Portugal

Portuguese Republic
*República Portuguesa*
Portuguese Republic República Portuguesa
	Flag Coat of arms
	Anthem: A Portuguesa; (Portuguese for "The Portuguese"); File:A Portuguesa.ogg
Capital	Lisbon (pop. 564,000); 38°42′N 9°11′W / 38.700°N 9.183°W
Largest city	Lisbon
Official languages	Portuguese
Demonyms	Portuguese, Luso
Member of	EU, UN, NATO, OECD, OSCE, OEI, CoE, CPLP, Latin Union
Government	Unitary semi-presidential republic
• President	Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
• Prime Minister	António Costa
Independence from the Kingdom of León
• Peace of Zamora	October 5, 1143
• Republic	October 5, 1910
• Estado Novo	May 28, 1926
• Present day	April 25, 1974
Area
• Total	92,090 km2 (35,560 sq mi) (111th)
• Water (%)	0.5
• Land borders; Coastline	1,224 km; 1,793 km
Population
• 2011 census	10,562,178 (82nd)
• Density	114.3/km2 (296.0/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)	2017 estimate
• Total	US$306.762 billion (50th)
• Per capita	US$29,422
GDP (nominal)	2017 estimate
• Total	US$213.001 billion (43rd)
• Per capita	US$20,429
HDI (2017)	0.847; very high (41st)
Currency	Euro (€)a ([[ISO 4217\|EUR]])
Time zone	UTC+0 (WETb)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+1 (WEST)
Calling code	+351
ISO 3166 code	PT
Internet TLD	.pt
	a. Before 1999 the currency was the Escudo (PTE).; b. The Azores have their own time zone: UTC−1, in summer: UTC.; Radio callsign prefix: CQA–CUZ / XXA–XXZ. Aircraft registration: CS. Vehicle registration code: P. ISO code: 620 / PRT / PT.

Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa; pron. IPA [rɛ'puβlikɐ puɾtu'ɣezɐ] or [ʁɛ'puβlikɐ puɾtu'ɣezɐ]; Mirandese: República Pertuesa), is a sovereign country and member of the European Union, constituted as a democratic state under the rule of law. It is a transcontinental country; its territory, with its capital in Lisbon, is located in southwestern Europe, on the Iberian Peninsula. It borders Spain to the east and north, and the Atlantic Ocean to the south and west. It also comprises the autonomous archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, located in the northern hemisphere of the Atlantic Ocean.

The name Portugal probably derives from the ancient name of Porto, from the Latin "Portus-Galliae"—port of Gaul, because Gallic ships frequented this port—or, more probably, from "Portus-Cale"—a toponym attested in the Chronica of the 5th-century historian Hydatius—after a mooring that existed at a fortified place called "Cale".^[6]^[7]

Portugal has been a historical witness to a constant flow of different civilizations over the last 3,100 years. Tartessos, Celts, Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Greeks, Romans, Germanic peoples (Suebi and Visigoths), Muslims, Jews and other peoples have left their mark on its culture, history, language and ethnicity. During the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal was a global economic, social and cultural power, as well as an empire that stretched from Brazil to the East Indies. Later, especially after the Napoleonic Wars and the independence of Brazil between the late 18th century and the early 19th century, Portugal began to experience turbulent periods. The country lived under a dictatorship between 1933 and 1974, when it fell after an uprising known as the Carnation Revolution. In 1986 it joined the European Union and, since 2001, it has been part of the eurozone.

It is a developed country,^[8] with a Human Development Index (HDI) considered "very high",^[4] and with a high literacy rate.^[9] The country is ranked 19th for best quality of life, has one of the best health services on the planet and is considered a globalized and peaceful nation.^[10] Likewise, it is the 18th tourist destination in the world by volume of visitors. It is a member of the UN, the European Union (including the eurozone and the Schengen Area), NATO, the OECD and the CPLP, among others. It also participates in United Nations peacekeeping forces.

Etymology

Cale, the present-day city of Vila Nova de Gaia, was already known as Portucale from the times of the Goths and the Suebi.^[11] In the 5th century, during the invasion of the Suebi, Hydatius of Chaves was already writing about a place called Portucale, to which Rechiar fled; however, at that time it was no more than the name of a settlement in the vicinity of Porto:

Rechiarius ad locum qui Portucale appellatur, profugus regi Theudorico captivus adducitur: quo in custodiam redacto, caeteris qui de priore certamine superfuerant, tradentibus se Suevis, aliquantis nihilominus interfectis, regnum destructum et finitum est Suevorum^[12]

Rechiar, who fled to the place they call Portucale, was brought not as a prisoner to King Theodoric. He was placed in custody while the rest of the Suebi who had survived the previous battle had surrendered—although some had died; this was how the kingdom of the Suebi was destroyed.

It was not until the 9th century that the denomination portucalense and its derivatives began to be used to designate the territory of present-day northern Portugal, culminating in the creation of the Portucalense County.

In a document from the year 841, the "portucalense" province is mentioned for the first time. It is signed by Alfonso II of Asturias, who was extending the spiritual jurisdiction of the Bishop of Lugo, and it says:

Totius galleciae, seu Portugalensi Provintiae summun suscipiat Praesulatum.^[13]

Let him take the supreme government of all Galicia, or the province of Portugal.

The Portucalense County, or County of Portugal, would remain an integral part of the Kingdom of Asturias and later of those of Galicia and León until, in 1139, Afonso I of Portugal proclaimed himself king, the county thus becoming the Kingdom of Portugal. In the following centuries the kingdom would expand southward through the lands of ancient Lusitania.

Nevertheless, some scholars claim that the name "Portugal" comes from "Portogatelo", a name given by a chieftain from Greece named Catelo who landed and settled near present-day Porto.^[14] The first time the name of Portugal appeared as an element of heraldic root was in a charter of donation of the Church of São Bartolomeu de Campelo by Afonso I of Portugal in 1129.^[15]

History

Early inhabitants

The prehistory of Portugal is bound up with that of the Iberian Peninsula. Around 10,000 BC the Iberians began to populate the interior lands of the peninsula to which they would give their name. Between 4000 BC and 2000 BC, Portugal and Galicia saw the development of a megalithic culture that was original with respect to the rest of the peninsula, characterized by its funerary architecture, its own rituals and the practice of collective burial. Monuments from that time can still be found, above all in the Alentejo: the Almendres Cromlech, near Évora, those of the Valle Maria do Meio or of Portela de Mogos, as well as the dolmen of Zambujeiro.^[16]

In the Bronze Age there were the first maritime contacts between the Atlantic coast and that of the British Isles, while the south of the peninsula began its commercial relations with the Mediterranean: Greeks and Phoenicians, coming from present-day Lebanon, as well as their descendants, the Carthaginians.^[17] This brought with it the establishment of the first semi-permanent trading posts.^[18] The engine of this trade was the peninsula's wealth in metals (gold, silver, iron and tin) as well as salted Atlantic fish, which enjoyed a great reputation in the Mediterranean. It was precisely the Phoenicians who founded Lisbon around the year 1000 BC.^[19] Legend has it that it was Ulysses who gave it its name.^[20]

During the Iron Age, an Indo-European people settled throughout the region: the Celts. They occupied all the territory known today as Portugal, lived in small, isolated population centers located on high points with circular houses or castros, and practiced agriculture and livestock farming.^[21] With their mastery of iron, work on the land became more efficient, harvests increased, and living conditions and demographics improved.

The Carthaginians arrived in the Iberian Peninsula in the 3rd century BC, attracted by its mining and fishing resources and by the reputation of the Iberian warriors. They occupied the south of Portugal and, allied with the Lusitanians of Celtic origin, formed the first resistance to the Roman invasion of the peninsula. However, after the Punic Wars the Carthaginians were defeated and the Romans incorporated the region into their empire as Lusitania, from 45 BC.^[22] After the dissolution of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, Lusitania was invaded by peoples such as the Suebi, the Vandals, the Alans, the Buri and the Visigoths until, finally, it was conquered by the Arabs. In 868, during the Reconquista, the Portucalense County was formed, which was incorporated into the Kingdom of Galicia in 1071.^[23]

Formation and consolidation of the kingdom

Long before Portugal achieved its independence there were some attempts to attain greater autonomy, and even independence, on the part of the counts who governed the lands of the County of Galicia and of Portucale. With the aim of ending this pro-independence climate among the local nobility regarding Leonese rule, King Alfonso VI of León gave the government of the County of Galicia, which at that time included the so-called "lands of Portucale", to Count Raymond of Burgundy. After many military failures by Raymond against the Arabs, Alfonso VI decided in 1096 to give to Raymond's cousin, Count Henry of Burgundy, the government of the southernmost lands of the County of Galicia, thus founding the Portucalense County. Under the government of Count Henry of Burgundy, the county experienced not only a more effective military policy in the struggle against the Arabs, but also a more active pro-independence policy.

