit by the indigenous people who inhabited that territory. That is why the Spaniards named it "Tierra del Fuego" (Land of Fire).

On November 28, 1520, Magellan's armada sailed for the first time upon that South Sea which, because of how serene and calm its surface was, received the name "Pacific". It had only three ships, since the crew of the San Antonio had mutinied on November 1, before crossing the strait, and Esteban Gómez had taken the ship back to Spain by the Guinea route, apparently passing by the Falkland Islands.

Crossing of the Pacific to the Marianas

Magellan's bad luck meant that on the long three-month course across the Pacific Ocean, between the Strait of Magellan and his arrival at the Mariana Islands, he did not discover any point of land, so famine and scurvy ravaged his crew, to the point that large sums of money were paid for a mere rat to devour. The water went foul and the men even ate softened leather and sawdust:

The biscuit we ate was no longer bread but a powder full of worms that had devoured all its substance. Moreover, it had an unbearable fetid smell because it was soaked with rats' urine. The water we drank was putrid and stinking. So as not to die of hunger, we were forced to eat the pieces of cowhide that covered the mainmast so that the ropes would not chafe against the wood... Very often we were reduced to feeding on sawdust; and the rats, so repugnant to man, had become such a sought-after food that up to half a ducat was paid for each of them... And that was not all. Our greatest misfortune came when we found ourselves attacked by a kind of disease that swelled our jaws until our teeth were hidden....

— Antonio Pigafetta. Report on the First Voyage Around the World.

On March 6, 1521, when the crew had already been decimated by hunger, they landed on the island of Guam, now part of the Mariana Islands archipelago, which they called the "Islands of Thieves".

In the Philippine Islands

On March 16 they reached Samar, which meant that they were the first Europeans to sight the Philippine islands, which Magellan called the "Islands of Saint Lazarus". For Magellan it was very important to maintain a strategic peace with the natives and convert them to Christianity, and to that end he used, among other things, the argument that they would be stronger, and he showed them his firearms. As testimony of his intention to convert the natives to Christianity there is Magellan's Cross, a wooden cross placed in Cebu by the explorer.

Death of Magellan in the Battle of Mactan (19th-century engraving).

To secure an alliance with a native chief of the region, Magellan set out to defeat his enemy Lapulapu, the chief of Mactan Island. Before the attack, Magellan sent emissaries to Lapulapu so that he would cease his determination to fight and submit to Christianity and to the Spanish Crown, an offer that Lapulapu rejected, for which he is still regarded today as a pro-independence leader in the Philippines.

In the early morning of April 27, 1521, Magellan and fifty of his men reached the beach of Mactan to fight Lapulapu and a thousand of his men.[3] Magellan was so sure of his victory that he asked the other captains not to become involved in the fight.[3] Since the tide was low they had to leave the ships far from the shore, so they could not fire their cannons, their strongest weapons. Added to this, Magellan and his men arrived exhausted from having had to walk almost a kilometer through the water. Once on the beach, as the battle went on, Magellan's men began to run out of ammunition and Lapulapu's men advanced.[3] A native drove a spear into Magellan's leg, making him fall. At that moment all the natives ran at him and speared him, and he died in combat. The Spaniards lost the battle, and Magellan had fallen in combat without even having reached the Moluccas, the spice islands, which were only a few days away.[3]

His successor, Duarte Barbosa, was treacherously killed in Cebu, together with thirty of his men, at a banquet trap organized by the raja. The rest of the expedition decided to leave Cebu and on Bohol Island they agreed, since only 108 men were left to sail the three ships, to burn the one in the worst condition, which was the Concepción, distributing themselves between the other two. It was also decided to appoint Juan López de Carvalho, until then chief pilot of the fleet, as head of the expedition.[27]

Thus fell Ferdinand Magellan on this expedition, which had the mission and the equipment for the search for that new western route to the spices. This was despite the repeated earlier warnings and arguments made to him both by his own crew and by those accompanying him on other ships, such as Juan Sebastián de Elcano himself, since the expedition was prepared for its main task and, at most, for establishing new diplomatic and commercial relations—not for confrontations and warlike aggression, and still less in the state in which the crew was already arriving at various ports because of scurvy and other hardships on board. For Elcano this even meant punishment and removal from command during the first stretches of the crossing of the Pacific, since the supreme command of the expedition was Magellan. For Magellan, that iron stubbornness that he displayed during much of the expedition, and possibly also personal ambitions and longings, ended up costing him his life.

