| Content from Wikipedia under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license ⇔ Maps from OpenStreetMap under the ODbL license |
Valencia
Valencia | |
|---|---|
| València | |
 From left to right and top to bottom: the tower of the Church of Santa Catalina, the City of Arts and Sciences, the City Hall square, a barraca in the Albufera, a falla, the Turia Gardens, the Silk Exchange, the Serranos Towers, the Palace of the Generalitat Valenciana, the Oceanogràfic, the Cathedral, the Veles e Vents Building in the Marina, Malvarrosa Beach and the Mercado de Colón. | |
.svg) Flag  Coat of arms | |
| Nickname(s): "El Cap i Casal", "The Capital of the Turia" | |
  Valencia Location in Spain | |
| Coordinates: 39°28′12″N 0°22′35″W / 39.470000°N 0.376389°W | |
| Country | Spain |
| Autonomous community | Valencian Community |
| Province | Valencia |
| Comarca | City of Valencia |
| Judicial district | Valencia |
| Founded | Roman (year 138 BC)[1] |
| Area | |
• Total | 134.65 km2 (51.99 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 16[2] m (52 ft) |
| Highest elevation | 104[3] m (341 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Population centers | |
| • 15 centers | |
| Postal code | 46001-46026 |
| Area code | (+34) 96 |
| INE code | 46250 |
| Climate | Mediterranean climate |
| Watercourse | Turia River |
| Language | Valencian |
| Predominant language | Valencian[4] |
| Budget | €1,042,800,000[5] |
| Sister cities | 8 cities: |
| Patron saints | Saint Vincent Martyr Saint Vincent Ferrer |
| Patroness | Our Lady of the Forsaken |
| Main festivities | Falles See more... |
| Website | valencia.es |
Valencia (officially in Valencian: València,[6] [vaˈɫensia])[7] is a municipality[8] and a city of Spain, capital of the province of the same name and of the Valencian Community. Its population is 840,792 inhabitants (2025), reaching 1,581,057 inhabitants (as of 2020) if its urban area is included.[9] It is the third most populous city and metropolitan area in Spain, after Madrid and Barcelona.[10]
Valencia was founded by the Romans as a colony in 138 BC, during the consulship of Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus, and was named Valentia Edetanorum. After the Roman and Visigothic periods, in the year 711, the Muslims occupied the city, bringing their language, religion and customs, as well as implementing irrigation systems and introducing new crops. In 1238 the Christian King James I of Aragon reconquered the city and distributed the lands among the nobles who had helped him conquer it, as attested in the Llibre del Repartiment; he also created a new law for the city, the Furs of Valencia, which were extended to the rest of the Kingdom of Valencia. In the 18th century, Philip V abolished the Furs as punishment of the Kingdom of Valencia for siding with the Austracists in the War of the Spanish Succession. In 1982 Valencia was established as the capital of the present-day Valencian Community, as set out in the Statute of Autonomy.
The city lies on the banks of the Turia River, on the Levantine coast of the Iberian Peninsula, right in the center of the Gulf of Valencia, although at the time the Romans founded it, it was located on a river island of the Turia, about four kilometers from the sea. About ten kilometers south of the city lies the Albufera of Valencia, which has been owned by the Valencia City Council since 1911, when it bought it from the Crown of Spain for 1,072,980.41 pesetas.[11] The Albufera is one of the largest lakes in Spain, with a surface area of about 2,100 hectares,[12] to which must be added an expanse of 14,100 hectares of marshland devoted to rice cultivation.[12] Because of its cultural, historical and ecological value, it was the first natural park declared by the Generalitat Valenciana, in 1986.
At present the city's economy is centered on services, since about 84% of the employed labor force works in the service sector. Nevertheless, the city maintains an industrial base, with 5.5% of the employed population. On the other hand, agricultural activities, although of relatively minor importance with only 1.9% of the employed labor force, survive in the municipal area with a total of 3,973 hectares, which are mostly occupied by huerta crops and citrus.[13]
Its historic center is one of the largest in Spain, with approximately 169 hectares,[14] and its historical and monumental heritage and its various performance and cultural venues make it one of the cities with the greatest influx of national and international tourism in the whole country. Among its most representative monuments are El Miguelete, the Cathedral, the Serranos Towers and the Quart Towers, the Silk Exchange, declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996, and the City of Arts and Sciences.[15] It should also be noted that the Museum of Fine Arts of Valencia is the most important painting museum in the Valencian Community, being by its relevance the second picture gallery in Spain,[16][17] as is the Valencian Institute of Modern Art (IVAM), whose aim is to research and disseminate the art of the 20th century,[18] or the Valencian Museum of Enlightenment and Modernity, a space for civic interaction and reflection on the problems and the physiognomy of today's society.[19]
Owing to its long history, this is a city with countless festivities and traditions, among which the Falles stand out; they were declared a Festival of International Tourist Interest on January 25, 1965[20] and Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO on November 30, 2016,[21] as well as the Water Tribunal, also declared Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2009.[22] In addition, Valencia has been, and is today, the venue of various world events that have helped to shape the city and give it international projection, such as the Regional Exhibition of 1909,[23][24] the 32nd[25] and the 33rd America's Cup sailing races,[26] the European Grand Prix of Formula One,[27] the Open 500 tennis tournament,[28] the Global Champions Tour of show jumping,[29] and the third edition of the FIA Motorsport Games.[30]
Since 2023, its Mayor has been María José Catalá, of the People's Party, who governs in coalition with Vox. She is the third woman to preside over the city.
Toponymy
The place name "Valencia" derives from the Latin term Valentia Edetanorum given to it by the Romans when they founded it.[31] This name can be translated as 'Valor (or strength) in the land of the Edetani' (or simply as 'Valor of the Edetani'), and it fits the custom, already practiced in Italy in the 2nd century BC, of founding colonies with place names allegorical of military virtues.[32] The Arabs called it مدينة التراب (Madīna at-Turab, 'City of sand'), because it stood on the bank of the Turia River, while they reserved the term بلنسية (Balansīa) for the whole of the Taifa of Valencia.[33] In the time of Abd al-Aziz the city took back for itself the name Balansīa,[33] which would become Valencia in Castilian.
In 2016, the full City Council unanimously agreed to revive a municipal decree from 1996 that had never been made official, by which the appropriate procedures would be initiated to make the Valencian name, València,[34] the sole official form;[35] the change took place after the respective approvals of various governmental institutions, among them the Valencian Academy of the Language, which considered by majority that the appropriate spelling of València from a historical and linguistic point of view was with an open "e", although the appropriate pronunciation is with a closed "e" (Valéncia), which remains a matter of linguistic controversy.[36] On February 14, 2017, the change of name of the Municipality of Valencia to the exclusively Valencian form was published in the Official Journal of the Generalitat Valenciana,[37] and it became official after its publication in the BOE.[38]
Throughout history the city has received several nicknames, such as the City of a Thousand Towers,[39] during the 17th and 18th centuries, the Capital of the Turia or the Cap i Casal. For several centuries and until recent times it was also known as Valencia del Cid.[40]
On September 26, 2023, the full session of the newly appointed Valencia City Council initiated the procedure to change the official name of the city to "Valencia/Valéncia",[41] adopting for the first time a bilingual Valencian and Castilian name for the municipality.[42] The proposed name in the Valencian language was highly controversial, because although it conforms more closely to the recommended pronunciation,[36] its spelling follows the Norms of El Puig,[43] which are not official for writing the grammar of this language.[44] Furthermore, according to Decree 69/2017, of June 2, which regulates changes of name of municipalities and other local entities of the Valencian Community, this name could not be approved if the Castilian name is used first,[45] since "for municipalities whose territories are predominantly Valencian-speaking, the name in the Valencian form shall come first, followed by the slash and the name in Castilian".[46] In accordance with the legislation currently in force, for the name to be made official a legal and administrative procedure must be completed, which involves three further approvals by the full Municipal Council, reports from the AVL, and approval by the Council of the Generalitat Valenciana, until it is finally published in the BOE.[46]
Symbols
From the conquest of the city by James I until the reign of Peter the Ceremonious, the city used as its own arms a shield alluding to its location, "a walled city upon waves". This emblem appears on one of the first municipal seals (1312) and on the shield carved on the Gothic door of the Cathedral. However, from as early as the 14th century Valencia used the royal arms themselves as its device, since King Peter the Ceremonious, in recognition of the resistance Valencia had put up against Peter the Cruel of Castile during the War of the Two Peters (1356-1365), granted the City of Valencia the right to use the royal arms of Aragon and the royal crown on its shield and flag. In addition, as a symbol of the city's loyalty during the two sieges suffered in the war with Castile, the King added to the left and right of the shield an "L" (for loyalty), ensigned with the royal crown. In this way, the municipal council (Consell municipal) fixed the composition of the shield as early as 1377:
Original:
«E es cert quel senyal per los molts alts Reys darago atorgat e confermat a la dita Ciutat era e es lur propri senyal Reyal de bastons o barres grogues e vermelles. [...] [L]o molt alt senyor Rey ara Regnant per son propri motiu e sa mera liberalitat tenint se aixi com fon sa merce per molt servit de la dita Ciutat senyaladament en la guerra de Castella prop passada specialment en los dos Setges e pus principalment en lo segon e derrer daquells tenguts sobre aquella per el Rey de Castella enadi la dita corona al dit senyal»
Translation:
"And it is certain that the sign granted and confirmed by the most high Kings of Aragon to the said City was and is their own Royal sign of yellow and red staves or bars. [...] The most high lord King now reigning, on his own initiative and out of his mere generosity, His Mercy thus considering how well he was served by the said City, notably in the recent war of Castile, especially in the two sieges and most principally in the second and last of those laid upon it [Valencia] by the King of Castile, added the said crown to the said sign"
— Manual de Consells of 1377 (Municipal Historical Archive of Valencia, years 1375-1383, no. 17, sig. A)
Coat of arms
The current coat of arms[47] derives from the royal arms of Aragon, although new elements have since been added to it, such as the bat, lo rat penat in Valencian, an evolution of a wyvern, which also appears on the coat of arms of the Generalitat Valenciana, and which was incorporated into the city's emblem in 1503. The bat was already used in some cases and was associated with certain myths about the conquest of Valencia by James I, although it did not become official until the 17th century. The last element added to the coat of arms is owed to Ferdinand VII, who granted two laurel branches as a reward for the city's resistance during the Napoleonic Invasion of Spain.
At present the coat of arms has the following blazon: "On a lozenge-shaped shield, a field Or with four pallets Gules, two crowned L's as supporters and in the lower part two laurel branches. As crest, an open royal crown surmounted by a bat Sable, seen from the front with its wings displayed."
Flag
The so-called Real Señera, Señera Coronada, or tricolor Señera, is the same flag as that of the Valencian Community.[48] The origin of this flag lies in a heraldic ensign, that is, a shield, which evolved until it took the form of a flag, with a crown above the bars of the kings of the Crown of Aragon.[49] Thus, the city's flag is currently established as follows: "The Flag of Valencia is the traditional 'señera' composed of four red bars on a yellow background, crowned for holding the title of Kingdom, and with a blue stripe next to the hoist."
Geography
The City of Valencia lies on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula, on the great alluvial plain of the Júcar and Turia rivers, right in the center of the Gulf of Valencia.[50] The original city was located about four kilometers from the sea, on a river island of the Turia. The mountains closest to the city are some of the last foothills of the Iberian System in the Valencian Community, such as the Cabeçol of El Puig and the Sierra Calderona, about 12 km and 25 km north of the city respectively.[50]
Valencia has traditionally been the capital of the defunct historical and natural comarca of the Huerta of Valencia, a comarca which in 1989[51] was broken up to form the comarcas of Horta Nord, Horta Sud, Horta Oest and City of Valencia, the latter thus being constituted as the only city-comarca of the Valencian Community, known as the "City of Valencia". In this way, the Comarca of Valencia extends only to the city, its pedanías, and the Lake of the Albufera.[12] The "City of Valencia" borders to the north the comarcas of Horta Nord and Camp de Túria, to the east the Mediterranean Sea, to the south the comarcas of Horta Sud and Ribera Baixa, and to the west the comarca of Horta Oest.
| Northwest: Burjassot, Godella, Rocafort and Bétera | North: Moncada, Alfara del Patriarca, Vinalesa, Bonrepós y Mirambell, Tabernes Blanques and Alboraya | Northeast: Alboraya and Mediterranean Sea |
| West: Paterna, Cuart de Poblet, Mislata and Chirivella | Valencia | East: Mediterranean Sea |
| Southwest: Picaña, Silla, Albal, Catarroja, Masanasa and Alfafar | South: Paiporta, Benetúser, Alfafar, Sedaví, Sollana and Sueca | Southeast: Mediterranean Sea |
The exclave of Rafalell and Vistabella borders Masamagrell, Masalfasar and the Mediterranean Sea.
The exclave of Mauella and Tauladella borders Museros, Albuixech and Albalat dels Sorells.
The exclave of Cases de Bàrcena borders Foyos, Meliana, Almácera, Bonrepós y Mirambell and Vinalesa.