After his death and the rise to power of his son Afonso Henriques, Portugal achieved independence with the signing in 1143 of the Treaty of Zamora, recognized by Pope Alexander III in the bull Manifestis Probatum in 1179. Subsequently, he conquered important towns such as Santarém, Lisbon, Palmela and Évora.^[25] Once the Portuguese Reconquista was over in 1249, the independence of the new kingdom was called into question several times by the Kingdom of Castile. In one of these situations of conflict with the Kingdom of Castile, King Denis I of Portugal signed, together with King Ferdinand IV of Castile (who, being a minor, was represented by his mother Queen María de Molina), the Treaty of Alcañices, in which it was stipulated that Portugal would revoke the treaties agreed against the Kingdom of Castile in support of the Infante John of Castile. Among other things, this treaty established the border demarcation between the then kingdoms of Portugal and León, which included the disputed town of Olivenza. The first was due to the succession crisis that opened after the death of Ferdinand I of Portugal, which ended with the Portuguese victory at Aljubarrota in 1385.^[26]

The Age of Discovery and the Philippine dynasty

With the end of the war, Portugal began a process of exploration and expansion known as the "Age of Discovery", whose leading figures were the Infante Henry the Navigator and King John II. After the conquest of Ceuta in 1415 and the passage of Cape Bojador by Gil Eanes, the exploration of the African coast continued until Bartolomeu Dias confirmed in 1488 the connection between the Indian and Atlantic oceans by rounding the Cape of Good Hope.^[27] In a short time the Portuguese discovered routes and lands in North America, South America and the East, mostly during the reign of Manuel I, the Adventurer. Expansion toward the East, above all thanks to the conquests of Afonso de Albuquerque, concentrated almost all the efforts of the Portuguese, although in 1530 John III began the colonization of Brazil.^[28] The riches found there caused the Portuguese to focus on the New World, with the consequent loss of other strongholds in the Indian Ocean, such as Hormuz, to other European powers.^[29]

The country had its "golden age" during this period. However, at the Battle of Alcácer Quibir against Morocco, in 1578, the young king Sebastian and part of the Portuguese nobility died. The Cardinal-King Henry ascended the throne and died two years later, which opened the succession crisis of 1580, resolved with the so-called Iberian Union between Portugal and Spain, during which the two kingdoms had separate crowns but were governed by the same king. Philip II of Spain was the first of three Spanish kings.^[30] Deprived of an independent foreign policy and embroiled in a war together with Spain against the Netherlands, the country suffered great setbacks in its empire and lost its monopoly on trade in the Indian Ocean.^[31]

The union with Spain ended on December 1, 1640. The national nobility, after having defeated the royal guard in a sudden coup d'état, deposed the Duchess Governor and Vicereine of Portugal, Margaret of Savoy, and crowned John IV as King of Portugal.^[31] Thus began the Portuguese Restoration War, which lasted until 1668, the year in which the Treaty of Lisbon was signed, by which the Spanish king Charles II recognized the independence of Portugal.^[32]

Restoration, absolutism and liberalism

The end of the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century witnessed the flourishing of mining in Brazil: the discovery of gold and precious stones turned the court of John V into one of the most opulent in Europe. These riches served to pay for imported products, mostly from England, since there was no textile industry in the kingdom and fabrics were imported from the British Isles. Foreign trade was based on the wine industry, and the efforts to reverse the situation with the great mercantile reforms of the Marquis of Pombal, minister between 1750 and 1777, drove economic development during the reign of Joseph I. It was during this reign that an earthquake devastated Lisbon and the Algarve, on November 1, 1755.^[33]

In order not to break the alliance with England, Portugal refused to join the continental blockade, for which it was invaded by Napoleonic armies in 1807. The court of the royal family took refuge in Brazil and the capital was moved to Rio de Janeiro until 1821. That year, John VI, King of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves since 1816, returned to Lisbon to swear the first Portuguese constitution. The following year, his son Pedro was proclaimed Emperor of Brazil and declared its independence from the metropole.^[34]

During the rest of the 19th century Portugal went through periods of enormous political and social upheaval, such as the civil war and the repeated revolts and military pronouncements such as the September Revolution, that of Maria da Fonte, that of the Patuleia, etc. Thanks to the Additional Act to the Constitutional Charter of 1852, a period of internal peace became possible, as well as the start of the public works policies led by Fontes Pereira de Melo.^[35] At the end of the 19th century, Portuguese colonial ambitions clashed with English ones, which provoked the 1890 British Ultimatum.^[36] The yielding to British demands and the growing economic problems caused the monarchy a growing discredit, which culminated in the assassinations of Carlos I and the heir, Prince Luís Filipe, on February 1, 1908. The monarchy remained in power for two more years, headed by Manuel II, but it was abolished on October 5, 1910, and a republic was established.^[37]

Republic, Estado Novo and democracy

The King went into exile in England after the establishment of the republic.^[38] After several years of political instability, with workers' struggles, riots, uprisings, political murders and financial crises—problems aggravated by Portuguese participation in the First World War—the army took power in 1926. Two years later, the military regime appointed as Minister of Finance António de Oliveira Salazar, a professor at the University of Coimbra, who in 1932 became President of the Council of Ministers.^[39]

Salazar restored the finances and instituted the Estado Novo (New State), an authoritarian regime of state corporatism with a single party and state trade unions, in addition to a well-marked fascist affinity, at least until 1945,^[40] when, after the victory of the Allies in the Second World War, Salazar came under pressure to transform Portugal into a democracy. In 1968, removed from power by illness, he was succeeded by Marcelo Caetano.^[41]

The regime's rejection of the decolonization of the overseas provinces marked the beginning of the colonial war, first in Angola (1961), and shortly afterwards in Guinea-Bissau (1963) and Mozambique (1964). Despite criticism from some of the most veteran army officers, among whom was General António de Spinola, the government remained firm in its decision to continue this policy.^[42] The latter published a book, Portugal and the Future, in which he stated that the colonial war was unsustainable, for which he was dismissed. This fact increased the discontent among the younger army officers, who on April 25, 1974 carried out a coup d'état, known as the Carnation Revolution.^[43]

This revolution was followed by a period of very heated political confrontations between the social and political forces, called the Ongoing Revolutionary Process, which reached its peak in the so-called Hot Summer of 1975, during which the country was on the verge of falling into a new period of dictatorship, this time of communist orientation. During this period, Portugal recognized the independence of all its former colonies in Africa.^[44]

On November 25, 1975, the paratroopers and the military police of the Lisbon Military Region, allied with various sectors of the radical left, carried out an attempted coup d'état without clear leadership. The Group of Nine reacted by putting into practice a military response plan, led by António Ramalho Eanes, which proved a success. The following year democracy was consolidated and Ramalho Eanes himself was appointed President, the first elected by universal suffrage. A democratic constitution was approved, and the local political powers—the autarquias—and the autonomous regional governments of the Azores and Madeira were established.^[45]

Between the 1940s and the 1960s, Portugal was a co-founding member of NATO (1949), the OECD (1961) and EFTA (1960), which it left in 1986 to join the then EEC.^[46] In 1999, Portugal joined the eurozone^[47] and that same year it handed over sovereignty of Macau to the People's Republic of China.^[48] Since its accession to the EU, the country has presided over the European Council three times, the last in 2007, when it presided over the signing ceremony of the Treaty of Lisbon.^[49]

Government and politics

In Portugal the principal law is the constitution, which dates from 1976 and governs all the others. The other relevant laws of the Portuguese state are the Civil Code (1966), the Penal Code (1982), the Commercial Code (1888), the Code of Civil Procedure (1961), the Code of Criminal Procedure and the Labor Code. All these codes have been revised since they were originally published.^[50]

There are four organs of sovereignty: the President of the Republic, the Assembly of the Republic, the government and the courts. The country has a semi-presidential regime, which in successive constitutional reforms has been reducing the power of the President of the Republic.^[51]

The President of the Republic is the head of state, elected by universal suffrage for a five-year term. He exercises a threefold function: he oversees the activity of the government, he is supreme commander of the armed forces and he formally represents the Portuguese state abroad. He officially resides in the Belém Palace, in Lisbon.^[52]

The Assembly of the Republic, which meets in the São Bento Palace in Lisbon, is elected for a four-year term. It is composed of 230 deputies, but this may vary between 180 and 230. The country is divided into 22 electoral districts and the deputies are elected through a system of proportional representation. The President of the Republic is responsible for dissolving parliament, calling new elections.^[52]

The government is headed by the prime minister, who has always been the leader of the party with the most votes in each legislative election and is appointed by the President of the Republic to form a government. The prime minister also appoints the remaining ministers^[52] and lives in the official residence of the prime minister, near the São Bento Palace in Lisbon.^[53]

The courts administer justice in the name of the people, defend the rights and interests of citizens, prevent the violation of democratic legality and settle the conflicts of interest that may exist between the different institutions. The Portuguese constitution establishes the following courts: the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court of Justice and the judicial courts of first instance (District Courts) and of second instance ("Court of Appeal"); the Supreme Administrative Court and the administrative and tax courts of first and second instance (Central Administrative Courts), as well as the Court of Auditors.^[52]

Since 1975, the Portuguese political landscape has been dominated by two parties: the Socialist Party (PS) and the Social Democratic Party (PSD). These parties have governed most of the municipalities since the establishment of democracy. However, parties such as the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), which runs some municipalities and has great influence in the trade union movement, or the Democratic and Social Center–People's Party (CDS-PP), which has governed the country in coalition with both the PS and the PSD, also hold a certain importance. In addition to these, the Bloco de Esquerda (BE) and the Ecologist Party "The Greens" (PEV) have parliamentary representation.^[54]

The last legislative elections were held on October 4, 2015. Turnout was 55.86% and the results were as follows:

PàF – PSD / CDS-PP coalition, 36.86% (102 deputies, including 84 deputies from the PSD and 18 from the CDS-PP).
Social Democratic Party (outside the PàF coalition only in the Azores and Madeira), 1.50% and 89 deputies (including 5 in Madeira and the Azores).
Socialist Party, 32.31% and 86 deputies (with the parliamentary support of the BE and the PCP-PEV).
Left Bloc, 10.19% and 19 deputies.
Democratic and Social Center–People's Party (outside the PàF coalition only in the Azores and Madeira), 0.14% and 18 deputies.
Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party-Ecologist Party "The Greens"), 8.25% and 17 deputies.
People–Animals–Nature, 1.39% and 1 deputy.