In the Moluccas

At the end of September 1521, the members of the expedition agreed to remove Carvalho as captain general for misconduct, appointing Gonzalo Gómez de Espinosa, captain of the Trinidad, as their new chief. It was also agreed to place Juan Sebastián Elcano in charge of the Victoria. They resolved to continue sailing toward the spice islands. They reached the Moluccas on November 7, 1521, docking at the island of Tidore the following day. There they asked its king, called Almanzor by the Spaniards, for permission to trade.[28]

On December 18, 1521, with both ships loaded with cloves, they prepared to depart on the return to Spain. However, that same day a leak was discovered in the Trinidad, making a long repair necessary. It was agreed that the Victoria would return to Spain by the India route and that the Trinidad would remain in the port of Tidore to be repaired and return across the Pacific to Panama. On the 21st the Victoria set out alone toward the west.[29][30] On February 5, 1522, the young ship's boy of the Victoria, Martín de Ayamonte, and the soldier Bartolomé Saldaña deserted, leaving the Victoria "without being noticed" on the island of Timor, where the ship was anchored. When he was captured by the Portuguese, the ship's boy gave an account of the voyage which has recently been discovered and contains hitherto unknown details.[31]

Espinosa completed the repair of the Trinidad on April 6, 1522, and put to sea, but the continual storms prevented its progress, and a strong storm seriously damaged the ship. He asked for help from the Portuguese Captain António de Brito, who was nearby, which led to the seventeen men remaining on the vessel being taken prisoner by the Portuguese. Five of them, among whom was Espinosa, returned to Europe and were released in 1527.[32]

Return to Spain captained by Elcano

Detail of a map (1590) by Abraham Ortelius showing the ship Victoria.
Replica of Ferdinand Magellan's nao Victoria at the Nao Victoria Museum in Punta Arenas, Chile.
The Cape Verde archipelago in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, where it became clear to the crew that they had gained a day by sailing westward: what they thought was a "Wednesday" was actually Thursday, July 9, 1522.
Virgin of Victory that was in the church of the convent of the same name in Seville. Magellan and his crew swore loyalty before the banners of the expedition in that church.[33][34] The 18 sailors who arrived after completing the First Voyage Around the World presented themselves before this image.[35] September 8 is the feast of the Virgin of Victory.[36] It is currently in the Church of Santa Ana.

Before Elcano went to the Indian Ocean, he encountered Rajah Matanda or Rajah Ache, the future Muslim prince of Manila whom the expedition of Miguel López de Legazpi would meet. Ache attacked the expedition. Dery suggests that Ache's decision to attack must have been influenced by the desire to take Elcano's ship back to Manila Bay, to use it as leverage against his cousin, the ruler of Tondo, who was usurping the territory of Ache's mother, who ruled Maynila at that time. Elcano, however, was able to defeat and capture Ache. According to Scott, Ache was eventually released after a ransom was paid. However, Ache left a Spanish-speaking Moor, "a Moor who understood something of our Castilian tongue, who was called Pazeculan", to help on the return journey of the nao Victoria to Spain.[37] This knowledge of the Spanish language had spread across the Indian Ocean and even into Southeast Asia after the Castilian conquest of the Emirate of Granada forced the Spanish-speaking Muslims of Granada to emigrate across the Muslim world, even as far as Islamic Manila.[38]

Elcano, in command of the Victoria, crossed the Indian Ocean and sailed around Africa, carefully avoiding the ports controlled by Portugal. However, the shortage of food forced him to put in at the archipelago of Cape Verde on July 9, 1522, a "Wednesday" for Elcano but a Thursday according to the islanders: they had "gained" a day by sailing westward. Since they paid for the supplies with cloves, the Portuguese soon realized that the expedition came from the Moluccas and would have detained the ship had Elcano not hastily set sail.[39]

Finally, on September 6, 1522, the expedition members arrived at Sanlúcar de Barrameda, thus completing the first circumnavigation of the globe. On the very day of arrival he took into his service a boat to tow the Victoria up the Guadalquivir to Seville, because of the poor condition the ship was in. The officials of the Casa de la Contratación de Indias of Seville prepared a twelve-oared launch loaded with fresh provisions. Two days later the Victoria docked in Seville. On the wharf the city authorities and the members of the Casa de la Contratación in full were waiting, together with a large crowd watching the arrival of the battered ship. That day the navigators did not disembark. They did so only the following morning, in shirtsleeves and barefoot, with candles in their hands and in procession. They went to the church of Our Lady of Victory and to the chapel of the Virgen de la Antigua in Seville Cathedral,[40] as they had promised to do in moments of anguish.[13] The nao Victoria was unloaded.

Thanks to Providence, on Saturday, September 6, 1522, we entered the bay of San Lúcar [...] From the time we departed from the bay of San Lúcar until we returned to it we covered, by our reckoning, more than fourteen thousand four hundred and sixty leagues, and we went around the entire world [...] On Monday, September 8, we dropped anchor near the wharf of Seville, and unloaded all our artillery.

— Antonio Pigafetta. Report on the First Voyage Around the World.[13]

Francisco López de Gómara, in his Historia General de las Indias, wrote in 1552:

Jason's ship Argo sailed very little in comparison with the nao Victoria, which ought to be kept in the shipyards of Seville as a memorial.