Topography
The city of Valencia lies in the center of the Valencian depression, south of the Iberian sector. This plain is the largest flatland in the entire Spanish Mediterranean basin, and it lies in the center of the Valencian Community. The depression is bounded by the Sierra Calderona to the north, by the mountains of the Serranía del Turia to the northwest, by the Sierra de las Cabrillas to the west, by the Caroig Massif to the southwest and by the Serra de Corbera and the Mondúver to the south.[50]
Its origin is due, first, to the process of subsidence of the Gulf of Valencia, which began about 6 million years ago, and second, to the process of infilling of the area by the sediment contributed by the Palancia, Turia and Júcar rivers, as well as by the ravines of Carraixet and Poyo. This process was accelerated by the weak erosive action of the sea, and in recent times by human action, since man has accelerated the infilling of the wetlands through selective landfilling.[52]
Not all of the depression is a perfect plain, since the extremely flat areas closest to the coast are connected to extensive inland piedmonts, such as the Plana de Cuart or the Campo de Liria. It is also worth noting that the plain is dotted with small hills that break its unity, such as the Cabeçol of El Puig, the Montaña de los Santos of Sueca, the Sierra Perenchisa of Torrente or the Montaña de las Zorras of Cullera.[50] The highest point of the municipality, at 104 m, is in Horteta.[3] Thus, the traditional landscapes of this relief unit are the farmlands of the huerta and the wetlands, such as the Albufera of Valencia[12] and the marshes of Rafalell and Vistabella and del Moro.[50][53]
Hydrography
The river that crosses the city is the Turia. It is a river of the Mediterranean slope of the Iberian Peninsula, which rises in the Muela de San Juan of the Montes Universales, in the municipal area of Guadalaviar (Teruel), and after a course of 280 km flows into the sea north of the Valencian beach of Pinedo. Its floods are famous, especially that of October 14, 1957, known as the Great Flood of Valencia, which with a flow of 3,700 m³/s flooded a large part of the city of Valencia, causing a great deal of material and human damage.
This event led to the creation of a project to divert the riverbed and prevent subsequent floods, while also seeking to generate new infrastructure for the growth of the city. This project took shape with the construction of a new channel diverting the river around the south of the city, known as the Plan Sur;[54] this channel appears to be dry, because water only flows through it during floods, as the ordinary flows are used to irrigate the Vega of Valencia at the canal intakes from the Azud del Repartiment. The old riverbed that runs through the central area of the city has been turned into a recreational and cultural space, the Turia Gardens.
Throughout history the water of the Turia has been used to irrigate farmland, for which a complex irrigation network was developed, whose fundamental axis is the irrigation canals of the Vega of Valencia.[55] These canals take their water from the last flows of the river, downstream of the weir of the Moncada irrigation canal. Finally, the runoff and surplus water of the Turia are used for the Acequia del Oro and the irrigated lands of Francos and Marjales of Valencia.
The eight canals are, on the right bank: the Quart canal, from which the Benàger i Faitanar canal then branches off, which also has the status of a main canal; the Mislata canal;[56] the Favara canal;[57] and the Rovella canal. And on the left bank: the Tormos canal; the Mestalla canal; and the Rascanya canal.
Climate
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean max. (°C) | 16 | 17 | 19 | 21 | 23 | 27 | 30 | 30 | 28 | 24 | 20 | 17 |
| Mean min. (°C) | 7 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 15 | 19 | 21 | 22 | 19 | 15 | 11 | 8 |
| Precipitation (mm) | 36 | 32 | 35 | 37 | 34 | 23 | 9 | 19 | 51 | 74 | 51 | 52 |
| Source: State Meteorological Agency[59] | ||||||||||||
Valencia has a Mediterranean climate that is mild and slightly rainy in winter and hot and dry in summer. According to the criteria of the Köppen climate classification, Valencia has a climate transitional between the Mediterranean (Csa) and hot semi-arid (BSh) climates.[60] The mean annual temperature is 18.4 °C.[61][62][63]
Valencia's climate features warm summers and mild winters. January is the coldest month, with mean maximum temperatures of 16-17 °C and minimum temperatures of 7-8 °C. Snowfall and below-zero temperatures are extremely rare within the urban area, and they usually make the news because of their rarity.[64] The warmest month is August, with mean maximum temperatures of 30-31 °C, minimum temperatures of 21-23 °C and moderately high relative humidity. The daily temperature range is small owing to the maritime influence: around 9 °C on average. Likewise, the annual temperature range is small because of the influence of the sea, standing between 9 and 10 °C.[62][63]
Annual precipitation is between 450 and 500 mm, with marked minimums in summer (June to August), especially in July with an average of about 8 mm; and maximums in the autumn months, especially September and October (the average reaching somewhat below 80 mm in October) owing to the effect of the gota fría, which on several occasions has accumulated more than 150 mm in a single day, causing floods. Mean annual humidity is relatively high owing to the influence of the sea, standing at around 65% and varying little throughout the year.[62][63]
The table below shows the climatological values for the 1991-2020 reference period at the AEMET observatory located in the Jardines del Real (Valencia), at 11 m a.s.l.
| Climate data for Valencia Observatory (11 m a.s.l.) (Reference period: 1991-2020, extremes 1937-present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 26.6 (79.9) |
29.0 (84.2) |
33.2 (91.8) |
35.2 (95.4) |
42.0 (107.6) |
38.2 (100.8) |
41.8 (107.2) |
44.5 (112.1) |
38.4 (101.1) |
35.8 (96.4) |
32.0 (89.6) |
27.3 (81.1) |
44.5 (112.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 16.8 (62.2) |
17.4 (63.3) |
19.4 (66.9) |
21.2 (70.2) |
24.0 (75.2) |
27.5 (81.5) |
29.9 (85.8) |
30.6 (87.1) |
28.0 (82.4) |
24.6 (76.3) |
20.2 (68.4) |
17.4 (63.3) |
23.1 (73.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 12.1 (53.8) |
12.7 (54.9) |
14.7 (58.5) |
16.6 (61.9) |
19.6 (67.3) |
23.3 (73.9) |
25.9 (78.6) |
26.5 (79.7) |
23.7 (74.7) |
20.1 (68.2) |
15.6 (60.1) |
12.8 (55.0) |
18.6 (65.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.5 (45.5) |
8.0 (46.4) |
9.9 (49.8) |
11.9 (53.4) |
15.1 (59.2) |
19.0 (66.2) |
21.9 (71.4) |
22.5 (72.5) |
19.3 (66.7) |
15.6 (60.1) |
11.0 (51.8) |
8.3 (46.9) |
14.2 (57.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −6.5 (20.3) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
1.0 (33.8) |
5.0 (41.0) |
8.5 (47.3) |
11.6 (52.9) |
12.5 (54.5) |
8.0 (46.4) |
4.1 (39.4) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 39 (1.5) |
30 (1.2) |
40 (1.6) |
33 (1.3) |
36 (1.4) |
26 (1.0) |
7 (0.3) |
15 (0.6) |
70 (2.8) |
66 (2.6) |
52 (2.0) |
48 (1.9) |
460 (18.1) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 3.9 | 3.5 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 2.2 | 1.2 | 2.3 | 5.2 | 4.7 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 44.6 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.01 mm) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 65 | 64 | 64 | 62 | 66 | 66 | 68 | 68 | 67 | 68 | 66 | 66 | 66 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 174 | 181 | 217 | 237 | 267 | 282 | 313 | 288 | 237 | 208 | 171 | 158 | 2,740 |
| Source: State Meteorological Agency[65] | |||||||||||||
Below are some climatological records registered at the AEMET observatory located in the Jardines del Real (Valencia), counted from 1937 for temperature and precipitation and from 1945 for wind. The absolute maximum temperature record is 44.5 °C, registered on August 10, 2023, and the minimum is –7.2 °C, registered on February 11, 1956. The maximum precipitation in one day is 262.6 mm, registered on November 17, 1956, and the strongest wind gust is 117 km/h, registered on February 25, 1989.[66]
Natural hazards
The main natural hazard suffered by the City of Valencia was flooding, since throughout history the Turia River caused several very serious overflows and floods in the city. Of all these overflows of the Turia, the most serious occurred on October 14, 1957, with the Great Flood of Valencia, when precipitation exceeding 300 mm fell over a large part of the Turia drainage basin (361 mm in Bejís, although this town is located in the basin of the Palancia River), giving rise to two flood waves over Valencia, the first of 2,700 m³/s with a mean velocity of 3.25 m/s, and the second, more violent, of 3,700 m³/s and 4.16 m/s. These flood waves inundated most of the Valencian capital, causing the deaths of more than 80 people, in addition to considerable material damage.
After this flood, a plan was drawn up to divert the course of the Turia around the south of Valencia, with the project called the Plan Sur. This project gave the river a discharge capacity of 5,000 m³/s,[54] in addition to other minor works to regulate the river. Faced with the delay in government aid after the flood, Mayor Tomás Trénor Azcárraga confronted Francisco Franco, who dismissed him. Nevertheless, through his conduct the Mayor achieved his goal, since as a result of his criticism the aid to the city was expedited and work on the diversion of the Turia began.
Another hazard that usually affects the Mediterranean area of the Iberian Peninsula is heat waves and cold waves. Every year in the summer months Valencia suffers several heat wave alerts, which according to the State Meteorological Agency (AEMET) are a period of at least 3 days with abnormally high temperatures. These heat waves can cause so-called heat strokes, which can even result in deaths. Conversely, in the winter months the danger comes from cold waves, since temperatures can occasionally fall below 0 °C. This is due to the intrusion into Valencian territory of icy air currents from the Arctic or Siberia.[50] The main consequences of cold waves are road closures due to black ice and the danger of hypothermia for homeless people.
Seismic risk also affects Valencia, since the city lies in an area of moderate seismic hazard. Throughout history Valencia has suffered several earthquakes,[67] one of the strongest being that recorded on September 16, 2003, which had a magnitude of 4.2 on the Richter scale, although that was not the one of greatest intensity, since in 1823 and 1904 the city also suffered two earthquakes of intensity 5.[67] It should be noted that during 2010 and 2011, 16 earthquakes occurred, although all of them were of low intensity, with magnitudes between 1.5 and 2.8 on the Richter scale.[68]
Flora
Valencia lies in the bioclimatic belt known as thermomediterranean, so its climax vegetation is the Mediterranean forest, while maquis occurs in those areas where the tree cover has disappeared.[69] Because of human alteration of the environment, nitrophilous plant species predominate in most of the municipal area, with the exception of those found around the coastal wetlands (Albufera and the marsh of Rafalell and Vistabella) and the river channels.[70]
The main tree species that can be found in the areas of Mediterranean forest remaining in the municipal area of Valencia (mainly in the Dehesa del Saler) are the holm oak, the Aleppo pine and the tamarisk, while the shrub species, which occur in the understory or in areas of maquis, are the mastic, the juniper, the kermes oak, the myrtle, the thyme, the aliaga, the rosemary, the savory and the dwarf fan palm.
On the other hand, the tree species associated with the riparian forest (the channel of the Turia) are willows, alders, poplars, ash trees, elms and tamarisks, while the shrub species associated with this type of forest include, among others, rushes, reeds, cattails, oleanders and brambles. Around the wetlands and irrigation canals there are several communities of marsh vegetation, which sink their roots into fresh water or wet mud, such as giant canes, cattails, sedges and reeds.
In the dune ridges closest to the sea, the presence of "pioneer species" stands out. Some of these species are typical of shifting dunes, such as the reed or the sea bindweed, and others are typical of fixed dunes, such as the Italian buckthorn or the mastic. Finally, in the dune malladas some succulent species occur, such as small cordgrass or glasswort.
Fauna
Valencian territory presents great biodiversity, which is greatest around the Albufera of Valencia, where the La Granja de El Saler wildlife recovery center is located.[71] Some fish species present in the municipal area of Valencia are the fartet and the samaruc, species endemic to the Valencian Community, as well as the eel, the mullet and the sea bass, of particular economic importance.[72]
The extraordinary bird wealth of Valencian territory[73] can be seen in the great variety of species found in the municipal area of Valencia, where several types of anatids can be found, such as the red-crested pochard with up to 10,000 individuals, the northern shoveler with up to 20,000 individuals, or the mallard. The colonies of herons are also noteworthy, among them the cattle egret, the squacco heron and the grey heron. Finally, the presence of species such as the common tern, the Sandwich tern, the common stilt, the marbled duck and the gull is also noteworthy.
As for the mammals that can be found in the territory of Valencia, rodent species stand out, such as the brown rat, the southwestern water vole, the wood mouse and the Algerian mouse. Some groups of shrews, foxes and bats (the common bent-wing bat, the European free-tailed bat, etc.) can also be found.
In the municipal area of Valencia there are also some amphibian species, such as the common midwife toad, the common toad, the natterjack toad, the painted frog, the western spadefoot, the common parsley frog, the Iberian ribbed newt and the Perez's frog.[74] Several types of reptiles are also present, such as lizards (the Iberian wall lizard, the ocellated lizard, the Bedriaga's skink, the spiny-footed lizard and the large psammodromus), snakes (the Iberian worm lizard, the southern smooth snake, the horseshoe whip snake, the Montpellier snake and Lataste's viper), geckos (the Mediterranean house gecko and the Moorish gecko), and turtles or terrapins (the European pond turtle and the Spanish pond turtle).[75]
Natural areas
The City of Valencia has within its municipal area several natural sites and areas of special ecological, cultural and scenic importance, which owe their present state largely to human action.