Foreign relations

Portugal has the oldest alliance in the world that is still in force: the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, signed with England in 1373.^[55] The country is also a founding member of NATO (1949), the OECD (1961) and EFTA (1960), which it left in 1986 to join the European Union,^[56] and it is also a founder of the International Renewable Energy Agency.^[57] In 1996 it co-founded the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)^[58] to improve its ties with the rest of the countries where the official language is Portuguese.

Portugal has been a member of the European Union since 1986 and on June 25, 1992 it signed the Schengen Agreement. It has held the presidency of the European Council on three occasions (1996, 2000 and 2007). In 2007, the last time the country held the presidency of the Council of Europe, the Treaty of Lisbon was signed.^[59]

Portugal is an active country within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and has sent troops on peace missions to the Balkans. Together with Spain, Portugal is part of the Ibero-American Summit,^[60] whose main objective is to broaden the ties of union between the Iberian nations and the Ibero-American nations. It also helped East Timor, a former colony, economically and militarily to achieve its independence from Indonesia, supporting the young nation in negotiations with other Asian countries and in the deliberations of the United Nations.^[61]

The only international dispute that Portugal maintains concerns the Spanish municipality of Olivenza, which belonged to Portugal from 1297 until 1801, the year in which it was ceded to Spain under the Treaty of Badajoz, which ended the War of the Oranges. Portugal claimed in 1815 that sovereignty over this territory belonged to it according to what was signed at the Congress of Vienna.^[62] Likewise, there was a dispute over the Savage Islands, although Spain now recognizes Portugal's sovereignty, but even so there are still problems regarding the delimitation of the EEZs.^[63] Despite everything, bilateral diplomatic relations between the two Iberian countries are cordial.^[64]

Armed forces and security

The armed forces of Portugal have three branches: the Army, the Navy and the Air Force.^[65] The Portuguese military serves mainly as a self-defense force, whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country, provide humanitarian assistance and guarantee the security of its interests abroad.^[66] Since 2004, military service has not been compulsory. Likewise, the age for voluntary recruitment has been set at 18.^[67]^[68] In 2010, the number of military personnel in Portugal was 50,000, of whom 7,500 (15%) were women.^[69] The Defense budget for 2012 is 2,216 million euros and represented a cut of about 4% compared with the previous year.^[70]

In the 20th century, Portugal took part in two major military interventions: the First World War and the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974).^[42] The discontent caused by the colonial war was a key factor in the uprising of part of the army on April 25, 1974, which brought about the fall of Marcelo Caetano and the consequent arrival of democracy in Portugal with the approval of the Portuguese Constitution of 1976, still in force.^[71]

In recent years, it has collaborated in peacekeeping missions in East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Iraq (specifically in Nasiriyah) and in Lebanon.^[61] More recently, in 2011, it took part in Operation Atalanta, whose objective is to combat maritime piracy off the coast of Somalia.^[72] The United States maintains a military presence in Portugal with 770 personnel at the Lajes base in the Azores. The base employs 683 Portuguese and is the main source of employment on the island of Terceira after the Public Administration.^[73]

The security of the population is the responsibility of the Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR) and the Public Security Police (PSP).^[74]^[75] In addition to these forces, Portugal has the Judiciary Police (PJ), which is the country's main police body for criminal investigation and was created to combat organized crime, terrorism, drug trafficking, corruption and economic and financial crimes. The Judiciary Police is part of the Ministry of Justice and acts under the orders of the Public Prosecutor's Office.^[76]

Human rights

It is worth noting that one of the largest human rights associations in the world, Amnesty International, has its origin in an event that took place in Portugal. In 1961, the English lawyer Peter Benenson began a campaign called "Appeal for Amnisty", with the publication of the article "The forgotten prisioners" in the newspaper The Observer. This article mentioned the imprisonment of two Portuguese students for toasting to freedom. This campaign was the seed of the association, which today has more than two million members.^[77]

The 2008 Amnesty International report denounced some cases of police violence against detainees in Portugal. It also recorded the creation of a new Immigration law, which granted more rights to migrants and placed greater emphasis on the fight against mafias; the creation of a new general plan against violence against women (in 2006, 39 women died at the hands of their partners according to government data); and the opening of an investigation into alleged CIA extraordinary rendition flights that made stopovers in Portugal.^[78]

Status of the principal international human rights instruments
Instrument	Status
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights	Signed and ratified
Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights	Signed but not ratified
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights	Signed and ratified
First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights	Signed and ratified
Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights	Signed and ratified
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination	Signed and ratified; has accepted the competence to receive and process individual communications by the competent bodies
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance	Signed but not ratified
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women	Signed and ratified
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women	Signed and ratified
Convention against Torture	Signed and ratified
Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture	Signed but not ratified
Convention on the Rights of the Child	Signed and ratified
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict	Signed and ratified
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography	Signed and ratified
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families	Neither signed nor ratified
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities	Signed and ratified
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities	Signed and ratified

Territorial organization

The main administrative divisions of Portugal are its 18 continental districts and its two autonomous regions (the Azores and Madeira). These are in turn subdivided into 308 concelhos or municipalities, and these again into 4,260 freguesias.^[79] The districts are the most relevant subdivision of the country and serve as the basis for different administrative divisions such as the electoral districts.^[80] Before 1976, the two Atlantic archipelagos were also integrated into the general structure of the Portuguese districts, although with a differentiated administrative structure, as set out in the Statute of the Autonomous Districts of the Adjacent Islands,^[81] which granted them General Juntas with their own powers. There were three autonomous districts in the Azores and one in Madeira:

Azores—Angra do Heroísmo District, Horta District and Ponta Delgada District.^[81]
Madeira—Funchal District.^[81]

After 1976, the Azores and Madeira acquired the status of autonomous regions and ceased to be divided into districts, coming instead to have a political-administrative statute and their own organs of government.^[82] The current administrative division of Portugal is as follows:^[83]^[84]

Districts
	District	Area	Population		District	Area	Population
1	Lisbon	2,761 km²	2,250,382^[83]	10	Guarda	5,518 km²	160,925^[83]
2	Leiria	3,517 km²	470,985^[83]	11	Coimbra	3,947 km²	429,987^[83]
3	Santarém	6,747 km²	453,633^[83]	12	Aveiro	2,808 km²	714,218^[83]
4	Setúbal	5,064 km²	851,232^[83]	13	Viseu	5,007 km²	377,629^[83]
5	Beja	10,225 km²	152,728^[83]	14	Bragança	6,608 km²	136,252^[83]
6	Faro	4,960 km²	451,005^[83]	15	Vila Real	4,328 km²	206,661^[83]
7	Évora	7,393 km²	166,706^[83]	16	Porto	2,395 km²	1,817,119^[83]
8	Portalegre	6,065 km²	118,448^[83]	17	Braga	2,673 km²	848,165^[83]
9	Castelo Branco	6,675 km²	196,262^[83]	18	Viana do Castelo	2,255 km²	206,661^[83]

Autonomous regions
Autonomous region	Area	Population	Demonym
Azores	2,333 km²	241,194^[83]	Azorean
Madeira	801 km²	273,337^[83]	Madeiran

Urban areas

Urban areas, which can be defined as continuous territorial units formed by the grouping of concelhos,^[85] are another form of Portuguese administrative division that is being implemented at different speeds. There are two types of urban areas:

Greater Metropolitan Areas (GAM) – an urban area made up of nine or more concelhos, and with a population of more than 350,000 inhabitants.^[86]
Intermunicipal Communities (CIM) – an urban area made up of three or more concelhos, and with a population of between 10,000 and 100,000 voting inhabitants.^[87]

Geography

Portugal consists of a continental territory located in southwestern Europe covering an area of 92,090 km².^[3] The country occupies a large part of the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula and two archipelagos located in the Atlantic Ocean: Madeira and the Azores, with a total of 440 km² of maritime zone. Its continental zone borders a single nation, Spain, to the east and north, along 1,224 km,^[3] and is bounded to the south and west by the North Atlantic Ocean along 1,793 km of coast.^[3]

Its continental territory is crossed by its main river, the Tagus, which divides the country in two down the middle. In the north, the landscape is mountainous in the interior areas, with interspersed plateaus that allow the development of agriculture. In the south, as far as the Algarve, the relief is characterized by the presence of plains, although there are some interspersed mountain ranges. Other main rivers are the Douro, the Minho and the Guadiana, which, like the Tagus, rise in Spain. Among the rivers whose entire course runs through Portuguese territory, the Vouga, the Sado and the longest, the Mondego, which rises in the Serra da Estrela, stand out. In this mountain range lies the highest mountain of continental Portugal and the second-highest peak in Portugal, at 1,993 m above sea level (second only to Mount Pico in the Azores).^[88]

The Azores islands are located on the mid-Atlantic rift. Some of the islands have had recent volcanic activity: São Miguel (1563) and Capelinhos (1957), which enlarged the western area of Faial Island.^[89] The D. João de Castro Bank is a large submarine volcano located between the islands of Terceira and São Miguel and lies 14 m below the surface of the sea. It erupted in 1720 and formed an island that remained above the water for several years, and it is estimated that a new island could emerge in the not-too-distant future. As already mentioned, the highest point in Portugal is Mount Pico on Pico Island, a volcano that reaches 2,351 m above sea level.^[90]

The islands of Madeira, unlike the Azores, are located in the interior of the African Plate, and their formation is due to the activity of a hotspot unrelated to plate tectonics. This situation of stability and the location in the interior of the tectonic plate make this the region of Portugal that suffers the fewest earthquakes. The last volcanic eruption of which evidence remains occurred about 6,000 years ago, on Madeira Island, where volcanism currently manifests itself indirectly through the release of deep volcanic gases and hot, gasified waters when road tunnels and galleries are opened to collect water in the interior of the main island.^[91] The highest point of the archipelago is Pico Ruivo, at 1,862 m above sea level,^[92] which is also the third-highest point in the country.^[93]