José Martínez de la Puente wrote in his Compendio de las Historias de la India Oriental in 1681:

The fragments of this nao Victoria are kept in Seville in memory of its having been the one that went entirely around the whole orb of land and water.[41]

The cargo of spices brought in the nao Victoria more than covered the costs of the entire expedition (five ships in total).[42]

The reigning King, Charles I, granted Elcano as a reward the rank of hidalgo and a coat of arms that added a globe with a motto reading "Primus circumdedisti me" at the top.[43]

Coat of arms of Juan Sebastián Elcano

Survivors of the expedition

Human losses

Of the 239 men who left Sanlúcar de Barrameda in the flotilla captained by Ferdinand Magellan, only eighteen had the good fortune to be able to return to Spain under the command of Elcano after having overcome the storms of the entire circumnavigation of the Earth.

First circumnavigators

Commemorative plaque on the façade of the old town hall of Sanlúcar de Barrameda with the names of the men who returned to the city after the first circumnavigation.

These eighteen men put in at Sanlúcar de Barrameda aboard the Victoria on September 6, 1522.

<section begin="Tabla18" />

Name Position
Juan Sebastián Elcano, of Getaria Captain
Francisco Albo, of Axio (Greece)[44] Pilot
Miguel de Rodas, of Rhodes (Greece) Pilot
Juan de Acurio, of Bermeo Pilot
Antonio Lombardo Pigafetta, of Vicenza (Italy) Sobresaliente (supernumerary)
Martín de Yudícibus, of Savona (Italy) Seaman  
Hernando de Bustamante, of Mérida Sailor and barber  
Nicolás the Greek, of Nafplio (Greece) Sailor
Miguel Sánchez de Rodas, of Rhodes (Greece) Sailor
Antonio Hernández Colmenero, of Ayamonte Sailor
Francisco Rodríguez, of Portugal Sailor
Juan Rodríguez, of Huelva Sailor
Diego Carmena Gallego, of Baiona Sailor
Hans, of Aachen (Germany) Gunner
Juan de Arratia, of Bilbao Ship's boy
Vasco Gómez Gallego the Portuguese, of Baiona Ship's boy
Juan de Santander,[45] of Cueto Ship's boy  
Juan de Zubileta, of Barakaldo Page  

<section end="Tabla18" />

Other survivors

The twelve men of the Victoria held as prisoners in Cape Verde who returned some weeks later to Seville, via Lisbon:[46]

  • Martín Méndez, secretary of the fleet;
  • Pedro de Tolosa, steward;
  • Richard de Normandie, carpenter;
  • Roldán de Argote, gunner;
  • Mestre Pedro, supernumerary;
  • Juan Martín, supernumerary;
  • Simón de Burgos, provost;
  • Felipe Rodas, sailor;
  • Gómez Hernández, sailor;
  • Bocacio Alonso, sailor;
  • Pedro de Chindurza, sailor;
  • Vasquito, ship's boy.

The five survivors of the Trinidad, who had undertaken a different return route from the Moluccas, also completed the voyage around the world, although they did not return to Europe until 1525 or 1526:

Repercussions of the circumnavigation

A globalized world

After the voyage and the first circumnavigation of the world, Aristotle's theory could be confirmed: the Earth is spherical, a theory that Christopher Columbus had upheld. In turn, they were able to verify that the diameter of the terrestrial sphere was much greater than had been thought until then, 12,440 km. But the greatest discovery was that between America and Asia there was a great ocean. They managed to reach it by crossing the channel that separated East from West, the Strait of Magellan. This gave rise to new territories for Europeans, and these new places were given names such as: Montevideo, San Julián Bay, Cape of the Eleven Thousand Virgins, Cape Deseado, Strait of All Saints, Pacific Sea, Tierra del Fuego, the Philippines, Patagonia or the later Drake Passage.

These territories brought with them the discovery of fauna and flora new to European eyes, such as, among fauna, the penguin and the guanaco. Among flora, species of plants and spices were discovered that would break the concept of landscape held until that moment: palm trees, bougainvillea, bitter orange, jacaranda, araucarias, false pepper.

Opening of a network of intercontinental exchanges

This first circumnavigation marked the beginning of a great and very varied system of exchange between continents, for example human, biological, agricultural, cultural or economic exchanges. This period is known as the first Iberian globalization[47] and spans from the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus (1492), the arrival in India of Vasco da Gama (1498), and the discovery of the South Sea by Vasco Núñez de Balboa (1513), up to the voyage around the world captained at the outset—without knowing it, and without its being the objective of the spice expedition—by Ferdinand Magellan, but later completed solely under the captaincy general of Juan Sebastián de Elcano (1522).