The Albufera Natural Park
The Albufera Natural Park, covering 21,120 ha, was declared as such by the Generalitat Valenciana on July 23, 1986, and since 1990 it has been included in the List of Wetlands of International Importance for birds established under the Ramsar Convention of February 2, 1971. Since 1992 it has been an SCI (Site of Community Importance) and since 1994 it has been included among the SPA areas (Special Protection Area for Birds). This wetland is located about 10 km south of the City of Valencia,[76] and comprises a system formed by the lake of the Albufera, its wet surroundings, and the coastal barrier adjacent to both.[12][77]
The marsh of Rafalell and Vistabella
The marsh of Rafalell and Vistabella, with an area of 102.92 ha, is one of the last marshes that once stretched north of the Turia River from Alboraya to Sagunto; it is fed by groundwater and irrigation runoff.[78][79] As for the vegetation of this wetland, it is dominated by reed beds and rush beds, which provide refuge for several species of marsh birds and waders, along with some remnants of dune vegetation on semi-fixed dunes and of salt-marsh vegetation, with species such as fine sea lavender or glasswort. In the marsh there are some irrigation ditches and small lagoons with submerged vegetation, such as longleaf pondweed or sago pondweed. The fish present in the marsh are the eel, the sea bass, the mullet and the big-scale sand smelt, although there are suitable habitats for the reintroduction of endemic Valencian species such as the samaruc, the fartet, the spined loach or the ditch shrimp.[78]
The huerta
The Valencian huerta[53] was born in the time of the Roman Empire, when Valencia was a logistical and wintering center for its campaigns of conquest in Iberia. The Romans introduced new crops, such as cereals, the olive and the vine; however, owing to the particular conditions of the environment, these were not productive enough.
But what we really know today as the Valencian huerta developed in the Middle Ages, during the Islamic period, since the Muslims created an important network of irrigation infrastructure: acequias (irrigation canals), weirs and small dams. This network diverted the strong floodwaters of the Turia and the ravines, succeeding in draining large marshy areas and bringing irrigation to the fields. At the same time, various activities developed along these infrastructures, such as water mills, which harnessed the flow running through the canals, and washhouses, which served the nearby dwellings or alquerías.
The urban beaches
Valencia has two urban beaches of fine golden sand, Las Arenas Beach and Malvarrosa Beach, which are bounded to the south by the Port of Valencia and to the north by the Patacona Beach of Alboraya.[80] They are beaches of an urban character, with an extensive promenade lined with numerous large establishments, which occupy former bathhouses and offer a wide range of accommodation and local gastronomy.
The capital's beaches located south of the Turia do not have such a marked urban character and present a more solitary atmosphere. From the beaches of Pinedo, with the Casa Negra sector where nudism is practiced, to the beach of El Perellonet or El Recatí and the gola of El Perelló, there are more than 15 kilometers of sandy coastline (protected by dunes), which offer spacious beaches surrounded by the Albufera Natural Park.[81]
History
Antiquity
Archaeological remains from the 4th and 3rd centuries BC have recently been found.[82] These are the oldest evidence of human presence in the area. Recent research has shown that Valencia and its surroundings, now part of the urban area, were part of a trade route for luxury ceramics.[83]
Valencia is one of the oldest cities in Spain, as it was founded under the name of Valentia Edetanorum by some two thousand Roman colonists in 138 BC (616 AUC), in the time of the consul Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus. It was a classically Roman city in its conception, since it was located in a strategic place near the sea, on a river island crossed by the Via Augusta, which connected present-day Andalusia (Baetica) with the capital of the empire (Rome). The main nucleus of the city was located around the present-day Plaza de la Virgen. There stood the forum and the intersection of the Cardo and the Decumanus, which were and still are the two main axes of the city. The Cardo corresponds to the present-day Salvador–Almoina streets and the Decumanus to the Calle de los Caballeros.[1][84]
During the war between Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and Quintus Sertorius, in 75 BC, the City of Valenctia was destroyed, and it was not rebuilt until some fifty years had passed. After this period of abandonment, the city regained its population and began to build major infrastructure works, already in the 1st century, which led the city to experience a period of great urban growth by the middle of the century. However, centuries later, in the 3rd century, Valencia went through a new period of decline. Finally, during the last years of the Roman Empire, in the 4th century, the city began to form a primitive Christian community.[84][85]
Middle Ages
- Visigothic period
A few centuries later, coinciding with the first waves of Germanic peoples and with the power vacuum left by the imperial administration, the Church took over the reins of the city and Christian places of worship gradually replaced the old Roman temples. With the Byzantine invasion of the southwest of the peninsula in 554, the city acquired strategic importance, and Visigothic military contingents were stationed there.[85] After the expulsion of the Byzantines in 625, a dark period began, poorly known to history and scarcely documented by archaeology, which seems to attest to a very low level of urban life. During the Visigothic period it was an episcopal see of the Catholic Church, suffragan of the Archdiocese of Toledo, which comprised the former Roman province of Carthaginiensis in the Diocese of Hispania.[86]
- Muslim Balansiya
The period immediately following the Muslim conquest of 711 is an obscure period in the city's history about which little information is available. Despite this, it is known that Abd al-Rahman I (the first Emir of Córdoba) ordered the city to be destroyed, although several years later Abd Allah al-Balansi, son of Abd al-Rahman I, exercised a kind of autonomous government over the Valencian area. Among his decisions, the order to build a luxurious palace on the outskirts of the city stands out: la Russafa, the origin of the neighborhood of the same name, of which no remains have been found so far.[85] During this period the city was known for several centuries as Medina al-Turab, city of mud or of dust, because of the state of abandonment it was in.[84][87]
The city's greatest boom began with the taifa kingdoms (11th century), one of which was that of Valencia. The city grew, and in the time of Abd al-Aziz (11th century) a new wall was built, remains of which are preserved throughout Ciutat Vella. The Castilian nobleman Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (El Cid Campeador) entered Valencia, and the city remained in the hands of Christian troops between 1094 and 1102, establishing an independent lordship in Valencia.[88] After the death of El Cid, his wife Jimena, who had become Lady of Valencia, managed to defend the city for a time with the help of her son-in-law Ramon Berenguer III. But in May 1102, faced with the impossibility of defending the principality, El Cid's family and people abandoned Valencia with the help of Alfonso VI, but not before plundering and setting fire to the city.[89] Thus, Valencia was conquered again the following day by the Almoravids, who restored Muslim worship.
The decline of Almoravid power coincided with the rise of a new North African dynasty, the Almohads, who took control of the peninsula from 1145 onward, although their entry into Valencia was halted by Ibn Mardanish, Monarch of Valencia and Murcia, until 1171, when the city finally fell into the hands of the North Africans.[84]
- The Christian Reconquest
.jpg)
In 1238, the city was conquered by James I with the help of troops from the military orders. After the Christian victory, the Muslim population was expelled and the city was divided among those who had taken part in the conquest, as recorded in the Llibre del Repartiment.[90] James I granted the city new laws, the Furs of Valencia (els Furs), which years later he extended to the entire Kingdom of Valencia. From this moment on, a new historical stage began in the city, brought by a new society and a language, which laid the foundations of the Valencian people as they are known today.[84]
According to data on the capitulation of the city, the Kingdom of Valencia had a population of 120,000 Muslims, 65,000 Christians and 2,000 Jews, and thanks to the capitulation and the pacts that led to it, the Valencian population was for the most part able to remain on its lands.[91] Thus, according to the Arab historian Hussein Mones of the University of Cairo, these were the words that King Zayyan said to James I at the moment he handed him the keys of the city:
In the city of Valencia, Muslims, noble people of my people, live together with Christians and Jews. I hope that you will know how to govern them so that they may continue living in the same harmony and so that they may work this noble land together. Here, during my reign, Holy Week processions went out and Christians professed their religion with complete freedom, since our Quran recognizes Christ and the Virgin. I hope that you will grant the same treatment to the Muslims of Valencia.[92]
The city went through serious hardships in the mid-14th century. On the one hand, the Black Death of 1348 and the successive epidemics of the following years decimated the population, and on the other, a series of wars and revolts followed one another, such as the War of the Union, a citizens' revolt against the excesses of the monarchy led by Valencia as capital of the kingdom,[93] as well as the War with Castile, which forced the hurried construction of a new wall to hold back the Castilian attack on two occasions (in 1363 and 1364). In these years, coexistence among the three communities that occupied the city (Christian, Jewish and Muslim) was quite conflictive. The Jews, settled around the Calle de la Mar, had prospered economically and socially, and their quarter progressively expanded its boundaries at the expense of the adjoining parishes. For their part, the Muslims who remained in the city after the conquest were settled in a morería next to the present-day Mosen Sorell market. In 1391 an uncontrolled mob attacked the Jewish quarter, which meant the virtual disappearance of this community and the forced conversion of its members to Christianity. In 1456, a popular riot also attacked the morería, although its consequences were of lesser significance.[85]
- The Valencian Golden Age
The 15th century was a period of economic, cultural and artistic splendor for the city. Over the course of this century there was also demographic growth that made Valencia the most populous city of the Crown of Aragon.[84] Local industry (led by textiles) reached a high level of development, with the silk industry generating significant economic activity.[94] During this period the Taula de canvis, a municipal bank supporting commercial operations, was also created. At the end of the century the Lonja de la Seda y de los Mercaderes (Silk and Merchants' Exchange) was built. The city became a commercial emporium that attracted merchants from all over Europe.
This economic boom was reflected in the artistic and cultural sphere. Some of the city's most emblematic buildings were erected during this period, such as the Torres de Serranos (1392), the Lonja (1482), El Miguelete or the Chapel of the Kings of the Convent of Santo Domingo. In painting and sculpture, Flemish and Italian trends influenced artists such as Lluís Dalmau, Gonçal Peris or Damián Forment. In literature, under the patronage of the court of Alfonso the Magnanimous, written production flourished, through authors such as Ausiàs March, Roig de Corella or Isabel de Villena. Around 1460 Joanot Martorell wrote Tirant lo Blanch, an innovative novel of chivalry that influenced numerous later authors, from Cervantes to Shakespeare. Also in this period, between 1499 and 1502, the University of Valencia was founded under the name of Estudi General.[85]
Early modern period
- Valencia under the Habsburgs
As a result of the Discovery of America, the European economy turned toward the Atlantic to the detriment of the Mediterranean. Despite the dynastic union with Castile, the exploitation of the Mediterranean remained in the hands of the former Crown of Aragon, that is, Valencians, Catalans and Majorcans, while the conquest and exploitation of America was an exclusive affair of Castile. In the face of this, Valencia entered a severe economic crisis, which soon manifested itself in the rebellion of the Germanías (1519–1522), a social revolt against the nobility, who had fled the city in the face of a plague epidemic in 1519.[85] The leaders of the insurrection were cruelly repressed by the Vicereine Germaine of Foix, which accelerated the authoritarian centralization of Charles I.[95]
The crisis worsened during the 17th century with the expulsion of the Moriscos and Jews in 1609,[96] who made up almost a third of the entire population of the kingdom.[85][97] The power of the nobility, increasingly preponderant, brought about the ruin of the country and the bankruptcy of the Taula de Canvis in 1613. During the so-called Uprising of Catalonia (1640–1652), Valencia collaborated with the cause of Philip IV with militias and money, which caused a period of economic hardship made worse by the arrival of troops from other parts of Spain.
- Valencia under the Bourbons
.jpg)
The city's decline hit bottom with the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–1709), which meant the end of the political and juridical independence of the Kingdom of Valencia. After the Battle of Almansa (April 25, 1707), Philip V ordered the abolition of the Valencian Furs as punishment for the support the kingdom had given to Charles of Austria. From the Nueva Planta decrees onward, Castilian law governed in Valencia.[98][99] The capital of the Kingdom of Valencia was moved to Orihuela, as an affront to the city. Philip V ordered the Audiencia to meet with the Viceroy Cardinal Luis de Belluga, who opposed the change of capital given the proximity of Orihuela, as a religious, cultural and now political center, to Murcia (capital of his other viceroyalty and of his diocese). Thus, considering his hatred of the city of Orihuela, which he had bombarded and sacked incessantly during the War of the Spanish Succession, he abandoned the Viceroyalty of Valencia in protest before Philip V, who finally returned the capital to Valencia.[85]
With the abolition of the Valencian Furs and the adaptation of the kingdom and its capital to the laws and customs of Castile, the offices of municipal government ceased to be elective and became posts directly appointed by the monarch, often filled by foreign aristocrats. Valencia had to get used to being an occupied city, with troops quartered in the citadel,[100] which stood next to the Convent of Santo Domingo, and in other buildings, such as the Lonja itself, which was a barracks until 1762.[85]
Late modern and contemporary period
- 19th century
The 19th century began with Spain caught in a chain of wars with France, Portugal or the United Kingdom. But it was the Napoleonic Invasion of Spain that most affected Valencian lands and specifically the capital.[101]
In the Napoleonic Invasion of Spain against the army of Napoleon—also known as the War of the French—the First Battle of Valencia took place on June 28, 1808. The cannonball marks can still be seen on the towers of Quart and Serranos. The city fell into the hands of the troops under the command of Marshal Suchet on January 8, 1812, after a long siege. The occupation lasted until the end of the war in 1814.[102] After the capitulation, the French promoted some reforms in Valencia, which became the capital of Spain when Joseph I moved the Court here in the summer of 1812.[85]
With the withdrawal of the French, General Elío organized a military revolt in Valencia that served to restore Ferdinand VII to the throne and to begin the Absolutist Sexennium (1814–1820).[103] In the following years, as a consequence of the legislation upheld by the Spanish Constitution of 1812, which ordered the formation of town councils in all those settlements that exceeded the minimum number of residents stipulated by law, numerous hamlets near the urban core of the City of Valencia whose legal situation was unclear were constituted as municipalities, among them Ruzafa and the Grao.[85]
.jpg)
Between 1850 and 1851 Vicente Rodríguez de la Encina y Falcó de Belaochaga was mayor of the city; he also held the directorship of the municipal Casa de Beneficencia, and was promoter of the Banco de Valencia (founded in 1900) and director of the Sociedad Valenciana de Aguas Potables (founded in 1846).[85] During the reign of Isabella II the title of Duke of Valencia was granted to General Ramón María Narváez, although it was simply a noble title without any jurisdiction.