The Portuguese coast is extensive: it measures 1,230 km in continental Portugal, 667 km in the Azores and another 250 km in Madeira, which also includes the Savage Islands, the Desertas Islands and the island of Porto Santo. The coast is made up of beaches with a multitude of cliffs and sandy stretches. An important peculiarity of the Portuguese coast is the Ria de Aveiro, the estuary of the Vouga River, near the city of Aveiro, 45 km long and a maximum of 11 km wide, which is rich in fish and seabirds. It contains four channels, and between them several islands and islets where the four rivers meet the ocean.^[94] With the formation of coastal sandbars, a lagoon was defined, considered one of the most relevant hydrographic elements of the Portuguese coast. Portugal, in turn, has one of the largest exclusive economic zones (EEZ) in Europe, a maritime strip of about 1,683,000 km².^[95]

Climate

Portugal has a Mediterranean climate, Csa in the south and Csb in the north, according to the Köppen climate classification.^[96] The average annual temperature in continental Portugal ranges from 13 °C in the mountainous interior to 18 °C in the south, in the Guadiana depression.^[96] Summers are pleasant in the highlands of the north of the country and in the coastal region of the far north and in the center. Autumn and winter are typically windy, rainy and cool, and are colder in the northern and central districts of the country, where temperatures fall below zero in the coldest months. However, in the southernmost cities, temperatures drop below 0 °C only on rare occasions and are around 5 °C in most cases.^[97]

Normally, the spring and summer months are sunny and temperatures are high during the dry months of July and August, when on some occasions they can exceed 40 °C in much of the country,^[98] although more frequently in the interior of the Alentejo.^[99]

Average annual precipitation ranges from just over 3,000 mm in the northern mountains to less than 600 mm in the southern areas of the Alentejo.^[96] Portugal has about 2,500–3,200 hours of sunshine per year, with an average of between 4 and 6 hours a day in winter and between 10 and 12 in summer, with higher values in the southeast and lower in the northwest.^[98]^[100] It snows regularly in four districts of northern Portugal (Guarda, Bragança, Vila Real and Viseu), but its frequency decreases toward the south, until it is non-existent in most of the Algarve. In winter, temperatures below −10 °C are recorded and snowfalls occur with some frequency at isolated points, such as the Serra da Estrela, the Gerês mountains and the Serra de Montesinho, where it can snow from October to May.^[97]

Flora and fauna

The flora and fauna of Portugal are divided between two well-differentiated biogeographic regions: the Macaronesian region (the Azores and Madeira) and the Iberian Peninsula (continental Portugal).

Vegetation

A highlight of its natural heritage is a site declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1999 for the size and quality of its laurisilva, a type of laurel forest: the Laurisilva of Madeira.^[101] It has seven biosphere reserves: Paúl do Boquilobo (1981), Corvo Island (2007), Graciosa Island (2007), Flores Island (2009), Gerês-Xurés, cross-border with Spain, the Berlengas archipelago (2011) and Santana (2011).^[102] A total of 86,581 hectares are protected as wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention, in total, 28 Ramsar sites.^[103]

As for the forests of continental Portugal, for economic reasons the following are very widespread: pine, especially the maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) and the stone pine (Pinus pinea), the chestnut (Castanea sativa), the cork oak (Quercus suber), the holm oak (Quercus ilex), the Portuguese oak (Quercus faginea) and the eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus).^[104] According to 2001 data, the most common forests in Portugal are:

**The forests of continental Portugal**^[105]
Forest species	% Forest area	Area (ha)
Pinus pinaster	29.1	976,069
Pinus pinea	2.3	77,650
Other resinous species	0.8	27,358
Quercus ilex	13.8	461,577
Quercus	3.9	130,899
Castanea sativa	1.2	40,579
Eucalyptus	20.1	672,149
Cork oak	21.3	712,813
Other	3.0	102,037
Total	100.0	3,349,327

Likewise, other species are being introduced, such as Gaillardia aristata in the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira; Jacobaea minuta, in southern Portugal; Rhaponticum longifolium, around Leiria; the French marigold (Tagetes patula), on the border with the Province of Salamanca; Zinnia elegans, in the Beira Alta region; Salvia viridis, in Estremadura; crown vetch (Securigera varia) in Coimbra; or Claytonia perfoliata in northern Portugal.^[106]

Fauna

The mammal fauna is very varied and includes the fox, the badger, the Iberian lynx, the Iberian wolf, the Iberian ibex, the wild cat, the hare, the weasel, the Egyptian mongoose, the genet and, occasionally, the brown bear (near the Minho River and the Peneda-Gerês National Park),^[107] among others. Portugal is an important stopping place for the migrations of birds that travel between Europe and Africa, especially at places such as Cape St. Vincent or the Serra de Monchique. The country has about 600 species of birds, of which 235 are breeding species, and almost every year there are new records.^[108]

Portugal has a large number of freshwater fish species, ranging from the giant catfish in the Tagus International Natural Park to small endemic species that live only in small lakes.^[109] Some of these rare species are seriously threatened due to the destruction of their habitat, pollution and droughts.^[109] Portuguese marine waters are among the richest in biodiversity in the world, since their marine species number around a thousand and include the sardine, tuna and Atlantic mackerel.^[110]

In Portugal the phenomenon of upwelling can be observed, especially on the west coast, which makes the sea rich in nutrients and biodiversity.^[111] The protected areas of Portugal include one national park,^[112] thirteen natural parks,^[113] nine nature reserves,^[114] five natural monuments^[115] and six protected landscapes.^[116] In 2005, the protected landscape area of the Esposende Coast was classified as a natural park for the "conservation of the coastal barrier and its physical, aesthetic and scenic natural elements."^[117]

Economy

Oeiras, in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, is home to numerous multinational companies operating in Portugal.

Since joining the European Union in 1986, Portugal has become a diversified economy increasingly based on the service sector. Successive governments have carried out a vast program of reforms, privatizing many state-owned companies and liberalizing the dominant areas of the economy, including the financial and telecommunications sectors. Portugal has been a member of the European Monetary Union (EMU) since its beginning in 1998. On January 1, 2002, its new currency, the euro, began to circulate, at the same time as in 11 other member countries of the EU.^[118]

Between 1991 and 2000, economic growth was above the European Union average. The World Economic Forum's 2005 annual competitiveness ranking placed Portugal in 22nd place, ahead of countries such as Spain, Ireland, France and Belgium, and the city of Hong Kong.^[119] However, the country has been losing competitiveness, and in 2012 it ranked 45th, ahead of only Cyprus, Hungary, Malta, Slovenia and Latvia within the European Union.^[120]

Portugal has a predominantly agricultural past, although, following the development the country experienced in the 1980s and 1990s, its structure is based on services and industry, which in 2010 accounted for 74.5% and 22.8% of GVA, respectively.^[121] Portuguese agriculture is fairly well developed thanks to a favorable climate, relief and soils. Agricultural modernization has intensified in recent decades, but 10.9% of the population still works in the sector.^[121] Olive groves (4,000 km²), vineyards (3,750 km²), wheat (3,000 km²), corn (2,680 km²). Portuguese wines, especially Port wine and Madeira wine, and Portuguese oils are quite well known. Portugal is also a producer of fruit, above all the oranges of the Algarve, the Rocha pear of the Oeste region, the cherry of Gardunha and the banana of Madeira. Sugar beet, sunflower oil and tobacco are also important.^[122]

The economic importance of fishing has been declining, and it employs less than 1% of the working population. The decline in fish stocks has been reflected in the reduction of the Portuguese fishing fleet which, although it has been modernized, still has difficulty competing with other European fleets. Despite the small size of the Portuguese continental shelf, there is a great diversity of species in the waters of Portugal's EEZ, which is one of the largest in Europe. The Portuguese fleet fishes in international waters and in the EEZs of other countries.^[123] The most frequently caught species are sardines, mackerel, octopus, scabbardfish, wahoo and tuna. The ports with the largest fish landings in 2001 were Matosinhos, Peniche, Olhão and Sesimbra.^[95]

Cork production is quite significant, as 54% of the cork produced in the world comes from Portugal.^[124] Portugal's most significant minerals are copper, lithium, tungsten, tin, uranium, feldspar, salt, talc and marble.^[125]

The Portuguese balance of trade is in deficit, and in 2010 the value of exports barely covered 65% of the value of imports.^[126] The largest exports include tractors, electrical apparatus and materials, mineral fuels and oils, mechanical machinery and appliances, plastics and articles thereof, paper and paperboard, and knitted clothing, among others.^[126] The main countries from which Portugal imports products are members of the European Union: Spain, Germany, France and the United Kingdom.^[126]

On May 16, 2011, eurozone leaders officially approved a bailout package of 78 billion euros for Portugal.^[127] The bailout loan was to be distributed among the European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism, the European Financial Stability Facility and the International Monetary Fund.^[128] According to the Portuguese Minister of Finance, the average interest rate on the bailout loan was expected to be 5.1%.^[129] Portugal thus became the third country in the eurozone, after Ireland and Greece, to receive a financial bailout.