This exploration, considered the first voyage around the world, constituted a network of intercontinental exchanges of various kinds, thus creating a world economic system. After this great event, the emergence of a single world was conceived and the possibility of a universal history began to be considered, since this process involved all the worlds.

As European society now had a more globalized, complete and truthful concept of the world, it found the exchange of raw materials much easier, since they could offer an alternative to the spice route known until then. In the Middle Ages the spice trade was in the hands of the Arabs, a slow and expensive route. After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Turkey blocked the passage and imposed high duties. This led the Spanish and Portuguese to begin looking for other, more affordable alternatives.

Financing of the trade routes

As a result of the new trade routes and the approaches to countries with the most demanded raw materials of the time, a financing mechanism was created. This mechanism was consolidated thanks to public capital from the Spanish Crown and private capital coming from the investment made by Castilian merchants, who recovered their money with great interest.

Recognitions and commemorations

Recognition of the feat

The first voyage around the world had been completed, and with it the sphericity of the Earth was practically demonstrated, since by always traveling in the same direction one arrived back at the starting point. Emperor Charles I, on receiving Juan Sebastián de Elcano, gave him as a coat of arms a globe with the motto in Latin: Primus circumdedisti me ("You were the first to circle me").

Voyage Around the World 2004–2006

The 1992 replica of the nao Victoria in Nagoya, Japan, in 2005.

In 1992 a replica of the nao "Victoria" was built and exhibited at the Universal Exposition of Seville.[48]

To commemorate the First Voyage Around the World and spread awareness of the discovering work of Spanish sailors, the replica of the nao "Victoria" undertook a voyage around the globe. It departed from Seville on October 12, 2004. Seventeen countries were visited and the ship became the first historical replica to sail around the world upon its return to Seville on May 4, 2006.[49][50]

In December 2006 the Nao Victoria Foundation was created, with this ship among its assets.[49]

Commemorative monuments

  • Statue of Juan Sebastián Elcano in Getaria.
    Statue of Juan Sebastián Elcano in Getaria.
  • Monument to Juan Sebastián Elcano in Getaria.
    Monument to Juan Sebastián Elcano in Getaria.
  • Monument to Juan Sebastián Elcano in the Glorieta de los Marineros Voluntarios in Seville.
    Monument to Juan Sebastián Elcano in the Glorieta de los Marineros Voluntarios in Seville.
  • Monument to Juan Sebastián Elcano on the Muelle de Nueva York in Seville.
    Monument to Juan Sebastián Elcano on the Muelle de Nueva York in Seville.
  • "Legua Cero" (League Zero) monument in Sanlúcar de Barrameda, commemorating the first circumnavigation of the world.
    "Legua Cero" (League Zero) monument in Sanlúcar de Barrameda, commemorating the first circumnavigation of the world.
  • "Milla Cero" (Mile Zero) in Seville, commemorating the first circumnavigation of the world.
    "Milla Cero" (Mile Zero) in Seville, commemorating the first circumnavigation of the world.
  • Monument to Ferdinand Magellan in Punta Arenas, Chile.

Commemoration of the Fifth Centenary

The nao Victoria 500, permanently located in Seville, Spain.

Various initiatives have been planned to celebrate the Fifth Centenary of the First Voyage Around the World, notably the Travesía Solidaria Global (Global Solidarity Crossing) organized by the Los18 team, with the aim of helping to solve the problems that most concern humanity today, and the Sevilla 2019-2022 and Sanlúcar de Barrameda 2019-2022 programs.[51]

In 2017 the 2nd International Congress on the First Voyage Around the World was held at the Castle of Santiago in Sanlúcar de Barrameda.[52]

Between September 12, 2019, and February 23, 2020, the exhibition El viaje más largo: la Primera Vuelta al Mundo (The Longest Voyage: the First Voyage Around the World) took place at the General Archive of the Indies in Seville. It was inaugurated by Felipe VI and Letizia Ortiz.[53] From June 19 to October 25, 2020, the exhibition could be visited at the San Telmo Museum in San Sebastián.[54]

Official flag of the Fifth Centenary of the First Voyage Around the World, which remained hoisted in Seville between 2019 and 2022.

On August 10, 2019, the Deputy Prime Minister of the Government of Spain, Carmen Calvo, the Minister of Culture and Sport, José Guirao, and the Chief of Staff of the Navy, Admiral Teodoro López Calderón, attended in Seville a military parade and the raising of a commemorative flag of the Fifth Centenary next to the Torre del Oro.[55] The Deputy Prime Minister and the Chief of Staff of the Navy laid a floral offering before the Monument to Juan Sebastián Elcano, in memory of the sailors who took part in the expedition.[56] The Deputy Prime Minister, the Mayor of Seville, the president of the Nao Victoria Foundation and the president of the Junta de Andalucía then inaugurated an exhibition space on the Paseo Marqués de Contadero.[57]