In the 1840s gas lighting was introduced, and shortly afterwards the paving of the streets began, a task that dragged on for several years due to the town council's lack of resources. In 1850 the drinking water network was installed and in 1882 electric power was introduced into the city. In these years the growth of the city was consolidated and a large part of the old walls were demolished.[85]
In 1860 the municipality had 107,703 inhabitants.[104] In 1858 the architects Sebastián Monleón Estellés, Antonino Sancho and Timoteo Calvo designed the General Project for the Ensanche of the City of Valencia, which provided for the demolition of the walls to allow the expansion of the city (a second version was produced in 1868). Neither project obtained final approval, but they served as a basis for the growth of the city. From 1866 onward the old city walls were demolished in their entirety in order to facilitate the city's urban expansion.
During the Cantonal Revolution of 1873, the city was organized into the federal Canton of Valencia (proclaimed on July 19 and dissolved on August 7), which most of the municipalities of the nearby comarcas joined. In 1894 the Círculo de Bellas Artes de Valencia was founded.[105]. At the end of the century the city grew as it annexed the municipalities of Beniferri, Benimaclet, Campanar, Orriols, Patraix and Ruzafa, today neighborhoods of the city.
- 20th and 21st centuries
During the 20th century Valencia remained the third demographic hub of Spain, as over the course of the century it tripled its population, going from 213,550 inhabitants in 1900 to 739,014 in 2000. Likewise, during the 20th century Valencia was also the third industrial and economic hub of the country, thanks to milestones as important as the creation of the Banco de Valencia in 1900,[106] the development of the city's Ensanche, the construction of the Central and Colón markets, and the construction of the Estación del Norte railway station, which was completed in 1921. In addition, the Valencia of the new century made itself known with a great event, the Valencian Regional Exhibition of 1909, which emulated the national and universal exhibitions held in other cities around the world. This event was promoted by the Ateneo Mercantil de Valencia, especially by its President, Tomás Trénor y Palavicino, and had the support of the Government and the Crown, as it was inaugurated by Alfonso XIII.[23][24]
On November 6, 1936, Valencia became the capital of Republican Spain under Francisco Largo Caballero, president of the government. On May 17, 1937, the government passed into the hands of Negrín, and on October 31 of that same year the government moved to Barcelona.[107]
On January 13, 1937, the first official bombardment of the city of Valencia since the Republican Government had been based there was carried out from a ship of the Fascist Italian navy.[108] From that day on, the bombardments intensified and followed one another on several occasions, reaching a total of 442 bombardments on the city by the end of the war. These bombardments left 2,831 wounded and 847 dead, although it is estimated that the number of fatalities was higher, since the above figures are those acknowledged by the government of Franco.[85]
As a result of the Great Valencia flood of 1957, a new channel for the river was built on the outskirts of the city, so that the old riverbed could be converted into a recreational and landscaped area.[54] At the beginning of the 1960s economic recovery began, and Valencia experienced spectacular demographic growth due to immigration and the execution of major urban development and infrastructure works.[109]
With the arrival of democracy, the former Kingdom of Valencia was constituted as an autonomous community, the Valencian Community, and its Statute of Autonomy established Valencia as its capital. Despite this, on the night of February 23, 1981, there was a coup attempt, which in Valencia was led by Jaime Milans del Bosch, and which failed.[110] Democracy fostered the recovery of the Valencian language and culture, although a certain social tension around the symbols could not be avoided (known as the Battle of Valencia).[111][112]
During the first 25 years of democracy, Valencia has undergone great development, mainly through such emblematic works as the Palacio de la Música, the Palacio de Congresos, the metro, the City of Arts and Sciences by Santiago Calatrava and Félix Candela,[113] the MuVIM, the IVAM, etc. Thanks to these works, as well as to the progressive rehabilitation of Ciutat Vella, the city attracts more and more tourism every day.[114]
Demographics
It has a population of 840,792 inhabitants (2025).
Historical demographic evolution
Demographic evolution according to the censuses.
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1787 | 103,918 | — |
| 1842 | 66,355 | −36.1% |
| 1857 | 106,435 | +60.4% |
| 1860 | 107,703 | +1.2% |
| 1877 | 142,063 | +31.9% |
| 1887 | 168,740 | +18.8% |
| 1897 | 203,958 | +20.9% |
| 1900 | 215,687 | +5.8% |
| 1910 | 233,018 | +8.0% |
| 1920 | 247,281 | +6.1% |
| 1930 | 315,816 | +27.7% |
| 1940 | 454,654 | +44.0% |
| 1950 | 503,886 | +10.8% |
| 1960 | 501,777 | −0.4% |
| 1970 | 648,003 | +29.1% |
| 1981 | 744,748 | +14.9% |
| 1991 | 752,909 | +1.1% |
| 2001 | 738,441 | −1.9% |
| 2011 | 792,054 | +7.3% |
| 2021 | 788,842 | −0.4% |
| De jure population according to the population censuses of the INE; de facto population according to the population censuses of the INE. In 1877 the municipal territory grows because it incorporates Beniferri, Benimaclet, Patraix and Ruzafa. In 1887 the municipal territory grows because it incorporates Benimamet and Orriols.[116] | ||
The registered population of the Municipality of Valencia is 807,693 inhabitants (INE 2023), while its metropolitan area has 1,581,057 inhabitants (INE 2020).[117] The Valencia metropolitan area consists mainly of municipalities located in the Huerta of Valencia; some towns such as Mislata are completely conurbated with the city, while the rest are located in a first or second metropolitan ring. The municipalities of the metropolitan area that stand out for their population are Torrente with 83,962 inhabitants, Paterna with 70,195 inhabitants, Mislata with 44,320 inhabitants and Burjasot with 38,024 inhabitants (INE 2020).[117] Over the course of the 20th century the city multiplied its initial population by three and a half, the periods of maximum demographic growth being the years 1930–1940 and the 1960s. The 1990s were years of demographic stability due to the decline of the rural exodus, which had been a fundamental factor of growth in previous decades, as well as to the reduction in the birth rate. In the 2000s the strong external migratory flows that Spain received once again produced a positive migratory dynamic, which began to stabilize and even become negative with the economic crisis of 2008.[118]
According to the 2009 gazetteer, the population of the municipality is distributed among the population entities as shown below:
The progressive increase in life expectancy and the reduction in fertility have been reflected in a population pyramid that becomes narrower at its base and wider at the top, with a growing weight of the older generations. Nevertheless, the city's population remains relatively young, with 25% of its members in the 15-to-29 age groups and 29% in the 30-to-49 age groups.[120]
It should also be noted that 13.9% of the population registered in the municipality is of foreign nationality (INE 2011), coming mainly from South America (40.3% of the registered foreigners), followed by those from other European countries (30.9%), from African countries (13.3%), Asian (11.3%), from Central America (3.1%), from North America (1.0%), and finally those from Oceania (0.1%).[121] The foreign nationalities with the greatest presence in the city are Ecuadorian (12,358 registered), Bolivian (12,176 registered) and Romanian (11,568 registered).[121]
Territorial organization
Districts and neighborhoods
The city of Valencia is divided into districts, and these into neighborhoods. The city's neighborhoods, in turn, are grouped into seven deconcentrated management bodies called municipal district boards. The seven boards are Ciutat Vella, Russafa, Abastos, Patraix, Trànsits, Exposició and Marítim. Some of the neighborhoods and hamlets (pedanías) were independent municipalities that joined the city from the second half of the 19th century onward. This is the case of Beniferri, Benimaclet, Patraix and Ruzafa, which appear in the 1877 census as part of Valencia; Benimámet and Els Orriols in 1887; Borbotó, Campanar, Mahuella, Pueblo Nuevo del Mar and Villanueva del Grao in the 1897 census; and Benifaraig, Carpesa and Masarrochos in the 1900 census.[122]
Urban structure
Main thoroughfares
The street plan of Valencia has a radial structure, with several concentric axes.[124] The first concentric axis is the Ronda Interior, which was developed on the land left after the demolition of the old city wall. The names of the streets that make up this ring road are: Guillem de Castro; Játiva; Colón; Puerta del Mar; Pintor López; and Blanquerías.[125] The other concentric axes are the grandes vías (Fernando el Católico, Ramón y Cajal, Germanías and Marqués del Turia), the Ronda de Tránsito, formed by the avenues of Pérez Galdós, César Giorgeta, Peris y Valero, Eduardo Boscá, Cardenal Benlloch, Primado Reig, Peset Aleixandre, General Avilés and Campanar, and finally, those farthest from the center are the Ronda Norte, formed by the avenues of Pío Baroja, Hermanos Machado, Naranjos and Serrería-Menorca,[126] and the Ronda Sur, formed by the avenues of 9 de Octubre, Tres Cruces and Antonio Ferrandis.[127]
The radial thoroughfares are the avenues of Reino de Valencia, Blasco Ibáñez or Valencia al Mar,[128] the Avenida del Puerto, the Avenida del Cid, the Avenida de las Cortes Valencianas, Ausias March, the Avenida de Francia, the Avenida de Burjasot and the streets of San Vicente Mártir, Nicasio Benlloch, Padre Ferris and Centelles. In addition to all these streets and avenues, other thoroughfares of vital importance to the city should be highlighted, such as the riverbanks. The main streets of Valencia's old town are Calle Caballeros, Calle San Vicente, Calle Quart, Calle de la Paz and the Avenida del Oeste.
Bridges over the Turia
The Turia has been a natural barrier dividing the city into two zones, which is why several bridges were built throughout history. Some have been destroyed by floods, such as that of 1957, and later rebuilt. Following a west–east direction, from the Parque de Cabecera to the port, the bridges are:[129]
2) Puente de las Flores
- Bioparc Bridge, 21st century.
- 9 de Octubre Bridge, 20th century.
- Campanar Bridge, 20th century.
- Ademúz Bridge or Bridge of the Valencian Glories, 20th century.
- Bridge of the Arts, 20th century.
- San José Bridge, 17th century.
- Serranos Bridge, 16th century.
- Trinidad Bridge, 15th century.
- Puente del Real, 16th century.
- Pont de Fusta, 21st century.[130]
- Exposition Bridge (la peineta, "the comb"), 20th century.
- Puente de las Flores, 21st century.
- Puente del Mar, 16th century.
- Aragón Bridge, 20th century.
- Ángel Custodio Bridge, 20th century.
- Bridge of the Kingdom (the gargoyle bridge), 20th century.
- Monteolivete Bridge, 21st century.
- Azud del Oro Bridge (el jamonero, "the ham holder"), 21st century.
- Astilleros Bridge, 20th century.
Parks and gardens
The city was conceived by the Romans as a place of rest, and later the Muslims built a multitude of squares and gardens. Today it has numerous parks and landscaped areas (the Botanical Garden, the Parque del Oeste, the Turia Gardens, with more than 6.5 km of vegetation, etc.), and about 90% of the streets have landscaped areas to a greater or lesser extent. Despite this, the city has only 5.64 m² of green space per inhabitant, one of the lowest rates among large Spanish cities.[131] Some of the most popular parks and gardens of the city are:
- The Turia Gardens, located in the old bed of the river of the same name. When this river was diverted from its course, its space was reused as a recreational area more than 6.5 km long. It is divided into several parts.
- The Botanical Garden, administered by the University of Valencia,[132] whose international identification code as a botanical institution is VAL.
- The Jardines del Real or Viveros Gardens, located in the Pla del Real district, precisely on the site where the Royal Palace of Valencia stood.[133]
- The Alameda promenade was the old access to the Royal Palace of Valencia from the sea. Today it forms a promenade of just over a kilometer between the Puente del Real and the Puente de Aragón.[134] The extension of the promenade, now without a landscaped area, is 2.5 kilometers long, from the Plaza de Zaragoza to the Grao cemetery.
- The Parterre or Plaza de Alfonso el Magnánimo was built on some plots existing in the old Plaza de la Aduana, around 1850.[135] Since its creation the garden has undergone very few changes, the most notable being that due to the flood of 1957, which damaged this garden and somewhat changed its morphology.
- The Benicalap park is located far from the historic center of the city; the land on which it stands belonged to the Ministry of Agriculture, and for many years it was the site of the horticulture station devoted to research and experimentation.[136]
- The Ayora garden, a freely laid-out garden with romantic touches that accompanies a modernista mansion built in 1900.[137]
Economy
Productive structure
The economy of Valencia and its metropolitan area is, like the whole business fabric, closely linked to SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises), which are highly competitive, with a recognized entrepreneurial character and a mainly export-oriented purpose.