Employment

Portugal is a country in which the tertiary sector predominates. However, the primary sector remains very important. Thus, in the first quarter of 2012, the service sector employed slightly more than 3 million people (62.5%), the most important subsectors being commerce (724,500 people), education (384,000) and health care (351,600). The secondary sector employed 27.5% of the working population (1.3 million people), broken down into 958,900 in industry and 447,100 in construction. The primary sector provided work for 487,400 people (10%).^[130]

According to 2012 data from the National Statistics Institute, unemployment had risen to 14.9% in the first quarter of 2012.^[130] It affected women (15.1%) and young people (36.2%) more.^[130] By region, those hardest hit by unemployment were the Algarve (20%) and Lisbon (16%), while those that recorded the least unemployment were the Centro Zone with 11.8% and the Azores (13.9%).^[130] For its part, the economically inactive population represents 39.2% of the total population.^[130]

In 2012, around 11% of university graduates were unemployed; about 115,000 people with a university degree were out of work.^[130] According to Eurostat, Portugal was the ninth poorest of the twenty-seven member states of the European Union in terms of purchasing power for the period 2005–2007. The latest European survey of workers (published in 2007, and forming the basis of the 2009 research study) shows that Portugal is the European country with the fifth lowest quality of employment.^[131]

Tourism

Portugal has been a member of the World Tourism Organization since 1976.^[132] In 2011, the centenary of tourism promotion in Portugal was celebrated.^[133] Tourism is a very important economic sector for the nation, as it accounts for 10% of employment and 11% of GDP.^[134] The number of visitors to Portugal has increased significantly, reaching 6.4 million in 2010;^[134] most of them came from Spain (21.9%), the United Kingdom (16.3%), Germany (10.8%) and France (9.1%).^[134]^[135]

The most important type of tourism is so-called "sun and beach" tourism, concentrated in the Algarve, Madeira and the Azores,^[134] although Lisbon also stands out as a tourist destination.^[136] Nevertheless, the Portuguese government continues to promote new tourist destinations such as the Tagus valley, Lisbon, the Beiras, Porto and northern Portugal. Spa tourism is also strongly encouraged.^[134] In 2006, Lisbon was the European city with the second highest number of overnight stays, after Barcelona, with 7 million. However, the destination that grew most dynamically was northern Portugal, especially Porto, owing to low-cost flights.^[137]

Although in recent years it has lost share of visitors, being overtaken by countries such as Turkey, Hungary, Malaysia and Thailand, Portugal is the 18th tourist destination by volume of visitors. The goal of the latest National Strategic Tourism Plan was to attract around 21 million tourists by 2015, as well as to record revenues of between 14.5 and 15.5 million EUR in that same year.^[136]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Transportation was seen as a priority in the early 1990s, driven by the rapid growth in automobile use and industrialization. The country has a road network of 82,900 km,^[139] of which at least 3,000 km are part of the system of 44 motorways. Portugal was one of the first countries in the world to have a motorway, in 1944, linking Lisbon with the National Stadium, in what would later become the Lisbon–Cascais motorway (now the A5). However, although other stretches of motorway were built in the 1960s and 1970s, it was only in the late 1980s that large-scale motorway construction began. Today the network of motorways and expressways is highly developed and links the coast with the main cities of the interior, with a network of 3,000 km. There are also main routes and complementary routes, which may consist of expressways and fast roads.

The two largest metropolitan areas also have metro networks: the Lisbon Metro and the Metro Sul do Tejo in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, and the Porto Metro in the Porto Metropolitan Area, each with more than 35 km of lines.^[140]^[141] In Portugal, the Lisbon tram network service has been provided by the Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris) for more than a century. In Porto, a tram network, of which only one tourist line along the banks of the Douro River remains in service, began to be built on September 12, 1895, the first on the Iberian Peninsula.^[142] All the large cities and towns have their own local urban transport network, as well as taxi service.

Rail transportation of passengers and freight makes use of the 3,319 km of railway lines currently in service, of which 1,436 km are electrified, and on about 900 km of these trains can run at speeds above 120 km/h.^[139] The rail network is managed by REFER, while passenger and freight transport is the responsibility of Comboios de Portugal (CP), both being state-owned companies. In 2010 CP carried 130 million passengers and 9,750,000 tonnes of freight.^[143]

Lisbon's geographic position makes it a stopover point for many foreign airlines on their way to the rest of the country's airports. For this reason, the government decided in 2008 to build a new airport on the outskirts of Lisbon, in Alcochete, to replace Lisbon's Portela airport.^[144] The country currently has about 65 airports,^[139] the most important of which are Portela in Lisbon (hub of TAP Portugal),^[145] Faro, Porto, Funchal (Madeira) and Ponta Delgada (Azores).^[146] The main ports of Portugal are Leixões, Lisbon, Setúbal and Sines. The country also has about 210 km of waterways.^[139]

Media

Portugal has one of the highest rates of mobile telephony use in the world, as the number of mobile phones has exceeded the total population (in 2011 the number of mobile phones was 13,100,000).^[147] This network also has wireless mobile Internet connections and covers the entire territory. At the end of the third quarter of 2011, Portugal had about 2.6 million users with mobile broadband Internet access and about 2.2 million fixed broadband users.^[148]

Production Center of Rádio e Televisão de Portugal (RTP) in Chelas, opened in 2007.

Most Portuguese have access to pay cable television. At the end of the first quarter of 2008, consumers of cable or satellite (DTH) TV services accounted for 36.2% of households. The penetration of this service is above average in the autonomous regions of the Azores and Madeira.^[149]

On the government's initiative, Rádio e Televisão de Portugal (RTP) was established on December 15, 1955. In 1975 the company was nationalized and became first the public company Radiotelevisão Portuguesa and later Rádio e Televisão de Portugal.^[150] Toward the end of the century, the State granted licenses for the creation of two television broadcasters: Sociedade Independente de Comunicação in 1992^[151] and Televisão Independente in 1993.^[152] Currently, these are the only four free-to-air channels in Portugal, but there are also two regional channels: RTP Açores (1975)^[153] and RTP Madeira (1972).^[154] Rádio e Televisão de Portugal (RTP) also has three radio stations: Antena 1, Antena 2 and Antena 3.^[155] In addition, there are three private broadcasters, the oldest and best known of which are Rádio Renascença,^[156] Rádio Comercial and Rádio Clube Português.^[157]

The newspaper Açoriano Oriental was founded on April 18, 1835, and is considered the oldest in Portugal and one of the ten oldest in the world.^[158] Over time, various newspapers have emerged, among which O Século, Diário de Notícias and Jornal de Notícias stand out. In Portugal, there are numerous magazines on newsstands covering the most varied topics. However, those with the most readers are those dealing with society news, such as Nova Gente, Caras, Lux, VIP and Flash, which are also the best-selling.^[159]

Energy

Portugal is a country with a large energy deficit and imports all of the fossil fuels it consumes.^[161] This meant that in 2005 Portugal imported 87.3% of the total energy it consumed.^[162] As regards electricity generation, in 2005 Portugal produced 85% of the electricity it consumed and imported the remaining 15%.^[163] Total production that year was 46,575 GWh, distributed as follows: non-renewables 80.8%, of which 32.7% from coal, 29.2% from natural gas and 18.9% from petroleum; and renewables 19.2%, of which 11% came from hydroelectric power, 3.8% from wind power, 3% from biomass and the remaining 1.4% from others.^[163] However, for the first time in its history, in the first five months of 2010 it had a positive balance of trade in electricity and exported more energy than it imported (982 GWh versus 946 GWh).^[164]

In 2007, the world's largest solar energy plant began producing electricity in Brinches,^[165] shortly before the first commercial wave energy plant opened its doors, in September 2008, in Aguçadoura, in northern Portugal.^[166] The country will also increase the installed capacity of wind farms, which will go from 2,000 MW in mid-2007 to 8,500 MW in 2020, while installed hydroelectric capacity will go from 5,000 MW in 2005 to 8,600 MW in 2020.^[167]

Demographics

Population of Portugal
Demographic evolution of Portugal (1961–2003)
Year	Total	Change	Year	Total	Change
1422	1,043,274	-	1900	5,423,132	+7.4%
1527	1,262,376	+21.0%	1911	5,960,056	+9.9%
1636	1,100,000	-12.9%	1920	6,032,991	+1.2%
1736	2,143,368	+94.9%	1930	6,825,883	+13.1%
1770	2,850,444	+33.0%	1940	7,722,152	+13.1%
1776	3,352,310	+17.6%	1950	8,441,312	+9.3%
1801	2,931,930	-12.5%	1960	8,851,289	+4.9%
1811	2,876,602	-1.9%	1970	8,568,703	-3.2%
1838	3,200,000	+11.2%	1981	9,852,841	+15.0%
1849	3,411,454	+6.6%	1991	9,862,540	+0.1%
1864	4,188,410	+22.8%	2001	10,356,117	+5.0%
1878	4,550,699	+8.6%	2006	10,599,095	+2.3%
1890	5,049,729	+11.0%	2011	10,562,178	-0.3%
Source: INE, Lisbon "Estatísticas Históricas Portuguesas"^[168] "Resultados Definitivos" (INE)^[169] "Estimativas de População Residente, Portugal" (INE)^[170]

Data on the genetic makeup of the Portuguese indicate that there is very little internal differentiation and that they have a Paleolithic continental European genetic base.^[171]