In 2020 the Nao Victoria Foundation built a replica of this ship and placed it permanently in Seville, next to the exhibition space on the Paseo Marqués de Contadero.[58]

In memory of the feat, on August 10, 2019, the sailboat Pros departed from Seville to sail around the world. The expedition was promoted by the association Amigos de los Grandes Navegantes y Exploradores Españoles (Friends of the Great Spanish Navigators and Explorers).[55] However, the expedition was interrupted in Lima on March 23, 2020, due to the coronavirus pandemic.[59]

On August 24, 2020, the Spanish Navy training ship Juan Sebastián Elcano set sail from its naval base at La Carraca, in San Fernando, to make its eleventh voyage around the world.[60] On its voyage it visited Punta Arenas (Strait of Magellan, Chile) in October; Guam (Mariana Islands, Micronesia), Samar and Cebu (Philippines) in March; and Ternate and Tidore (Moluccas, Indonesia) in April, on the same dates on which the expedition had arrived 500 years earlier. The training ship ended its voyage at the La Carraca naval base, San Fernando, on June 13, 2021.[61]

On that voyage, the training ship visited the Philippines on March 16, 2021. The Embassy of Spain in the Philippines, together with the Philippine Fifth Centenary Committee, carried out an extensive program of activities around the island of Samar between March 15 and 18, to receive the training ship and commemorate the historical events of 1521. On March 16 a monolith with an inscription was unveiled in Suluan, on the 17th another in Homonhon, and on March 18 two more stelae, one at the church of Guiuan and another in Samar. The text of the last one was translated into Spanish as a sign of the friendship between the two countries, and it was unveiled by Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte and Spanish Ambassador Jorge Moragas. The Spanish embassy also organized, together with the Instituto Cervantes and Casa Asia, a series of lectures with historians and experts on this episode, to run until June, in addition to the exhibition "El viaje más largo", which opened in May at the National Museum of the Philippines.[62]

In 2018 the King of Spain's boat was christened Aifos 500. The name is "Sofía" spelled backward and the number is due to the Fifth Centenary of the First Voyage Around the World.[63][64]

On March 25, 2022, the Symphony Orchestra and Choir of Radiotelevisión Española (RTVE) gave an extraordinary concert at the Teatro Monumental commemorating the V Anniversary of the first voyage around the world, conducted by the Segovian maestro José Luis López Antón with Rafael Aguirre as soloist, performing Spanish, Portuguese, Chilean and Argentine pieces in honor of the sea route.[65]

Between 2019 and 2022 Spain's Fábrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre issued four coins, one per year, commemorating the voyage with different images.[66][67][68] The fourth was issued on July 4, 2022, and 6,000 units were released, with a face value of 10 euros. The obverse shows a relief of Juan Sebastián Elcano and the reverse an image of the nao Victoria arriving in Seville.[69]

In 2019 Correos issued a commemorative stamp.[70] In 2022 the National Lottery of Spain dedicated a ticket (décimo) to the anniversary, with an image of Juan Sebastián Elcano.[71]

The Muelle de las Delicias wharf in Seville on September 8, 2022. From left to right: the schooner Pascual Flores, the brigantine-schooner Cervantes Saavedra, the galleon Andalucía, the 1992 replica of the nao Victoria and the maritime action ship Audaz.

On September 6, 2022, a naval review took place in Sanlúcar de Barrameda in which the following Navy ships took part: the LHD Juan Carlos I (from which four Harrier aircraft took off), the LPD Galicia, the BAC Patiño, the F-100 frigate Almirante Juan de Borbón, the F-80 frigates Victoria, Navarra and Reina Sofía, the BAMs Tornado and Audaz and the PAs Vigía, Mar Caribe and Medas. Also taking part were a 1992 replica of the nao Victoria, the galleon Andalucía and the training ship Juan Sebastián Elcano, aboard which was Felipe VI.[72] The Audaz, the 1992 replica of the nao Victoria and the galleon Andalucía sailed up the Guadalquivir River to the Muelle de las Delicias wharf in Seville, to remain there from September 8 to 11, accompanied by the schooner Pascual Flores and the brigantine-schooner Cervantes Saavedra. Felipe VI went to the Alcázar of Seville on September 8 to preside over the last plenary meeting of the National Commission for the Commemoration of the Fifth Centenary of the Expedition of the First Voyage Around the World, which several ministers attended.[73]

On September 29, 2022, the Navy organized a concert in which the orchestra and choir of the Teatro Real performed the cantata Juan Sebastián Elcano, composed by Gabriel Loidi, in the Symphony Hall of the Auditorio Nacional de Música in Madrid, attended by the senior staff of the Navy.[74]

Film and television series

In 2019 the Spanish animated film "Elcano y Magallanes: la primera vuelta al mundo" (Elcano and Magellan: The First Voyage Around the World) was released, directed by Ángel Alonso, which was nominated for the Goya for Best Animated Film.[75]

In 2022 Sin límites (Boundless) premiered on Amazon Prime Video, a six-episode series directed by Simon West and produced by Amazon and Radio Televisión Española, about this expedition, with Rodrigo Santoro and Álvaro Morte as Magellan and Elcano, respectively.[76][77]

Memory of the World Program

In a joint proposal by Spain and Portugal, the documents associated with the expedition (preparations, discoveries, first testimonies, logbooks) were nominated for inclusion in the Memory of the World Program, a UNESCO initiative that seeks to preserve and facilitate access to the documentary historical heritage of greatest relevance to the peoples of the world.