Agriculture
At present a total of 3,973 hectares of the city's municipal territory are devoted to huerta cultivation,[138] although the successive expansions of the port and its ZAL (logistics activities zone), as well as urban development, the construction of the new La Fe hospital or the city's new roads and beltways, have practically put an end to the peri-urban huerta areas.[139]
Nevertheless, the greatest concentration of agricultural trade takes place in Valencia, since the city's port and railway facilities are fast routes for trading perishable products coming from the countryside. Also important is the city's wholesale market, Mercavalencia, which is the reference center for the entire Valencia metropolitan area.
Industry
Today, the industrial sector[140] is really almost symbolic within the municipality itself, due to new legislation and the urban character of Valencia. For this reason, industrial companies have moved to other locations outside the city. From the end of the 19th century and throughout almost all of the 20th century there were a large number of industrial companies in the city, in sectors such as metallurgy, ceramics, furniture manufacturing, etc. This exodus of companies led the towns surrounding the city to take in the companies and undergo enormous demographic and economic development, as in the cases of Manises in the ceramics sector, Benetúser and Alfafar in the furniture sector, or Paterna, with the creation of the Fuente del Jarro industrial estate.
As regards the textile industry, it should be noted that this subsector has faced tough competition from third countries. Despite this, this competition has not affected Valencia's textile industry so sharply, since Valencian products are characterized by their quality, especially with regard to silk fabrics, which enjoy worldwide prestige because of the tradition of this industry.
Service sector
Commerce
In Valencia there are several shopping centers, department stores, hypermarkets and supermarkets. The most important are those belonging to the large chains, such as the Carrefour hypermarkets, with 3 hypermarkets in the municipality of Valencia and 4 in its metropolitan area; Alcampo, with two hypermarkets in the metropolitan area; the department stores of El Corte Inglés and Hipercor, with 6 centers in Valencia; or the supermarkets Consum, with 68 stores, Mercadona, with 59 stores, Dia, with 29 stores, Opencor and Supercor, with 14 stores, Lidl, with 5 stores, or Aldi, with 2 stores. In addition to these facilities, in the City of Valencia there are also several shopping centers, such as Nuevo Centro, Aqua Multiespacio, El Saler, Arena Multiespacio, Ademúz, Mercado de Campanar, etc.
Neighborhood markets are also important for the city, such as the Central Market, the Mercado de Colón, the Ruzafa market, the Benicalap market, the Algirós market, the Castilla market, the Cabanyal market or the Torrefiel market, among others. The large number of neighborhood shops in the city should also be highlighted, among which the clothing stores of Calle Colón or the technology stores of Calle Islas Canarias stand out.
Leisure tourism
Tourism really began with the boom of the early 20th century, when the inhabitants of Valencia began to enjoy their surroundings, mainly the coastal areas of La Malvarrosa and El Cabañal, where second homes and even a spa were built. At that time it was customary for important people to own one of these houses, for their own use and to be able to invite their relatives and friends. A very prominent case is the Valencian writer Blasco Ibáñez and his well-known gatherings with painters and philosophers of the time. After the civil war a second tourist boom took place, when the old fishermen's beaches were improved, increasing the supply of accommodation and beach services to turn them into true tourist centers.
In reality, however, the city's true tourist boom occurred at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st, since it was at this time that the city's new architectural and cultural icons were built, such as the Palacio de la Música, the City of Arts and Sciences,[15] the Palacio de Congresos or the Bioparc. During this period several important sporting and cultural events were also held, in particular the two editions of the America's Cup and the Formula One European Grand Prix at the Valencia Street Circuit.[114] However, in 2012, the circuit was closed due to the global economic crisis, which had severe consequences in Spain, and more specifically in the Valencian Community. Today, advertising signs can still be seen at some corners and on numerous walls along the track.
Business tourism
The Palacio de Congresos, designed by the English architect Norman Foster, was inaugurated by the King and Queen of Spain in 1998 and has 15,581 m², equipped with 3 auditoriums or conference halls, 9 committee rooms and an exhibition area of 1,500 m².[141] This building is designed for holding all kinds of events and conventions, both national and international, especially large congresses and conferences. The building's 8,200 m² roof stands out for the presence of photovoltaic sheets to produce electricity and is supported by pillars of glass, stone and alabaster, with a canopy 18 m high.
From its opening in 1998 until 2023, the Palacio de Congresos hosted more than 3,300 events with 2.4 million attendees.[142] It was recognized in 2010 and 2018 as the best congress venue in the world, receiving the World´s Best Convention Centre award, the highest distinction of the International Association of Congress Centres.[143]
For its part, the Feria Muestrario Internacional de Valencia (Feria Valencia) is the oldest organizer of trade fairs in Spain, as it was founded in 1917. The trade fair grounds are located in the Valencian hamlet of Benimámet, and were recently remodeled and expanded, in a project by the architect José María Tomás Llavador, becoming the trade fair institution with the fourth-largest venue in the world. Feria Valencia organizes more than a hundred trade shows, fairs and events each year, which is why it is one of the most important on the European circuit.
The sectors that regularly hold fairs at this venue include agriculture, food products, furniture, tourism, training and employment, etc. In 2010 Feria Valencia recorded more than one million three hundred thousand visitors from all over the world, and more than twelve thousand exhibitors took part in its trade shows (counting both direct and represented). The economic impact of Feria Valencia on its surroundings is therefore estimated at between 700 and 800 million euros per year.[144]
Stock market
In Spain the first stock exchange to be established was that of Madrid, in 1831, and later those of Bilbao, in 1890, and Barcelona, in 1915, were created. The Valencia Stock Exchange, meanwhile, began operating in 1980, when the old Bolsín de Comercio was transformed into a stock exchange. The seat of the Valencia Stock Exchange is in the Palacio Böil de Arenós, in the district of Ciutat Vella.[145]
In any case, the history of the Valencia stock exchange goes back further, since as early as 1863 a stock exchange was requested for Valencia, because at that time there were already brokers, who met at the Lonja. However, it was not until November 15, 1887, that the Bolsín de Valencia began to operate, located at the headquarters of the Colegio de Corredores de Comercio, at number 10 Calle Puñalería.[146]
At present, the Valencia Stock Exchange is an official secondary market exchange, intended exclusively for trading in shares and convertible securities or those that grant a right of acquisition or subscription. According to the Securities Market Law (LMV), «Official secondary securities markets are those that operate regularly, in accordance with the provisions of this Law and its implementing regulations, and, in particular, with regard to the conditions of access, admission to trading, operating procedures, information and publicity».[147]
R&D&I
In 2002 the Polytechnic University of Valencia inaugurated the science park Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI),[148] which covers an area of 140,000 m² and brings together the entire R&D&I system of the UPV, that is, 45 research institutes,[149] some 3,000 researchers, as well as some 400 support staff.[149][150]
The CPI is a networked science park structured in three areas of action: the local, in which more than 25 town councils, business associations and promoting entities from throughout the Province of Valencia participate; the national, with more than 100 Spanish public and private R&D&I bodies; and the international,[148] where the CPI's researchers and research centers collaborate with more than 1,000 public and private research and innovation-promotion bodies from more than 60 countries. The management of the Network and the fostering of cooperation among its actors is the responsibility of the Fundación Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, a non-profit entity promoted by the Polytechnic University of Valencia, among whose principal patrons is Grupo Santander.[148] This science park is a member of the Spanish Association of Science and Technology Parks (APTE), as well as of the International Association of Science Parks (IASP).[148]
Also in 2002, within the City of Arts and Sciences complex, the Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF) was inaugurated, which has 23 laboratories distributed in three research programs: biomedicine; chemical and quantitative biology; and regenerative medicine. The foundation that manages this research center is composed of the Generalitat Valenciana and the Fundación Bancaja. This center aims to study possible solutions to the diseases that affect human health, applying the most advanced technologies in order to develop new therapies and/or diagnostic methods.[151]
Finally, in 2009 the University of Valencia inaugurated its own science park, the Science Park of the University of Valencia (PCUV),[152] located on the Burjasot-Paterna Campus, about 8 kilometers from the city center. The managing entity of the PCUV is the Fundació Parc Científic Universitat de València, a private foundation of general interest, whose patrons are the Fundación Bancaja, Grupo Santander, the Valencia Chamber of Commerce and the Confederación Empresarial Valenciana, in addition to the University of Valencia.[153] This science park has a space of more than 200,000 m² for research, innovation and knowledge transfer, bringing together in a single space university research and the R&D&I demands of the Valencian productive fabric.[154] The PCUV has two distinct areas: on one side the scientific area, which includes the research institutes, and on the other the business area, formed by a business incubator and various buildings for housing companies, R&D laboratories and technology platforms. At present it has 6 research institutes, unique centers and scientific services, and hosts more than 60 companies.[152] Like the CPI, the PCUV is a member of the Association of Science and Technology Parks of Spain (APTE) and of the International Association of Science Parks (IASP).
Public services
Education
With regard to formal education, the Constitution provides that responsibilities in educational matters are shared among the various entities and administrations present in the State. Thus, the General State Administration reserves the exclusive competence to regulate the structure of the different educational levels and the conditions for obtaining, issuing and recognizing academic and professional qualifications, while the Department of Education of the Generalitat Valenciana is responsible for:[155]
- The academic organization of early childhood education, primary education, compulsory secondary education, the bachillerato, special-regime education and adult education.
- The preparation of the official curricula corresponding to these levels of education.
- The regulation of academic and organizational measures to address diversity.
- The regulation and development of academic and organizational measures for the schooling, integration and inclusion of students with special educational needs, as well as students with high intellectual abilities.
- The development of academic and organizational measures to compensate for inequalities in education.
Non-university education
Basic education is compulsory and free, with basic education comprising primary education and compulsory secondary education. This education includes ten years of schooling and extends from the age of six to sixteen, although students have the right to remain enrolled in these levels until the age of eighteen.
| Educational level of the center | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preschool / early childhood | 305 | 29 466 |
| Primary | 166 | 40 596 |
| Compulsory secondary | 108 | 26 958 |
| Bachillerato | 65 | 11 797 |
| Intermediate vocational training cycles | 47 | 6348 |
| Higher vocational training cycles | 33 | 8149 |
| Source: Valencia City Council[156]
| ||
In addition to these educational centers, Valencia has several special-regime education centers. In the 2009/10 academic year, the official school of languages had 4064 students of English, 2103 of French, 1204 of German, 940 of Italian, 591 of Valencian, and 1790 of other languages.[156] As for music and dance studies, the city has several conservatories: the José Iturbi municipal conservatory;[157] the professional conservatory of music;[158] the higher conservatory of music;[159] the professional conservatory of dance;[160] and the higher conservatory of dance.[161] Valencia is also the headquarters of Musikeon, an institution active in various countries in the field of specialized music education, which each year draws music professionals and advanced students to the city from many countries in Europe and Latin America.
University education
The city has two public universities, as well as several private universities. It should be noted that the Valencian public universities are among the best in Spain, as established by some rankings such as that of Shanghai Jiao Tong University.[162]
The University of Valencia (UV),[163] founded in 1499 under the name Estudi General, is a public university devoted to teaching and research in almost all fields of knowledge. It ranks among the four best Spanish universities according to the most recognized accreditation systems, such as the one maintained by Shanghai Jiao Tong University. This university has three main campuses (Blasco Ibáñez, Tarongers and Burjasot-Paterna), and also has numerous extensions, branches, affiliated centers and exemplary sites, such as the historic building of La Nau,[164] the Botanical Garden[132] or the Palace of Cerveró.[165] It is known in Valencia as the "Literary University," to distinguish it from the Polytechnic University of Valencia, even though a very important part of the teaching and research of the University of Valencia is in "non-literary" fields.
The other public university in Valencia is the Polytechnic University of Valencia (UPV),[166] which was founded in 1968. It is a university that places special emphasis on science and technology. It has several campuses, the most important of all being the one located in the City of Valencia, known as the Vera campus, while outside the city are those of Alcoy and Gandía. The UPV is organized into 9 higher technical schools, 2 faculties and 2 higher polytechnic schools, which are responsible for organizing the teaching of 34 degrees, and it has 41 departments and 45 research centers and institutes. In 2010 it ranked 336th in the Shanghai Jiao Tong University ranking of the best universities in the world, making it the 6th Spanish university and the 1st Spanish polytechnic.[162]
The Catholic University of Valencia (UCV)[167] is the private and Catholic university of Valencia. This university, named in honor of Saint Vincent Martyr, was founded by Cardinal Monsignor Agustín García-Gasco on December 8, 2003. This University is the continuation of the university work of the "Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados University School of Nursing," founded in 1953, of the "Edetania University School of Teacher Training," founded in 1969, and of the "Faculty of Business Studies," created in 1995. At present the Catholic University of Valencia has 7 Faculties encompassing 20 official degree programs.
In addition to these, Valencia also has several university branches and business schools associated with other educational institutions from outside the city.[168] The National University of Distance Education (UNED)[169] has had a center in Valencia since 1997, known as the Francisco Tomás y Valiente Center. This center was created by the Ministerial Order of September 21, 1978, although its seat was located in the city of Alcira. In October 1983 the Valencia sub-center began operating, dependent on that of Alcira, and since 1987 its premises have been in the Casa de la Misericordia. Later, in 1995, the center joined the project of the Basic Network of Associated Centers of the UNED, and finally, in 2000, it was officially renamed "Alcira-Valencia Francisco Tomás y Valiente Center."