Censuses began to be carried out in Portugal in the 19th century. The first census considered modern, since it met a series of international standards,^[172] was carried out on January 1, 1854. It covered the entire national territory—both the mainland and the archipelagos—but not the colonies the country possessed at that time.^[173] In 1868 the results were presented in a 340-page volume in which the population was broken down by district, municipality and parish and, in the case of the archipelagos, also by island.^[174] According to this census, Portugal had at that time 4,188,410 de facto inhabitants.^[175] Between 1864 and 1911, the Portuguese population increased by 42%, reaching 5,547,708 inhabitants.^[176] This was due to economic improvements and to better living conditions in general. Thus, the last great "food crisis" took place between 1856 and 1857. The arrival, albeit late, of industrialization in Portugal caused a rural exodus that led to the progressive abandonment of the countryside and a rapid growth of the cities, above all Lisbon and Porto, where people crowded into houses that occupied an entire block and in which more than 15 families might live.^[176] The aforementioned growth was also made possible by the decrease in emigration that followed Brazilian independence, which would only increase again after the end of the war between Brazil and Paraguay in 1869. This heavy emigration resulted in an aging of the population.^[176]

In the 1960s, a new rural exodus drew people to the large cities and tourist centers and depopulated the interior areas, especially those near the borders with Spain.^[177]

Portugal was a country of emigrants until 1970, which meant that the population barely grew. However, the arrival of democracy and the loss of the colonies reversed the situation, and Portugal experienced a demographic boom.^[178] Since then, the number of immigrants has continued to rise, and between 1980 and 2001 the number of legal immigrants on Portuguese soil increased sixfold. This has meant that the population has not aged as much as in other countries of northern and central Europe.^[178]

The Portuguese population consists of 14.9% people aged between 0 and 14, 65.9% between 15 and 64, and 19.1% over 65.^[179] Average life expectancy is 78.54 years.^[180] The literacy rate stands at 93.3%, according to 2003 data.^[9] Population growth stands at 0.212%, with a birth rate of 9.94 births per 10,000 inhabitants and a death rate of 10.8 deaths per 10,000 inhabitants.^[9] The fertility rate stands at 1.5 children per woman, which gives the country zero natural increase.^[9] Portugal is one of the countries with the lowest infant mortality rate (4.66 per thousand) in the world.^[9]^[181] Although Portugal is a developed country, part of the population still lacks access to running water (12% of the population in 2005)^[182] and electricity, although their number is decreasing.

About 451,000 immigrants live in Portugal (according to 2009 data), representing 5% of the Portuguese population. Most come from Brazil (115,882), Ukraine (52,253) and Cape Verde (48,417), but also from Moldova, Romania, Guinea-Bissau, Angola, East Timor, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe and Russia.^[183]

Language

The official language of Portugal is Portuguese according to Article 11 of the Portuguese Constitution,^[184] and it has been so since King Denis I of Portugal adopted it by decree in 1290.^[185] With more than 210 million native speakers,^[186] it is the fifth most spoken language in the world and the third most spoken in the Western world.^[187] As a legacy of Portuguese rule, it is also the official language in Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Guinea-Bissau, East Timor, Equatorial Guinea and Macau, in addition to being spoken in former Portuguese India (Goa, Damão, Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli). It also has official language status in the European Union, UNASUR, Mercosur and the African Union.^[188]

The Portuguese language is a Romance language, like Italian, French, Romanian and Romansh, among others,^[189] of the Ibero-Romance group, like Spanish, Catalan and Galician. Portuguese is also known as the "language of Camões" (after Luís de Camões, author of Os Lusíadas), "the last flower of Latium," an expression used in the sonnet Língua Portuguesa^[190] by Olavo Bilac, and also the "sweet language" by Miguel de Cervantes.^[191]

Sign language is also officially recognized and protected, by Article 74 of the Portuguese Constitution.^[184] Mirandese, which is officially protected in the municipality of Miranda do Douro,^[192] originates from Astur-Leonese and is taught as a second language in the schools of the Municipality of Miranda do Douro and part of the municipality of Vimioso. Its use is quite restricted, although there are measures that guarantee the linguistic rights of its community of speakers.^[193]

Religion

Religion in Portugal (2019)
Religion	%
Catholic Church	83%
Other Christians	5%
Irreligion	6%
Other	5.9%

The Portuguese Constitution guarantees freedom of religion and equality among religions.^[194] However, there is a concordat that privileges the Catholic Church^[195] in various dimensions of social life, as is the case with some official public ceremonies such as official State inaugurations, at which a representative of the Catholic Church is present. However, the religious beliefs of elected politicians are considered irrelevant by voters. Proof of this is that the two previous Presidents of the Republic (Mário Soares and Jorge Sampaio) were openly secular people.^[196]

Most Portuguese (84.6% of the total population, according to the official results of the 2001 census) belong to the Catholic tradition.^[197] As for Sunday practice of Catholicism, according to a study from the same year carried out by the Catholic Church in Portugal itself, there are 1,933,677 practicing Catholics (18.7% of the total population), and the number of people who receive communion is 1,065,036 (10.3% of the total population). About half of marriages are Catholic, although same-sex marriages and divorce are permitted under the Portuguese Civil Code, even though Canon law does not provide for these institutions. There are twenty dioceses in Portugal, grouped into three ecclesiastical districts: Braga, Lisbon and Évora.^[198]

Protestantism in Portugal has various denominations, which come mostly from Evangelical-inspired Neo-Pentecostal groups (for example, the Assemblies of God in Portugal and the Maná Church) or from Brazilian immigration, for example, the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God.^[199]

Jehovah's Witnesses have about 50,000 adherents in Portugal, distributed in about 650 congregations. The religion has been present in the country since 1925 and was officially banned between 1961 and 1974, a period during which it operated clandestinely. In December 1974, the Association of Jehovah's Witnesses was legally recognized, and today it has its headquarters in Alcabideche.^[200]

The Jewish community in Portugal has managed to survive to the present day, despite the order expelling the Jews on December 5, 1496, by decree of Manuel I, which forced many to choose between forced conversion or actual expulsion from the country, or prison and the consequent penalties imposed by the Portuguese Inquisition which, for this reason, was one of the most active in Europe. The way in which worship developed in Belmonte is one of the examples of the perseverance of the Jews as a community in Portugal. In 1506, a massacre of Jews took place in Lisbon in which between 2,000 and 4,000 people lost their lives, and it was one of the most violent of the period in Europe.^{[citation needed]} There are also Islamic (15,000 people)^[201] and Hindu minorities, who are mostly descendants of immigrants, as well as isolated groups of Buddhists, Gnostics and Spiritists.^[202]

Health

The Portuguese health system is characterized by being made up of three coexisting systems: the "National Health Service" (SNS), the "special social health insurance schemes for certain professions" (health subsystems), and "voluntary private health insurance." The SNS provides universal coverage.^[203] In addition, around 25% of the population is covered by health subsystems, 10% by private insurance, and another 7% by mutual associations.^[204]

The Ministry of Health is responsible for developing health policy, as well as for directing the SNS. There are also five regional health administrations, which are responsible for implementing the objectives set by the Ministry of Health for the SNS, developing guidelines and their protocols, and also supervising the delivery of health care. Decentralization efforts are currently under way and are based on sharing financial and management responsibility at the regional level.^[204] In practice, however, the autonomy of the regional health administrations is limited to primary care. The SNS is financed mainly through general tax revenue. Employer and employee contributions represent the main source of funding for the health subsystems. In addition, direct payments by patients and voluntary private health insurance provide a large share of the funds.^[204]

As in other European Union countries, most Portuguese die from chronic diseases.^[204] Mortality associated with cardiovascular diseases is higher than in the eurozone; but its two main components (ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular accidents) show trends opposite to those in the eurozone countries, with cardiovascular accidents as the leading cause of death in Portugal (17%).^[204] 12% of Portuguese die of cancer, a rate lower than that of the eurozone, although the rate is not declining as quickly as in Europe. Portugal has the highest diabetes mortality rate in the eurozone, with a significant increase in the late 1980s.^[204]

Portugal's infant mortality rate has been sharply reduced since the late 1980s, when twenty-four of every thousand newborns died before reaching their first year of life. In 2006, this figure stood at three deaths per thousand newborns. This improvement is mainly due to the decline in neonatal mortality, from 15.5 to 3.4 per thousand live births.^[204] In 2010, life expectancy was 78.88 years.^[205]

Main localities

Lisbon (with about 500,000 inhabitants and 2.1 million inhabitants in the Lisbon Region)^[52] has been the capital since the 12th century,^[52] and is the largest city in the country,^[52] the main economic center,^[52] the main Portuguese seaport and airport, and the richest city in Portugal, with a GDP per capita above the European Union average. Other important cities are Porto (about 240,000 inhabitants and 1,000,000 in Greater Porto),^[206] the second largest city and economic center; Aveiro (considered the Portuguese Venice);^[207] Braga (the city of the archbishops);^[208] Chaves (a historic, millennia-old city); Coimbra (with the oldest university in the country); Guimarães (cradle of the nation);^[209] Elvas (the most fortified city in Europe); Évora (museum city); Setúbal (third most important port); Portimão (3rd cruise port); Faro and Viseu.