They were definitively accepted into the UNESCO program in 2023.[78]

Later Spanish action in the Pacific

Later, Saavedra Cerón and Ortiz de Retes were the first Europeans to reach New Guinea; Váez de Torres explored the strait separating Australia from New Guinea, which has since borne his name; Ruy López de Villalobos explored the Carolines, Hawaii and the Philippines, which would be brought under control by Legazpi; Toribio de Salazar did the same with the Carolines and Palau; Fernández de Quirós reached Tahiti; Álvaro de Mendaña the Marquesas Islands, etc. Many authors attribute to Quirós the invention of the word "Australia", since he called the lands "Australia del Espíritu Santo".

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Web oficial del V Centenario de la Primera Vuelta al Mundo" (in español). Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Antonio-Miguel Bernal Rodríguez (2015). "Sevilla: emporio de nuevos mundos" (PDF). Sevilla. La primera vuelta al mundo. 1519 (in español). Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación del Territorio de la Junta de Andalucía: 41–45. ISBN 978-84-92807-97-0. {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |title= at position 9 (help)CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 "Viajes de descubrimiento: la vuelta al mundo de Magallanes" (in español). Archived from the original on February 10, 2014. Retrieved December 13, 2012.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Fernández de Navarrete 1837, pp. 12–22.
  5. ↑ "Publicaciones". Sevilla 2019-2022 (in español). Retrieved 2021-11-21.
  6. ↑ Bernal 2014, p. 2.
  7. ↑ Fernández de Navarrete 1837, p. 17.
  8. ↑ Fernández de Navarrete 1837, p. 14.
  9. ↑ Cargo capacity in Biscayan toneles (Fernández de Navarrete, 1837, p. 3).
  10. ↑ De Mena Calvo, José María (1989). Tradiciones y Leyendas de Sevilla (in español) (7th ed.). Plaza&Jane.
  11. ↑ Colección de los viajes y descubrimientos que hicieron por mar los españoles desde fines del siglo XV: Expediciones al Maluco, viage de Magallanes y de Elcano. Volume 4 of Colección de los viajes y descubrimientos que hicieron por mar los españoles desde fines del siglo XV: Con varios documentos inéditos concernientes á la historia de la marina castellana y de los establecimientos españoles en Indias. Martín Fernández de Navarrete. Imprenta Nacional, 1837. P. LIII.
  12. ↑ Fernández de Navarrete, cited work, p. LIV. Citing the work Viage alrededor del mundo por el caballero Antonio Pigafetta, gentleman of Vicenza, first published in Italian from the manuscript of the Biblioteca Ambrosiana of Milan, with notes, by Carlos Amoretti, one of the librarians and doctors of the Ambrosian College, etc., and translated into French by himself. Printed in Paris in the year 9, in large octavo, book I, p. 6 ff.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Primer viaje alrededor del globo, by Antonio Pigafetta (with a preliminary study by Prof. Nelson Martínez Díaz). Original title: Primo viaggio in torno al Globo Terracqueo (1800 edition). Ediciones Orbis, Barcelona, 1986. ISBN 84-7634-527-5. Available in an electronic version. Last accessed: May 28, 2011.
  14. ↑ «De Sanlúcar de Barrameda proseguiendo el viaje las cinco naves que habían zarpado como inicio de la expedición el puerto de Sevilla: la Trinidad, mandada por Magallanes...». La nación falsificada, Jesús Laínz. Ediciones Encuentro, 2006, p. 51. ISBN 84-7490-829-9. See: [1].
  15. ↑ Vascongadas y América. Colecciones MAPFRE 1492: Las Españas y América. Volume 7. María Estibaliz Ruiz de Azúa y Martínez de Ezquerecocha. Editorial MAPFRE, 1992. ISBN 84-7100-467-4. «Se hicieron a la mar el 20 de septiembre de 1519 en Sanlúcar de Barrameda, en dirección al Moluco» ("They put to sea on September 20, 1519, at Sanlúcar de Barrameda, bound for the Moluccas").
  16. ↑ Sánchez, Juan Antonio Vilar (2015). Carlos V: Emperador y hombre (in español). EDAF. ISBN 9788441436084. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  17. ↑ Primer Viaje Alrededor del Mundo Archived September 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Antonio Pigafetta (chronicler of the voyage). RED Ediciones, 2008. ISBN 84-9816-789-2. P. 9. This book is a Spanish translation of the original, published in Italian in Venice in 1536.