Another university with a presence in Valencia is the CEU Cardinal Herrera University (CEU),[170] which was founded in 1999 and inaugurated in the 2000/01 academic year. This University has the seat of its CEU Business School in Valencia, located in the Palace of Colomina, where its broad range of postgraduate programs is taught.
Since 1989 the ESIC university center[171] has had premises on the city's avenue of Blasco Ibáñez. This university center currently offers, as a center affiliated with the Miguel Hernández University of Elche, official degrees and an official master's degree as well, under the terms provided by university regulations. And finally, the European University of Valencia (UEV)[172] is another university with a presence in the City of Valencia. The UEV is a center authorized by the Department of Education of the Generalitat Valenciana[173] as of January 27, 2010, although it has been present in Valencia through the Affiliated Center of Valencia and Estema Business School since September 2008.
Health care
Public health care in Valencia is managed mainly under regional competences through the Department of Health of the Generalitat Valenciana.[174] Within the health map of the Valencian Community, the city belongs to the public health center of Valencia, which oversees the following health departments:[174][175]
- Sagunto health department (No. 4).
- Valencia health department: Clínico-Malvarrosa (No. 5).
- Valencia health department: Arnau de Vilanova-Liria (No. 6).
- Valencia health department: La Fe (No. 7).
- Valencia health department: Hospital General (No. 9).
- Valencia health department: Doctor Peset (No. 10).
In 2010 Valencia had a total of 28 primary care health centers and 14 clinics, in which a total of 534 physicians and 124 pediatricians worked, in addition to another 698 workers of the health sector, such as nurses and assistants. Meanwhile, there were 4 specialty centers in total, in which a total of 258 physicians and pediatricians, and 233 nurses and assistants worked. It should also be noted that in 2010 the City of Valencia had a total of 7 public hospital centers (of the Valencian Health Agency), which had a total of 3371 operational beds, 112 operating rooms, 3130 medical staff and 6962 workers in other health activities.[156] In addition to these public hospitals, there are another 7 private hospital centers in the city. Thus, the hospitals existing in the city of Valencia are:
| Hospital center | ||
|---|---|---|
| Hospital Pare Jofre | Public | 125 |
| Clínica Fontana | Private non-charitable | 7 |
| Hospital 9 de octubre | Private non-charitable | 300 |
| Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología | Other private charitable | 160 |
| Hospital de Valencia al Mar | Private non-charitable | 70 |
| Clínica Casa de la Salud | Private charitable (Church) | 192 |
| Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia | Public | 592 |
| Hospital La Malvarrosa | Public | 47 |
| Hospital Clínico Universitario | Public | 587 |
| Hospital Arnau de Vilanova | Public | 302 |
| Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset | Public | 539 |
| Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe | Public | 1440 |
| Clínica Quirón de Valencia, S.A. | Private non-charitable | 79 |
| Clínica Virgen del Consuelo | Private non-charitable | 156 |
| Source: Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality.[175]
| ||
Public safety
Two administrations are responsible for public safety: on the one hand, the Valencia City Council, on which the municipal fire department of the Valencia City Council[176] and the local police of Valencia depend;[177] and on the other, the Ministry of the Interior, on which the Civil Guard, the National Police[178] and the regional police depend, although the Generalitat Valenciana also takes part, in part, in the management of this police force.[179]
Local police
The Local Police force of Valencia has its origins in the Surveillance Corps created in the 1820s, which remained in existence until 1870,[180] when the City Council decided to establish a service more in keeping with the needs of a city of two hundred thousand inhabitants, for which purpose the municipal guard corps was created, with a staff of one hundred officers, ten inspectors and a chief. In 1901 the first regulations of the municipal guard were drafted, and the mounted section was created. In 1927, owing to the growth of the city and the increase in the activities assigned to the corps, its staff was enlarged, its personnel were distributed by districts, and the following year the traffic section was established.[180]
The Valencia Local Police Headquarters (located at number 37, Avenida del Cid) has modern facilities in keeping with the needs that the city's Local Police force faces today.[177] The staff of the Valencia Local Police reaches 1900 officers,[181] divided into several departments:[182] neighborhood police; district units; traffic units; GOE units; beach unit; accident reports and investigation section; cavalry section; special section X-4; green patrol and Molí del Sol police unit; and GAMA group.
Municipal fire department
The fire service in the City of Valencia dates from 1755, when the City Council issued a publication for extinguishing fires. This publication detailed where the city's first fire station was located and how the "Machina Hydraulica" was to be used.[183] The Section of Sapper Firefighters of Valencia was created by the Mutual Fire Insurance Society of Valencia, with the aim of protecting the properties of its members within the walls, although shortly afterward its area of operation was extended to houses outside the walls. But it was not until 1857 that the City Council began to take charge of the Fire Department.[184]
At present the municipal fire department of the Valencia City Council divides the city into six work zones (Campanar, North, West, South, Marítimo and Saler),[176] and has seven fire stations: the central fire station – general services; the Campanar fire station; the Devesa fire station; the Marítimo fire station; the North zone fire station; the West zone fire station; and the South zone fire station.[176]
Communications
Article 7 of the Law on Traffic, Motor Vehicle Circulation and Road Safety approved by Royal Legislative Decree 339/1990 grants municipalities sufficient powers to allow, among other things, the immobilization of vehicles, the organization and control of traffic and the regulation of its uses.[185] In Valencia these matters are regulated by a municipal traffic ordinance, which was approved by plenary agreement on May 28, 2010.[186] As for the city's vehicle fleet, in 2010 it consisted of 495 022 vehicles:[187] 370 357 passenger cars; 50 610 motorcycles; 29 684 mopeds; 29 573 trucks; 7964 tractors; 5887 trailers; and 947 buses.[187]
Road network
Valencia's main highways follow a radial route, such as the V-21, the V-31, the A-3, the V-15/CV-500, the CV-35 or the CV-36. But Valencia also has a series of ring roads around it, these being the By-pass, the V-30, which links the A-7 with the city's port, or the CV-30, which skirts the northern part of the city.
Urban transport
Metro and tram
The Valencia metro network is the third metro network built in Spain, after those of Madrid and Barcelona, the second in number of kilometers, after Madrid, and the fourth in number of users, after Madrid, Barcelona and Bilbao, although it is the means of transport in the city whose number of passengers has been increasing the most in recent years.
The current network of the Railways of the Generalitat Valenciana in Valencia is the heir of the old network of interurban railways of Valencia, popularly known as the Trenet de Valencia, which linked the capital with nearby towns. This narrow-gauge network had been built for the most part during the late 19th century, and was managed successively by the Sociedad Valenciana de Tranvías,[188] later by the Compañía de Tranvías y Ferrocarriles de Valencia[189] and finally by Ferrocarriles Españoles de Vía Estrecha.
The modernization of the old network during the 1980s,[190] and its extension and conversion into a modern metropolitan railway, gave rise to the Metrovalencia network which, after the changes in line numbering in 2015, has six metro lines and three surface tram lines:[191][192]
| Line | Termini | Type | Stations | Length (km) | Passengers (2015) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bétera - Castelló | Metro | 40 | 70.24 | 10 592 826 |
| 2 | Llíria - Torrent Avinguda | Metro | 33 | 39.75 | 7 005 223 |
| 3 | Rafelbunyol - Aeroport | Metro | 27 | 24.691 | 13 138 596 |
| 4 | Mas del Rosari/Vicent Andrés Estellés/Fira València - Doctor Lluch Lloma Llarga-Terramelar - Empalme | Tram | 33 | 15.921 | 6 218 834 |
| 5 | Marítim - Aeroport | Metro | 18 | 12.95 | 9 562 184 |
| 6 | Tossal del Rei - Marítim | Tram | 21 | 10.067 | 2 154 222 |
| 7 | Marítim - Torrent Avinguda | Metro | 16 | 15.45 | 5 315 240 |
| 8 | Neptú - Marítim | Tram | 4 | 1.2 | 507 802 |
| 9 | Alboraia Peris Aragó - Riba-roja de Túria | Metro | 22 | 23.367 | 6 191 662 |
| 10 | Alicante - Natzaret | Tram | 8 | 5.32 |
Buses
Valencia has a network of urban and outlying buses. The Municipal Transport Company[193] serves the whole city, reaching every corner of the capital, with service starting at 3:00 in the morning on some of its lines and running until 23:00. After that, the night service begins, ending at around 2:00 except on Fridays, Saturdays and the eves of public holidays, when it is extended until 3:30.
During the summer period, between June 1 and August 31, the route of line 2 is modified and lines 20 and 23 are added to the network that operates the rest of the year, in order to connect all areas of the city with the beaches. In addition to these lines, a series of special lines are also usually put into service, operating during specific periods, such as November 1 on the occasion of All Saints' Day. Conversely, during Fallas week, most lines are forced to change their routes.[194]
Taxi
A large network of taxis, approximately 3000, operates in the City of Valencia and its metropolitan region. They are distinguished by being white vehicles bearing the badge of the Generalitat Valenciana and the motto "Área de Valencia" on the driver's door, in addition to a device on the roof called a module, which indicates whether the taxi is available by lighting a green light and also displays the numbers 1, 2 and 3, which indicate the fare currently set on the taximeter.[195]
In the past, and until the 1980s, taxis were black with a yellow horizontal stripe along the entire vehicle and with the arms of the city on the front door together with the number of the license granted by the City Council.
In Valencia taxi drivers have regulated days of compulsory rest, determined according to the final number of their licenses. They have one compulsory rest day between Monday and Friday inclusive, which changes annually, and then another day on the weekend that rotates weekly.[195]
In Valencia taxi drivers usually have good vehicles that are not very old, being replaced every 5 years on average. The Department of Infrastructure and Transport, through the Valencian Mobility Agency (AVM), has run since 2005 a program of grants for the purchase of electric vehicles intended for taxi service. At present there are already 69 hybrid electric vehicles providing taxi service in the Valencia Area.[196][197]
Bicycle
The City of Valencia has many stretches of bike lane (around 160 km),[187] which form an interconnected network thanks to the cycling ring, a bike lane that runs around the center of Valencia connecting all the bike lanes of the outskirts.[198]
At present, the city also has the public bicycle rental service Valenbisi, introduced on June 21, 2010. This service, promoted by the City Council and managed by the company JCDecaux, had 50 stations and 500 bicycles in its first phase of implementation, although at present the service is provided to some 103 000 subscribers with a total of 2750 bicycles distributed across 275 stations.[199][200] This bicycle rental service is offered 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, provided there is no event preventing the proper operation of the service.[201]
EuroVelo, the trans-European network of cycle routes, passes through this city, specifically the EuroVelo 8 Mediterranean Route. Spain has a total of three trans-European cycle-touring routes covering more than 3000 km of Spanish territory.
Interurban transport
Buses
The body responsible for coordinating urban and interurban transport in the Valencian Community is the Valencian Mobility Agency (AVM). As for interurban bus transport in the Valencia metropolitan area, the AVM created a consortium for the operation of regular interurban lines: Autobuses Metropolitanos de Valencia (MetroBus).[202] The MetroBus consortium is made up of a total of 8 coach and bus companies (AUVACA, EDETANIA BUS, AVSA - Autos Vallduxense, FERNANBUS, Autobuses BUÑOL, Autobuses HERCA, URBETUR and ALSA) that operate the 58 lines making up the MetroBus network.[202] In addition to these regular lines, some of the companies that operate MetroBus also provide charter services with the regular-line buses.[202]
The city of Valencia also has a bus station, located on Avenida Menéndez Pidal, whose lines cover most of the towns of the province and the main towns of the Community, as well as national lines with daily service and numerous international lines.[203] The bus station serves as an intermodal connection hub, since it has a taxi stand at the main entrance, and MetroValencia's Turia station is barely 200 m away.[204]
Railway
The city has five railway stations within its municipal territory, four of which serve commuter and medium-distance trains; these are: Valencia-Norte, Valencia-Fuente de San Luis, Valencia-Cabañal and Valencia-San Isidro. The fifth is a provisional station for the new High-Speed line[205] linking the city with Madrid, Cuenca and Albacete; it is located on San Vicente street, next to the intersection with the avenue of César Giorgeta, very close to the current North Station, and is named Valencia Joaquín-Sorolla.[206]
Eventually, the High-Speed train (AVE) will cross the city through a three-track through tunnel (two high-speed tracks and one commuter track), which will run beneath the great avenues of Germanías and Marqués del Turia and will have two interconnection stations for commuter trains, one on the avenue of Aragón and the other at the Tarongers Campus.