In the Lisbon Metropolitan Area there are cities with high population density such as Agualva-Cacém and Queluz (municipality of Sintra), Amadora, Almada, Amora, Seixal, Barreiro, Montijo and Odivelas. In the Porto metropolitan region, the most populous municipalities are Vila Nova de Gaia, Maia, Matosinhos and Gondomar. In the Autonomous Region of Madeira the main city is Funchal. In the Autonomous Region of the Azores there are three main cities: Ponta Delgada, on São Miguel Island; Angra do Heroísmo, on Terceira Island; and Horta, on Faial Island.^[210]

Education

The Portuguese education system is regulated by the State through the Ministry of Education and Science.^[211] The public education system is the most used and the most widespread, although there are also private schools at every level of education.^[212]

The education system is divided into preschool (for those under six years of age), basic education (lasting nine years, in three stages, and compulsory), secondary education (lasting three years, up to the twelfth grade, and compulsory since 2009),^[213] and higher education (university and polytechnic).^[212] At the end of each cycle, students take assessment tests (1st and 2nd cycles) and the national examination (3rd cycle) in the subjects of Mathematics and Portuguese. The tests assess students on the material learned during the corresponding cycle.^[212]^[214]^[215]

The secondary cycle has its own system of organization, different from that of the other cycles. Any student also has the option of attending training and education courses, which are equivalent to the 9th year (or first year of secondary school), and vocational courses, which are equivalent to the 12th year (3rd and final year of secondary school), within the framework of the "New Opportunities" initiative.^[216] All students may complete secondary education, in daytime or evening classes. These courses are available at any school.^[217]

Portuguese universities have existed since 1290. The oldest Portuguese university was first established in Lisbon, before moving to Coimbra. The largest university in Portugal is the University of Porto, with about 31,000 students, and its Faculty of Engineering is the largest in Europe. Universities are normally divided into faculties. The Bologna Process was adopted by Portuguese universities and polytechnic institutes in 2006. The largest Life Sciences hub on the Iberian Peninsula is also being built at the University of Porto, bringing together the Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences and the Faculty of Pharmacy.^[218]

The total adult literacy rate in 2003 was approximately 93.3%, with the rate for men at 95.5% and for women at 91.3%. Enrollment of Portuguese children in primary education is close to 100%. 20% of university-age students attend one of the country's higher education institutions. In addition to being a key destination for international students, Portugal is one of the largest places of origin of international students. The total number of students in university education, both domestic and international, was 380,937 in 2005.^[183]

Culture

Portugal has developed a distinctive culture, having been under the influence of the different civilizations that crossed the Mediterranean and Europe, although it also introduced some cultural elements when the nation played an active role during the Age of Discovery.^[219]

Although the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation had already been created in Lisbon in 1956, it was not until the 1990s and 2000s that Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities. In Lisbon the Belém Cultural Center was created, and in Porto the Serralves Foundation and the Casa da Música. Other public cultural facilities, such as municipal libraries and concert halls, were also built or renovated in many municipalities throughout the country.^[220]

Music

Traditional Portuguese music is highly varied. Folklore includes the danças do vira of the Minho Region, the pauliteiros of the Mirandese area, the corridinhos of the Algarve and the bailinhos of Madeira. Typical instruments are the cavaquinho, the bagpipe, the accordion, the violin, the drum, the Portuguese guitar (typical of fado) and a variety of wind instruments and percussion. There are also local orchestras in each town that play diverse musical styles, from popular to classical.^[221]

The best-known Portuguese musical style is fado, which has helped to spread the Portuguese language. Its most celebrated performer was Amália Rodrigues, who also ventured into Portuguese cinema as an actress and singer. Some more recent popular performers are the group Madredeus, whose vocalist was Teresa Salgueiro, and the singers Mariza, Mísia, Mafalda Arnauth, Cristina Branco and Dulce Pontes.^[222] Among the best-known male performers are Carlos do Carmo, Alfredo Marceneiro and Camané.^[223]

Although fado remains the best-known genre beyond the country's borders, "new" Portuguese music also plays an important role. Notable names include Rui Veloso, father of Portuguese rock; Sara Tavares, whose style has African influences; Xutos & Pontapés, a Portuguese rock group formed in 1978 and still active; Moonspell, a heavy metal band quite famous in Europe; and Blasted Mechanism, an alternative rock group.^[224]

Portuguese art music constitutes an important chapter of Western music. Over the centuries, notable composers and performers have included the troubadours Martín Codax and Denis I; the polyphonists Duarte Lobo, Filipe de Magalhães, Manuel Cardoso and Pedro de Cristo; the organist Manuel Rodrigues Coelho; the composer and harpsichordist Carlos Seixas; the singer Luísa Todi; the symphonist and pianist João Domingos Bomtempo; and the composer and musicologist Fernando Lopes Graça. The golden age of Portuguese music coincided with the height of classical polyphony in the 17th century (School of Évora, Santa Cruz of Coimbra). Among today's leading figures are the pianists Artur Pizarro, Maria João Pires, Olga Prats and Sequeira Costa; the violist Anabela Chaves; the violinist Carlos Damas; the baritone Jorge Chaminé; the composer Emmanuel Nunes; and the composer and conductor Álvaro Cassutto. The most important symphony orchestras are the orchestra of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, the Porto National Orchestra and the Portuguese Symphony Orchestra. As regards opera, the São Carlos National Theater in Lisbon is the most representative.^[224]

Literature

Portuguese literature, one of the earliest Western literatures, developed through text and music. It shares its origins with medieval Galician literature, in the Galician-Portuguese cantigas. In the official canon of literature, special value, already recognized in its own time, is given to the epic Os Lusíadas by Luís de Camões, which narrates in verse the voyages and adventures of the Portuguese discoverers of the route to India during the 15th century. Gil Vicente, for his part, was one of the founders of the Portuguese and Spanish dramatic traditions.^[225]^[226]

In addition to these authors, the figures of Fernando Pessoa, famous for his heteronyms, and Eugénio de Andrade stand out in poetry. In prose, some names worth highlighting are José Saramago, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1998; Eça de Queirós, author of The Maias, the culminating novel of Portuguese realism, and of The Crime of Father Amaro; Aquilino Ribeiro, who was nominated for the Nobel in 1960; and Miguel Torga, famous for his defense of Iberism. In theater, in addition to the aforementioned Gil Vicente, António José da Silva —nicknamed "the Jew"— and Bernardo Santareno stand out.^[225]^[226]

Cinema

Portuguese cinema has a long tradition, having begun at the dawn of this art form, at the end of the 19th century.^[227] Portuguese film directors such as Arthur Duarte, António Lopes Ribeiro, Manoel de Oliveira, António-Pedro Vasconcelos, João Botelho and Leonel Vieira are among those who have achieved the greatest fame. Some famous Portuguese actors are Joaquim de Almeida, Maria de Medeiros, Erica Fontes, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Vasco Santana, Ribeirinho and António Silva, among many others.^[228]

Among the films, some quite famous ones are worth highlighting, such as A canção de Lisboa (1933), the first sound feature film shot entirely in Portugal; Ala-Arriba! (1942), the first Portuguese film to win an award at the Venice International Film Festival; Camoens (1946), screened at the first Cannes Film Festival; A costureirinha da sé (1958), the first Portuguese film in color and CinemaScope; Dom Roberto (1962), special mention of the jury at the Cannes Film Festival; Mudar de vida (1966), one of the greatest European successes of Portuguese cinema, also selected for the Venice Film Festival; O sapato de cetim (1985), a French-Portuguese production awarded the Critics' Prize at the Venice Film Festival; Recollections of the Yellow House (1989), Silver Lion at the Venice Film Festival; Três irmãos (1994), for which Maria de Medeiros won the Volpi Cup for Best Actress at the Venice Film Festival; Capitães de Abril (2000), one of the best-known Portuguese films beyond the country's borders; Alice (2005), winner of the "Young Gazes" award for best debut director at the Venice Film Festival; and Odete (2005), winner of the Milan LGBT film festival award, among others.^[228]

Science and technology

International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory in Braga.

Portugal's science and technology research activities are mainly organized in research and development units belonging to the public universities and to autonomous state research institutions such as the INETI (National Institute of Engineering, Technology and Innovation) and the INRB (National Institute of Biological Resources). The funding and management of this research system is mainly directed under the authority of the Ministry of Education and Science.^[212] The largest R&D units of the public universities by volume of research and scientific articles include bioscience research institutions such as the Institute of Molecular Medicine,^[229] the Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences, the Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology,^[230] the Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology^[231] and IPATIMUP (Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto). Among the private universities, the most notable research center is the Laboratory of Facial Expression of Emotion. State research centers are also internationally recognized; in other fields, the International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, a research cooperation between Portugal and Spain, stands out. Among the largest non-state research institutions in Portugal are the Gulbenkian Institute of Science and the Champalimaud Foundation,^[232] which year after year awards one of the best-endowed scientific prizes in the world. One of the oldest learned institutions in Portugal is the Lisbon Academy of Sciences.^[233]

The Lisbon Oceanarium, the largest aquarium in Europe.

Portugal has signed various agreements with European scientific organizations, becoming a full member of these organizations. These include the European Space Agency (ESA), the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), ITER and the European Southern Observatory (ESO). Portugal has signed cooperation agreements with MIT (United States) and other North American institutions to increase development capacity and to increase the effectiveness of Portuguese research and higher education.^[234]

Portugal has the second largest aquarium in Europe, the Lisbon Oceanarium,^[235] and also has other notable institutions for scientific exhibition and outreach, such as the state agency Ciência Viva, a program of the Ministry of Education and Science to promote scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population,^[236] the Science Museum of the University of Coimbra, the National Museum of Natural History at the University of Lisbon, and the Visionarium.

With the emergence and growth of science parks around the world, which have helped create thousands of science, technology and knowledge companies, Portugal began to create various science parks throughout the country.^[237] These include Taguspark (in Oeiras), Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra), Madeira Tecnopolo^[238] (in Funchal), Sines Tecnopolo^[239] (in Sines), Tecmaia^[240] (in Maia) and Parkurbis^[241] (in Covilhã). Companies located in the various science parks have the advantage of a greater range of services, from financial and legal advantages to advertising and technological support.