  18. ↑ Bernal 2015, pp. 3–4.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Pigafetta, Antonio: Primer viaje alrededor del mundo – BIBLIOTECA ANTOLÓGICA" (in español). p. 8. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
  20. ↑ "San Julián: Historia y leyendas". www.historiahoy.com.ar (in español). Retrieved 2021-11-05.
  21. ↑ Elcano, Juan Sebastián de (2012). La primera vuelta al mundo (in español) (2nd ed.). Miraguano. p. 28. ISBN 978-84-96813-69-4. OCLC 796016567. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
  22. ↑ Pigafetta, Antonio (1922). Primer viaje en torno del globo (in español). Madrid: Calpe. p. 61. Plantamos una cruz en la cima de una montaña cercana, a la que llamamos Monte Cristo, y tomamos posesión de esta tierra en nombre del rey de España [We planted a cross on the summit of a nearby mountain, which we called Monte Cristo, and took possession of this land in the name of the King of Spain]
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Bernal 2015, pp. 4–6.
  24. ↑ Bernal 2015, p. 13.
  25. ↑ Fernández de Navarrete 1837, pp. 35–38.
  26. ↑ Fernández de Navarrete 1837, pp. 38–39 and 41.
  27. ↑ Miguel Ojeda 1958, pp. 13–14.
  28. ↑ Miguel Ojeda 1958, pp. 16–18.
  29. ↑ Miguel Ojeda 1958, p. 19.
  30. ↑ Fernández de Navarrete 1837, pp. 80–81.
  31. ↑ Olaya, Vicente G. (November 5, 2019). "El grumete de Elcano lo confesó todo". El País (in español).
  32. ↑ Miguel Ojeda 1958, pp. 21–22.
  33. ↑ Stefan Zweig (2016). Magallanes: El hombre y su gesta (in español). Greenbooks.
  34. ↑ Puente y Olea, Miguel de la (1900). Los trabajos geográficos de la Casa de Contratación (in español). Sevilla: Escuela Tipográfica y Librería Salesianas., pp. 195–198
  35. ↑ Juan Parejo (August 8, 2019). "La Virgen de la primera vuelta al mundo" (in español). Diario de Sevilla.
  36. ↑ Eva Mendoza García (2007). "La participación en actos festivos de un colectivo socioprofesional: los escribanos públicos de Málaga en el siglo XVII". Ocio y vida cotidiana en el mundo hispánico en la Edad Moderna (in español). Secretariado de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Sevilla: 497.
  37. ↑ 'El libro que sacó la nao Vitoria de las amistades que hitieron con 10s Reyes de Maluco" (Archivo General de Indias, Indiferente General 1528), text in Mauricio Obregón, La primera vuelta al Mundo (Bogotá, 1984), p. 300.
  38. ↑ Damiao de Gois, Cronica do felicissimo rei de. Manuel (Lisboa, 1566), part 2, p. 113.
  39. ↑ Pablo E. Pérez Mallaína (University of Seville). «Juan Sebastián Elcano. 500 años de la primera vuelta al mundo», Historia National Geographic no. 225, pp. 90 and 93, RBA (2022)
  40. ↑ Banacloche, Julieta (1991). Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario (ed.). La Primera Vuelta al Mundo de Magallanes y Elcano (in español). S.M.
  41. ↑ Don Martín Fernández Navarrete, Don Miguel Salva and Don Pedro Sáinz de Baranda. Members of the Real Academia de la Historia (1842). "Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España, Volumen 1" (in español).
  42. ↑ Appell, Claude; and Ballester, Rafael (1968). Grandes aventureros. Barcelona: Plaza & Janés, 1968.
  43. ↑ Hermoso, Borja (2017). "Lo que Elcano se atrevió a pedir al emperador" (in español).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  44. ↑ Gil, Luis. "Griegos en la expedición de Magallanes-Elcano" (PDF) (in español). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  45. ↑ "Articulo sobre Juan de Santander, en la revista n°23 de ASCAGEN" (PDF) (in español).
  46. ↑ Xavier de Castro (ed.) (preface by Carmen Bernand and Xavier de Castro), Le voyage de Magellan (1519-1522). La relation d'Antonio Pigafetta & autres témoignages, "Magellane" collection. Paris: Chandeigne, 2010, p. 472.
  47. ↑ Serge Gruzinski, The Eagle and the Dragon: Globalization and European Dreams of Conquest, p. 3.
  48. ↑ "Pellón quiere que la nao de Yáñez de la vuelta al mundo" (in español). ABC de Sevilla. June 28, 1992.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 "La Nao Victoria" (in español). Fundación Nao Victoria. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
  50. ↑ "La nao Victoria regresa a casa" (in español). ABC de Sevilla. May 4, 2006.