At present Valencia has its own commuter rail hub,[207] made up of six lines linking Valencia with Gandía, Mogente, Utiel, Chirivella, Caudiel and Castellón de la Plana. In addition, four of the lines continue as medium- and long-distance lines connecting Valencia with capitals such as Madrid, Barcelona, Albacete, Zaragoza, etc.[208]
| Line | Route | km |
|---|---|---|
| C-1 | Valencia-Norte - Gandía / Gandía Beach and Grao | 62 |
| C-2 | Valencia-Norte - Játiva - La Alcudia - Mogente | 80 |
| C-3 | Valencia-Norte - Buñol - Utiel | 84 |
| C-4 | Valencia-San Isidro-Chirivella-El Alter | 2 |
| C-5 | Valencia-Norte - Caudiel | 72 |
| C-6 | Valencia-Norte- Castellón de la Plana | 70 |
Air transport
With the airports law of 1927, the creation of an airport for the City of Valencia was considered urgent, and an area for seaplanes was set up in the port of Valencia. Shortly afterward it was considered installing the airport on the strip of land that separates the Albufera of Valencia from the sea so that it could be used both by seaplanes and by land aircraft. However, this alternative was discarded and it was decided to build the airport at its current location, that is, in Manises.[209][210]
The airport opened in March 1933 and was declared a customs airport in 1934. On September 1 of that same year the first scheduled flight between the cities of Madrid and Valencia took place.[209]
Major improvement works are currently being carried out in order to accommodate the increase in operations that have been rising since 2001, thanks to the tourism attracted by the cities of Valencia and Castellón de la Plana and their surroundings, as well as by the low-cost airlines, which since 2003 have operated from Manises with a large number of destinations. All this meant that in 2010 the airport recorded traffic of 4 934 268 passengers, that is, more than double the number of passengers in 2001, when the total volume of passengers was 2 301 191.[211]
In September 2008 the second expansion of Manises Airport was presented; the airport is 8 km from the City of Valencia and is connected by bus, taxi and metro. This airport makes it possible to reach most of Spanish territory, Europe and cities in North Africa. In addition, on June 6, 2009, scheduled flights began to John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York, with four weekly flights.[212] At present several works are being carried out, such as the expansions of the Terminal Building, the commercial aviation apron, the general aviation apron and the parking lot, in addition to the technical assistance for their supervision and monitoring, as well as the new Terminal 2 (T2), a building conceived as a logical extension of the current Terminal on its eastern side and a complement to the Regional Terminal.[213]
Maritime transport
The Port of Valencia is one of the ports managed by the Port Authority of Valencia (Valenciaport), which also manages those of Sagunto and Gandía. In 2004 this port had a total area of 4 366 262 m², of which 2 137 295 m² were devoted to storage and 778 074 m² to roadways, and it offered 9637 m of berthing line distributed across 16 quays and 2 jetties.
It is the leading commercial port of the Western Mediterranean in terms of volume of containerized goods, since during 2010, 64 million tonnes passed through the ports of Valencia, Sagunto and Gandía, 10.81 percent more than in 2009, figures that consolidate Valenciaport's leadership.[151] And since 2006 the Port of Valencia has been, according to sources of the Ministry of Public Works,[151] the first Spanish port in container traffic, as well as the 5th in Europe and one of the top 50 in the world in container traffic.
The Logistics Activities Zone (ZAL) of Valencia,[214] for its part, is a multimodal distribution center devoted to the logistics of maritime cargo, which complements the range of logistics services of the Port of Valencia. The ZAL enables the companies located there to improve their competitiveness in terms of cost and time, thanks to their preferential location in the area adjoining the port, the complete network of road and rail connections to the main national and international centers, the extensive area adaptable to the needs of each client, and the wide range of business and social services.
As for passenger transport, the Passenger Terminal of the port of Valencia is currently managed by the shipping company Acciona Trasmediterránea and has all the services needed to meet the demands of cruise operators: crew assistance, direct-access gangways to the ships, parking for passengers, gift shops, duty free, etc.[215] At present there are regular lines to Palma de Mallorca, Ibiza, Mahón and Formentera.[216]
It should be noted that the port of Valencia closed 2010 with good results in cruise traffic. The number of calls (156) grew by 9.29% and that of passengers (253 000) by 37%. But it is in 2011 that Valencia aims to make the great leap in the cruise industry, and its forecasts point to an increase of 41% in calls, with 212 confirmed at the start of the year, and an increase of 73% in passengers, with 400 000 passengers.[217]
Heritage
Religious monuments and buildings
Cathedral
The cathedral of Valencia is dedicated, at the wish of James I and following the tradition of the 13th century, to Saint Mary, and was consecrated in 1238 by the first bishop of Valencia after the reconquest, Friar Andrés de Albalat. It stands on the site of the old mosque of Balansiya, which had in turn been built over the old Visigothic cathedral.[218] The predominant architectural style of this cathedral is Valencian or Mediterranean Gothic, although it also contains elements of Romanesque, French Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and Neoclassical styles.
It contains some of the earliest and finest Quattrocento paintings in the whole Iberian Peninsula, which came from Rome through artists hired by Alexander VI. This latter Valencian pope, while he was still Cardinal Rodrigo de Borja, made the request to raise the Valencian see to the rank of Metropolitan, a status granted to it by Pope Innocent VIII in 1492. Inside it the Holy Chalice is venerated, dated to the 1st century and given to the cathedral by King Alfonso the Magnanimous in 1436.
Its bell tower is known as El Miguelete (in Valencian El Micalet). Construction of the tower began in 1381 and ended in 1429. Owing to its complexity, it was directed by several master builders, the first being Andrés Juliá, from 1381, and those who followed included, among others, José Franch (1396) and Pedro Balaguer (1414, builder of the Serranos Towers), down to Martín Llobet (1425), the last of the architects who took part in the construction. Later the bell gable was built (1660–1736).
Basilica of the Virgin
.JPG)
During the 17th century numerous Baroque buildings were erected in Valencia, most of them religious, and old Gothic buildings were transformed both inside and out.[219] The Royal Chapel of the Virgin of the Forsaken (Virgen de los Desamparados), with the status of Basilica since 1872, was built between 1652 and 1666 by Diego Martínez Ponce de Urrana, based on designs produced by the most important craftsmen of the time, approved and very possibly guided by Juan Gómez de Mora, Master Builder to the King.[220]
At the beginning of the 20th century, the possibility of a majestic enlargement of the Basilica was raised. For this reason, the prelate called an ideas competition in 1932, which was won by Vicente Traver. According to his project, the new building would have had the tallest dome in the city, and it would have been one of the largest in Europe. But during the civil war the Basilica was set on fire, and the work was not carried out. Decades later the idea was taken up again, but when work began at the rear of the Basilica, the present-day Plaza de la Almoina, Roman, Visigothic and Arab ruins were discovered, and so the project was definitively halted.
San Nicolás
From the central Calle Caballeros one reaches the parish-museum of San Nicolás,[221] known as the Valencian Sistine Chapel since the completion in 2016 of the restoration of the church, which today allows us to contemplate the 1,900 m2 of Baroque frescoes on its Gothic vault.
Located where there was once a Roman temple and a mosque, in the 13th century the Dominican order dedicated this parish to Saint Nicholas of Bari, to whom the first Dominican martyr, Saint Peter Martyr, would later be added. In the 15th century one of its rectors was Alfonso de Borja, the future Pope Callixtus III, and its administrator was the illustrious physician and writer Jaume Roig. In the 17th century its interior was covered with Baroque decoration, such as the frescoes by Dionís Vidal designed by his master Antonio Palomino, which show scenes from the lives of the parish's two titular saints accompanied by numerous allegories and the angelic choirs.
The faithful come regularly every Monday to this parish to ask for the intercession of Saint Nicholas and Saint Jude Thaddeus in their personal needs, and the great quantity of candles lit there darkened the paintings until it became impossible to see them.
The Hortensia Herrero Foundation financed the complete restoration of the church and made it possible to contemplate once again the frescoes that Gianluigi Colalucci dubbed the Valencian Sistine Chapel. In 2019 it was also declared a museum by the Generalitat Valenciana, and it may be visited by both worshippers and visitors during the established hours.[222]
Santa Catalina Mártir
.jpg)
The church dedicated to Saint Catherine Martyr, located in the Plaza Virgen de la Paz, was built over an earlier mosque and had already attained the rank of parish by 1245. It consists of a single nave, with lateral buttresses between which the chapels were placed. It is the only one of the city's Gothic churches with an ambulatory at the head, like the cathedral.[223]
In the 16th century the building was clad in classicist decoration in the Renaissance taste and, after a terrible fire suffered in 1548, partially rebuilt. In 1785, following the prevailing fashion, it was given a Baroque appearance. In the 1950s restoration work was carried out to return it to its original Gothic appearance, for which the walls were stripped of all their Baroque and Neoclassical ornament.
The bell tower was built between 1688 and 1705 by Juan Bautista Viñes, whose name appears engraved on a commemorative plaque that can be seen at its base. A masterpiece of the Valencian Baroque, it has a hexagonal plan, and its elevation is divided into four stories separated by moldings, plus the bell stage and the top finial.[224]
Royal Parish of the Santos Juanes
The original church of the Santos Juanes (Holy Johns) rose in the suburb of the city known as the Boatella, where an old mosque was located. The old hermitage was built before 1240 over the mosque. It stood outside the walls of the Arab city, near the gates of Bab al-Qaysariya and of the Culebra; when the Christian wall was built it came to be included within Valencia.[225]
Of its old Gothic structure there remain the nave and the great blind oculus, known as "la O de Sant Joan", which was conceived as a great rose window on one of the façades. In 1592 the church suffered a dramatic fire that forced an almost total reconstruction over the course of the 17th and 18th centuries. Notable, because it is so unusual, is the broad market façade, conceived as a grandiose stone altarpiece above a terrace that dominates the square facing the Lonja, forming a unique urban ensemble. It is presided over by the sculpture of the Virgin of the Rosary, a stucco work by Jacopo Bertesi, and above it rises the clock tower, flanked by the two Holy Johns and crowned by the famous bird of Saint John, the weathervane at which, according to tradition, children were made to look when their humble parents abandoned them in the square. In the lower part of the terrace open the caves of Saint John, semi-basements where scrap dealers and secondhand shops were once located. In the newly built church Saint Vincent Ferrer preached, and there he gave his first sermon on the feast day of Saint John the Baptist.
The interior of the church is of overflowing Baroque imagination, with statues by Bertesi representing figures from the Twelve Tribes of Israel, and above all the set of frescoes executed by Antonio Palomino on the vault. This church was declared a BIC (Bien de Interés Cultural, Asset of Cultural Interest) by Decree in the BOE of February 26, 1947.[226]
On July 19, 1936, during the civil war, it was consumed by flames and the effects still endure. The paintings are in a pitiful state, as they were burned or blackened by the smoke of the fires, although work has been underway for decades on their recovery.[227]
San Juan del Hospital
The Church of San Juan del Hospital was the first church built in Valencia, after the Cathedral, as a priory of the knights of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem. Its foundation is due to the grant made by King James I at the time of the conquest of Valencia to the Hospitaller knight Hugo de Folcalquier, lieutenant of the Master of his order in the Crown of Aragon, of some land next to the gate of La Xerea, to establish this priory seat there. Several buildings were erected here: a church dedicated to Saint John the Baptist; the hospital corresponding to the specific charitable work of this military order, which received the name "of Jerusalem, of the Hospital, of Rhodes and of Malta"; a convent; and a cemetery of its own for the deceased knights of the hospital. Everything was built between 1238 and 1261, with the conventual buildings fully completed before 1316.[226]
The church is preceded by a courtyard decorated with ceramic panels of the Way of the Cross, where these architectural remains and loose elements of the buildings that made up the foundation are preserved.[226] The church proper occupies an area 36 m long by 19 m wide, and is composed of a pointed vault with stone webbing over thick transverse arches resting on corbels, and a five-sided polygonal apse roofed with rib vaulting, where the presbytery is located. This was built at the end of the 13th century and is lit by tall, narrow ogival windows; the central one is wider, with tracery and decorated with engaged colonnettes. Above the stone ribs, the vaults are of brick laid as headers, and at their far ends there are two tall chapels, a later work of the 14th century, which pierce the walls with ogival archivolts and extend between the buttresses.[228]
Most of the side chapels take the form of large arcosolia opening onto the nave through Cistercian pointed arches on engaged colonnettes, protected by a molded alfiz.[228] Their stone vaults must have been painted with frescoes, which survive only partially, awaiting restoration, in the first part of the Gospel side. The last two on this side are larger and are roofed with diagonal rib vaulting. At the end wall two bays survive of a loggia with rib vaulting that opens at the foot of the nave.[226]
Monastery of San Miguel de los Reyes
This monastery is an important work of the Valencian Renaissance which, according to some authors, may be considered a precedent of the monastery of El Escorial, being, like it, a Hieronymite monastery, a cultural center and a church commemorating the memory of its founder. The first stone was laid in 1548 by the bishop and Ferdinand of Aragon, Duke of Calabria. Construction of the monastery continued through the 17th century, with the monastery church begun from 1601.[229]
In 1821 the disentailment of the Liberal Triennium suppressed the Hieronymite community. The building, by the Royal Order of July 2, 1821, was converted into a House of Charity and Correction. In 1823 the friars returned and carried out some minor works. In 1835 the definitive exclaustration took place, and the monastery and its properties passed into the hands of the State. After the disentailment, the works of art and books that remained after having been looted in the War of Independence were moved to the Museum of Fine Arts of Valencia, and a good part of the books, among them those from the valuable library of the Duke of Calabria, were assigned to the University Library.
After uses as a prison, school or warehouse, between 1997 and 2000 rehabilitation work was carried out on the complex for its use as the seat of the Biblioteca Valenciana.
Boundary crosses
These crosses, which in the Crown of Aragon were usually called peirones and elsewhere humilladeros, were placed on the roads to mark the limits of the city.[230] The City Council of Valencia holds title to all the crosses located within its municipal territory, as well as to some crosses that lie outside it, such as the covered cross on the road to Barcelona, located in Almácera, and the covered cross of Mislata.