Portugal has produced many scientists and inventors who have contributed to the development of the sciences worldwide. Notable names in this field include António Egas Moniz, inventor of lobotomy and angiography and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1949 for the "discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses";^[242] as well as Jaime Filipe, winner of various awards for inventions such as the wheelchair lift. Other notable Portuguese inventors include Amílcar Ventura, inventor of the driving simulator for driving schools, for which he won the gold medal at the Geneva Salon, and Maximiliano Augusto Herrmann, inventor of the wall telephone in 1880.^[243]

Gastronomy

The gastronomy is varied. Each area of the country has its typical dish composed of various meats (veal, mutton, pork and white meats), different cured meats, types of fish (above all cod) and seafood. Among the cheeses, the Serra da Estrela, the Azeitão and the São Jorge stand out, among many others.^[244]^[245]

Portugal is a strongly winemaking country, and the wines of the Douro, the Alentejo and the Dão are renowned, as are the green wines of the Minho and the fortified wines of Porto and Madeira. As for confectionery, there is an enormous variety of traditional recipes such as the famous pastéis de Belém, the ovos moles (egg sweets) of Aveiro, the pastel de Tentúgal, the sericaia and the sponge cake of Ovar, as well as many others.^[244]^[245]

Among the popular dishes, the following stand out: Portuguese-style stew, "golden cod", "cod Gomes de Sá style", the espetadas of Madeira, the "volcanic stew" of the Azores, "roast suckling pig Bairrada style", the "Rojões" of Aveiro and the Minho, the chanfana of Beira, pork Alentejo style, grilled fish (throughout the country), tripe (from the Porto region), "cod fritters" and Portuguese gazpacho. Portuguese cuisine has influenced other cuisines such as Japanese cuisine, with the introduction of tempura.^[244]^[245]

Architecture

The oldest examples of Portuguese architecture date back to the first settlers. Among the abundant evidence of megalithic monuments in Portuguese territory, the Almendres Cromlech, one of the most important in Europe, deserves mention.^[246] The arrival of the Romans brought with it their architecture, a good example of which is the Roman Temple of Évora, dedicated to the goddess Diana.^[247]

After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Visigoths also left their mark on architecture, a good example of which is the Chapel of São Frutuoso de Montélios.^[248] During the period of Muslim domination (711–1249), the Muslims left examples of Islamic art in the Mosque of Mértola,^[249] today a church, and the Castelo dos Mouros in Sintra, among many others.

After a long period of Romanesque style, with examples up to the 18th century, Portugal also developed the distinctive Manueline style, a late Gothic style financed by the discoveries^[250] and characterized by a profusion of decorative elements of maritime inspiration. Among these, the Jerónimos Monastery and the Belém Tower stand out.

The 1755 Lisbon earthquake brought about a change in the urban planning of Lisbon. The Marquis of Pombal carried out major transformations in the Portuguese capital after the catastrophe, and to him is owed, among other things, the construction of the Praça do Comércio, where the royal palace once stood.^[251] Popular tradition marked the architecture of the 1950s, which became known as the "Portuguese Suave style" and which prevailed until the end of Salazarism.^[252]

Contemporary Portuguese architecture combines tradition with the drive to innovate, developed over several generations from the mid-20th century to the present day. Álvaro Siza (Pritzker Prize 1992), Fernando Távora, Eduardo Souto de Moura (Pritzker Prize 2011), Raul Hestnes Ferreira, Rui Jervis Atouguia, Jorge Ferreira Chaves, Francisco Conceição Silva, Francisco Keil do Amaral, Cassiano Branco, Pancho Guedes, Francisco Castro Rodrigues, Manuel Tainha, Vítor Figueiredo, Gonçalo Byrne and Tomás Taveira are some of the most notable Portuguese architects of the contemporary era.^[253]^[254]^[255]

Painting, sculpture and photography

Portugal also enjoys a rich legacy as far as painting is concerned. The first Portuguese painters known by name date back to the 15th century, such as Nuno Gonçalves, a representative of the period of Gothic painting. José Malhoa, known for his work Fado, and Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (who painted the portraits of Teófilo Braga and Antero de Quental) are two leading figures of naturalist painting.^[256]

The 20th century saw the arrival of modernism and, along with it, that of the most renowned Portuguese painters, such as Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso, who was strongly influenced by French painters, particularly Robert Delaunay. Among his best-known works is Canção Popular a Russa e o Fígaro. Another great modernist painter and writer was Almada Negreiros, a friend of the poet Fernando Pessoa, whose portrait he painted. Almada Negreiros was also deeply influenced by both cubism and futurism. Among the important figures in today's visual arts are painters such as Vieira da Silva, Júlio Pomar and Paula Rego.^[256]

In sculpture, notable names include Jorge Vieira, who worked mainly in wood; Alberto Carneiro, the "inventor of objects"; Rui Chafes, who works in iron; and João Cutileiro and Francisco Simões, who carry out their work in marbles of various colors.^[256]

As for artistic photography, the name of Joshua Benoliel deserves mention: the first photojournalist, he left a large collection of images of the last years of the monarchy, the arrival of the Republic and the beginning of the First World War.^[256] Today, the names of Helena Almeida and Jorge Molder stand out, among others.^[256]

Sports

Football is the best-known and most widely played sport in Portugal.^[257] Eusébio da Silva Ferreira is still a great symbol of the history of Portuguese football,^[258] in which other more recent names also stand out, such as Paulo Futre, Luís Figo, Vítor Baía, Rui Costa, João Vieira Pinto, Fernando Couto, Simão Sabrosa, Pedro Pauleta and Cristiano Ronaldo. The main clubs in Portugal are Benfica, FC Porto and Sporting.^[259] According to the FIFA ranking as of June 1, 2017, Portugal is considered the 8th best national football team.^[260] The Portuguese team reached 3rd place in the 1966 FIFA World Cup and 4th in that of 2006.^[261] At the European level, its first place in UEFA Euro 2016, held in France, deserves mention.^[262]

Portugal also stands out in roller hockey, having won fifteen world championships, twenty European championships and fifteen Montreux Nations Cups, among others.^[263] Portugal has also hosted a Formula One Grand Prix race: the Portuguese Grand Prix, held between 1958 and 1960 and again between 1984 and 1996 at the Estoril circuit. Currently, the circuit hosts the Portuguese Grand Prix of the Motorcycle World Championship.^[264]

Other sports in which the country excels internationally, in addition to football, are rugby, sailing, equestrianism, judo, cycling, fencing, athletics and archery. Portugal has participated in every Olympic Games since the 1912 Stockholm Olympic Games,^[265] and has won four gold medals in athletics (Carlos Lopes at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games,^[266] Rosa Mota at the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games,^[267] Fernanda Ribeiro at the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games^[268] and Nelson Évora at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games)^[269] and numerous silver and bronze medals in other sports.^[270]

References

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External links

Portugal Tourism Information (in Spanish)
Turismo de Portugal website
FAO Country Profiles: Portugal (in Spanish)

Geographic location
Spain (northwest: Atlantic Ocean)	Spain (north)	Spain (northeast)
Atlantic Ocean (west)	Portugal	Spain (east)
Atlantic Ocean (southwest)	Atlantic Ocean (south)	Spain (southeast)

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Largest cities of Portugal 2011 Census
	Rank	City	Region	Pop.	Rank	City	Region	Pop.
Lisbon Sintra	1	Lisbon	Lisbon	545,245	11	Oeiras	Lisbon	172,063	Vila Nova de Gaia Porto
	2	Sintra	Lisbon	377,249	12	Gondomar	Norte	168,205
	3	Vila Nova de Gaia	Norte	302,092	13	Guimarães	Norte	158,108
	4	Porto	Norte	237,559	14	Seixal	Lisbon	157,981
	5	Loures	Lisbon	205,577	15	Odivelas	Lisbon	143,755
	6	Cascais	Lisbon	205,117	16	Coimbra	Centro	143,052
	7	Braga	Norte	181,819	17	Santa Maria da Feira	Norte	139,393
	8	Amadora	Lisbon	175,558	18	Vila Franca de Xira	Lisbon	136,510
	9	Matosinhos	Norte	174,931	19	Maia	Norte	135,049
	10	Almada	Lisbon	173,298	20	Vila Nova de Famalicão	Norte	133,804

Portuguese Republic República Portuguesa
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: A Portuguesa (Portuguese for "The Portuguese") File:A Portuguesa.ogg

Capital	Lisbon (pop. 564,000) 38°42′N 9°11′W / 38.700°N 9.183°W / 38.700; -9.183
Largest city	Lisbon
Official languages	Portuguese^[1]
Demonyms	Portuguese, Luso
Member of	EU, UN, NATO, OECD, OSCE, OEI, CoE, CPLP, Latin Union
Government	Unitary semi-presidential republic^[2]

• President	Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
• Prime Minister	António Costa

Independence from the Kingdom of León

• Peace of Zamora	October 5, 1143
• Republic	October 5, 1910
• Estado Novo	May 28, 1926
• Present day	April 25, 1974

Area
• Total	92,090 km² (35,560 sq mi)^[3] (111th)
• Water (%)	0.5
• Land borders Coastline	1,224 km^[3] 1,793 km^[3]
Population
• 2011 census	10,562,178 (82nd)
• Density	114.3/km² (296.0/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)	2017 estimate
• Total	US$306.762 billion (50th)
• Per capita	US$29,422
GDP (nominal)	2017 estimate
• Total	US$213.001 billion (43rd)
• Per capita	US$20,429
HDI (2017)	0.847^[4] very high (41st)
Currency	Euro (€)^a ([[ISO 4217\|EUR]])
Time zone	UTC+0 (WET^b)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+1 (WEST)
Calling code	+351
ISO 3166 code	PT
Internet TLD	.pt
a. Before 1999 the currency was the Escudo (`PTE`). b. The Azores have their own time zone: UTC−1, in summer: UTC. Radio callsign prefix: CQA–CUZ / XXA–XXZ. Aircraft registration: CS. Vehicle registration code: P. ISO code: 620 / PRT / PT.

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