  51. ↑ Francisco García Paños (August 18, 2015). "Magallanes volverá a unir Sevilla y Sanlúcar 500 años después" (in español). El Correo de Andalucía.
  52. ↑ Jerez, Diario de. "Reescribiendo la gesta". Diario de Jerez (in español). Retrieved September 21, 2017.
  53. ↑ "Los Reyes inauguran en Sevilla la gran muestra conmemorativa de la primera vuelta al mundo" (in español). ABC de Sevilla. September 12, 2019.
  54. ↑ "La exposición de la primera vuelta al mundo de Magallanes y Elcano recibe más de 293.000 visitantes" (in español). La Vanguardia. February 13, 2020.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 "Sevilla conmemora que fue origen y llegada de la primera vuelta al mundo" (in español). El Mundo. August 9, 2019.
  56. ↑ "Carmen Calvo en una ofrenda floral a los marinos que participaron en la primera vuelta al mundo" (in español). La Moncloa. August 10, 2019.
  57. ↑ "La vicepresidenta en funciones preside en Sevilla los actos conmemorativos del V Centenario de la circunnavegación. Calvo elogia a los navegantes de la primera vuelta al mundo: "España tiene con ellos una gran deuda de admiración y respeto"" (in español). La Moncloa. August 10, 2019.
  58. ↑ "La réplica de la Nao Victoria 500 ya está atracada en el río Guadalquivir junto a la Torre del Oro" (in español). ABC de Sevilla. March 9, 2020.
  59. ↑ "Interrumpen la réplica de la primera vuelta al mundo por la pandemia" (in español). EFE. March 20, 2020.
  60. ↑ "El Buque Escuela "Juan Sebastián de Elcano" comienza su XCIII Crucero de Instrucción" (in español). Armada Española. August 24, 2020.
  61. ↑ "El Juan Sebastián Elcano arriba a Cádiz tras diez meses de travesía" (in español). EFE. June 13, 2021.
  62. ↑ "Vídeo: Así ha sido el recibimiento al 'Elcano' en Filipinas" (in español). Diario de Cádiz. March 17, 2021.
  63. ↑ "Nos subimos al 'Aifos 500', el barco con el que competirá el rey Felipe VI en Palma" (in español). Marca.com. July 29, 2019.
  64. ↑ "El nuevo 'Aifos 500' de Felipe VI en la Copa del Rey" (in español). Sport. July 24, 2018.
  65. ↑ "La Orquesta Sinfónica RTVE conmemora el V Centenario de la expedición Magallanes-Elcano" (in español). RTVE.es. March 26, 2022.
  66. ↑ "V Centenario de la Vuelta al Mundo" (in español). Fábrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre. 2019. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  67. ↑ "V Centenario de la Vuelta al Mundo" (in español). Fábrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre. 2020. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  68. ↑ "V Centenario de la Vuelta al Mundo" (in español). Fábrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre. 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  69. ↑ "España lanza una moneda de 10 euros para conmemorar el V Centenario de la Primera Vuelta al Mundo" (in español). El mundo. June 28, 2022.
  70. ↑ "V Centenario de la Expedición Magallanes - Elcano" (in español). Correos. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  71. ↑ "Lotería Nacional dedica el décimo del sábado al V Centenario del regreso de la Nao Victoria a Sevilla" (in español). 20 minutos. September 7, 2022.
  72. ↑ "Honores a Elcano en el 500 aniversario de la circunnavegación" (in español). EFE. September 6, 2022.
  73. ↑ "Esta es la agenda de actos oficiales en Sevilla por el V Centenario de la Primera Vuelta al Mundo" (in español). Diario de Sevilla. September 6, 2022.
  74. ↑ "EL TEATRO REAL SE SUMA A LAS CELEBRACIONES DEL V CENTENARIO DE LA PRIMERA VUELTA AL MUNDO" (in español). Teatro Real. September 23, 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
  75. ↑ "Elcano y Magallanes la primera vuelta al mundo" (in español). Premios Goya. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
  76. ↑ Belén Prieto (June 7, 2022). "Así es 'Sin límites', la épica miniserie de Amazon sobre la histórica vuelta al mundo de Magallanes y Elcano" (in español). El Español.
  77. ↑ Mirian San Martín (April 27, 2021). "'Sin límites': la serie de acción sobre Magallanes y Elcano que huye del "estigma" del aburrimiento" (in español). Voz Pópuli.
  78. ↑ "Programa del Mundo de la UNESCO". UNESCO. Retrieved September 20, 2023.

Bibliography

Retrieved from "https://en.hispanopedia.com/index.php?title=Magellan–Elcano_expedition&oldid=2206"