The covered cross of the Camino Real de Játiva stands on the old Royal Road to Játiva, now Calle San Vicente. It is a Gothic work made in 1376 (14th century) by an unknown author. Between 1432 and 1435 (15th century) the master builder Juan del Poyo and the carver Johan Llobet renovated the cross on behalf of the Fábrica de Murs e Valls, and in the 16th century the shrine was restored again, and in 1898 (19th century) José Aixá carried out a complete reconstruction of the work. Another cross is that of the camí del Mar (road to the sea), now located in a small garden on the Avenida del Puerto, which was originally a Gothic boundary cross, although the stone cross has disappeared and been replaced by an iron one. What is preserved is the pedestal and the images that adorn it, although in rather poor condition. Martí Llobet worked on it between 1423 and 1424, and his son Joan Llobet in 1428.
Other crosses are that of Pinedo, which is a modern reproduction of the original cross made in 1995 by the Valencian sculptor Jesús Castelló; the boundary cross on the Avenida de Cataluña, inaugurated on May 3, 1965, and located at the exit from Valencia along the old Barcelona motorway; the boundary cross of the Pista de Silla, made by the sculptor Antonio Sacramento in 1965; and the boundary cross on the Avenida de las Cortes Valencianas.
Civil monuments and buildings
Valencian Gothic
The building of the Lonja de la Seda (Silk Exchange) is a masterpiece of Valencian civil Gothic located in the historic center of the city. Declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996,[231] it is located at number 31, Plaza del Mercado, opposite the church of the Santos Juanes and the Central Market of Valencia.
The Lonja was built between 1482 and 1548, and its first builder was Pere Compte, between 1483 and 1498, on the model of the Lonja of Palma de Mallorca; it became an emblematic building of the wealth of the Valencian Golden Age (15th century) and a showcase of the commercial revolution during the Late Middle Ages, of the social development and of the prestige achieved by the Valencian bourgeoisie.[232] In the upper part of the other side of the courtyard there is a coffered ceiling covering the Consulate of the Sea. On Sundays there is a collectors' market for stamps and coins, and this is perhaps the only activity that still bears some relation to the original function of the building.
Another building in the Gothic-Renaissance style is the Palace of Benicarló, present seat of the Corts Valencianes. This building is an aristocratic mansion, which was built in the 15th century as the residence of the Borja family in the capital of the old Kingdom of Valencia. Between 1485 and 1520, several pre-existing buildings were adapted, and the stone staircase of the courtyard was built by Pere Compte. The care of the work and its transformations aimed at greater habitability was entrusted to the most prominent architects and artists active in the capital. In short, its analysis makes it possible to understand its fortunes between grandiloquent aspirations and iniquitous neglect.[233]
The Palace of the Generalitat Valenciana is also a Late Gothic building with Renaissance additions dating from the 15th century. Construction of the Palace began in 1421, and it was enlarged in the 16th century with a great tower by the architect Montano. In 1831 the territorial court (audiencia territorial) was installed there, which in 1922 became the Provincial Council. A restoration was carried out from 1947 to 1951.[234]
- The gates of the walls
The Serranos Towers are one of the twelve gates that guarded the old wall of the City of Valencia. Their name seems to come from the fact that they are located roughly to the northwest of the old quarter and were therefore the natural entrance connecting with the roads that led to Los Serranos.[235] The jurats of Valencia entrusted their construction to the master Pere Balaguer, who drew inspiration from other Gothic gates in Catalonia, such as the Royal Gate of the Monastery of Poblet, which was inspired by the Genoese architectural style. Work began on April 6, 1392, on the site of the previous portico, and was completed in March 1398.
The Quart Towers, a pair of twin towers, also formed part of the medieval wall that surrounded the old quarter of the City of Valencia, whose function was to defend the city. These towers are located at the intersection of Calle Guillén de Castro and Calle Quart.[236] The Quart Towers were built by Francesc Baldomar and Pere Compte in the 15th century, between 1441 and 1460. Tomás Oller and Jaume Pérez also took part in the work. The style of the towers is Late military Gothic, imitating the Towers or Triumphal Arch of the Castel Nuovo of Naples.
Baroque and Neoclassical buildings
The Palace of the Marquis of Dos Aguas, as it is known today, is the product of a radical renovation carried out on the old ancestral home of the Rabassa de Perellós, holders of the Marquisate of Dos Aguas, in the 1740s (18th century) in a pronounced Rococo style. On one side of the Palace opens the main doorway, made in alabaster by Ignacio Vergara to a design by Hipólito Rovira. Presided over by the image of the Virgin, two streams of water descend from it in allusion to the marquises' title, with two atlantes on either side symbolizing two rivers, all with an appearance of overflowing voluptuousness.[237] It houses the González Martí National Museum of Ceramics and Decorative Arts.
Another building from this period is the Palace of Justice of Valencia, originally the Royal Customs House, which was built in the time of Charles III between 1758 and 1802. When the building was the Royal Customs House, all the maritime trade bound for Valencia passed through it, as the city was one of the economic hubs of 18th-century Spain. In 1828 the building became the tobacco factory, and in 1914 it became the seat of the Palace of Justice.[238]
The Plaza Redonda, with its singular round perimeter, was built in 1840 by the Valencian architect Salvador Escrig and is located next to the church of Santa Catalina and the Plaza de la Virgen, in the historic center of the city.
The Bullring of Valencia was built between 1850 and 1860 (19th century) on the site of an earlier bullring that, because of budget problems, was never finished. It is Neoclassical, inspired by Roman civil architecture, the theater of Flavius Marcellus (Colosseum), or the amphitheater of Nîmes (France). It was built by the Valencian architect Sebastián Monleón Estellés. It is a 48-sided polygonal structure, more than 17 m high and with a ring 52 m in diameter. These dimensions make it one of the largest bullrings in Spain.[239][240]
Valencian Modernisme
The City Hall of Valencia brings together, in a block with a slightly trapezoidal plan, two constructions of clearly different periods and styles: the Casa de Enseñanza (Teaching House), built on the initiative of Archbishop Don Andrés Mayoral between 1758 and 1763; and the main body of the building (the main façade), built between the second and third decades of the 20th century in a marked Modernista style. On March 1, 1962, by decree 474/1962 (BOE 9-03-62), the building was declared a Bien de Interés Cultural (BIC),[241] while it was also declared a national historic-artistic monument.[242]
Another of the most important Modernista buildings in Valencia is the Estación del Norte (North Station), built between 1906 and 1917, taking advantage of the city's urban transformations at the end of the 19th century to occupy an enormous remaining plot.[243] It is one of the most emblematic monuments of the city's civil architecture. The work, designed by the architect Demetrio Ribes, belongs to the Modernista style, in which the influences of the European strand of the Secession can be seen, characterized by a modernism of straight lines in contrast to the sinuous forms more typical of Valencian Modernisme.[244]
The building of the Central Market is also another construction in the Valencian Modernista style; it began to be built in 1914 by Francesc Guàrdia i Vial and Alexandre Soler i March, both trained at the Barcelona School of Architecture and having worked on the team of collaborators of Domènech i Montaner, an architect characterized by a style of his own within the lines of Modernisme.[245] This building combines metal, domes, glass and columns with the Gothic recollection of Modernisme, as if it were a cathedral of commerce, blending very well with the neighboring Lonja de los Mercaderes (Merchants' Exchange). In the center of the building there is a great dome crowned by a weathervane.
The Mercado de Colón is another clear example of early 20th-century Valencian Modernisme. This market was designed and built by the architect Francisco Mora Berenguer between 1914 and 1916. The market was inaugurated on December 24, 1916, Christmas Eve, and according to accounts in the municipal newspapers, it was a spectacular event: from the Bullring there set out a parade made up of the Mounted Municipal Guard, with the city's kettledrums and bugles, the Roca de la Fama, the market vendors, the groups "La pesca" (Fishing), "Aves y carnes" (Poultry and meats) and "Flores, frutas y hortalizas" (Flowers, fruits and vegetables), and a float occupied by the Queen of the Festival accompanied by her court of honor. The Municipal Band and a section of the Civil Guard closed the festivities. It should be noted that the market building was declared a National Monument.[246]
In the port area stands another of the most important works of Valencian Modernisme, the Tinglados of the Port of Valencia. Their designer and promoter was the Engineer Federico G. de Membrillera, deputy director of the Port of Valencia at the end of the 19th century. Until the second half of the 19th century, the only port infrastructure in the port of Valencia had been a simple wooden wharf, and owing to the increase in goods traffic in the port, the need arose to expand the infrastructure, so the construction of six tinglados (sheds) was planned. Although the engineers demanded that ornamentation take priority, the lack of budget at the time simplified the project. Even so, the decoration in the style of Valencian Modernisme stands out, with reliefs alluding to commerce and navigation and polychrome ceramic mosaics on typical Valencian themes.[247]
The work of Santiago Calatrava
The Nueve de Octubre bridge was built in the 1980s by the Valencian architect Santiago Calatrava, who was not yet renowned at the time, and it was the architect's first work in the city. This bridge stands out for the originality of its forms and for the four abstract sculptures that adorn its entrances.
Another work designed by Santiago Calatrava is the ensemble formed by the Exposición Bridge and the Alameda metro station, which is located beneath the old bed of the Turia River, into which one must descend to reach the station. These works were inaugurated in 1995.[192] As a curious note, the two elements were built simultaneously, with the metro station built in its final location, while the bridge was built on nearby land and later moved to its present position above the station.
Finally, mention must be made of the City of Arts and Sciences complex,[15] designed by Santiago Calatrava and Félix Candela, one of the most popular areas of the city. This complex was inaugurated in stages over the course of a decade, from April 16, 1998, when the Hemisférico was inaugurated, to October 31, 2009, with the opening of the Ágora, although some details of this building are still being finalized owing to demolition problems on the outer face of its construction. The works have stirred up much controversy because of their cost overruns and technical failures.[248]
Culture
For centuries, Valencia has been a source and refuge of culture. It has been, for example, the second center for the production and distribution of comics in Spain, after Barcelona and ahead of Madrid,[249] thanks to publishers such as Valenciana and Maga, which allowed the flourishing of the so-called Valencian School of comics.[250] Today cultural events are very abundant, which is related to the essence of the Mediterranean city, since many of these events usually take place in open spaces and are supported and promoted by both official and private bodies.
Museums, archives and libraries
.jpg)
The City of Valencia, rich in monuments and architectural spaces of great interest, has more than fifty museums and exhibition halls, many of which were created thanks to the contribution of individuals through donations and private collections.
The most important fine arts museums in the city are the San Pío V Museum of Fine Arts and the IVAM (Institut Valencià d'Art Modern), spaces where permanent collections and temporary exhibitions can be seen and where various activities are held, designed for all citizens and for visitors who come to the city. They are managed by various public administrations, corporations and private associations.
The González Martí National Museum of Ceramics and Decorative Arts, housed in the former Palace of the Marquis of Dos Aguas, an imposing Baroque building, contains the most complete collection of ceramic objects in Spain, and one of the most important in Europe.
There are also several historical museums, such as the Casa de las Rocas, which was built in the 15th century to serve as a museum; the Museum of History of Valencia, opened on May 7, 2003, in a building that was originally the first water reservoir of Valencia, built by Ildefonso Cerdá and Leodegario Marchessaux from an original design by Calixto Santa Cruz; or the Almoina Museum, opened on December 20, 2007, beneath the square of the same name, where numerous archaeological remains dating from the different civilizations that have inhabited the city are displayed, that is, Roman, Visigothic and Islamic remains.
The collections of the paleontological museum are also historic. They were displayed from 1908 in the museum of the Almudín and are currently in the Museum of Natural Sciences, located in the Viveros gardens, where unique geological and paleontological pieces can be seen; there are also the natural sciences museum, the bullfighting museum (next to the bullring), the rice museum and the Fallas museum (mainly during the Fallas period).
.jpg)
Others are dedicated to illustrious Valencians, such as the distinguished writer Blasco Ibáñez in his house museum, located in his former chalet on Malvarrosa Beach, or the Benlliure House Museum, on Blanquerías Street, and the most recent of all, the Concha Piquer House Museum, on Ruaya Street.
Avant-garde art finds its oldest space in the Sala Parpalló,[251] which depends on the Provincial Council of Valencia and was founded in 1980, being a pioneer in attending to contemporary art. The benchmark of modernity is the City of Arts and Sciences, since it brings together several disciplines of art and culture in a single space, including several museums, aquariums, exhibition halls, screening rooms and recreational spaces, both open-air and in purpose-built facilities.
Valencia also has 39 municipal libraries,[252] with more than 300,000 volumes, among which the Public Library of Valencia and the Valencian Library stand out, the latter headquartered in San Miguel de los Reyes. In addition, the capital of the Turia is home to the Archive of the Kingdom of Valencia, which contains six centuries of the history of Valencia, first as a kingdom and currently as an autonomous community, and which is managed by the Generalitat Valenciana, although the State retains ownership of the documentary holdings and of the building; and the Municipal Historical Archive of Valencia, which is located in the Palace of Cervelló[253] and contains the documentary holdings of the city.
Performing arts
In Valencia there is a public network of theaters,[254] which comprises the Principal, the Rialto, the Talía and the Sala Moratín, although there are also other private theaters, such as the Olympia. In addition, a great variety of events related to the world of acting and the performing arts are held in Valencia. One of these competitions is the Valencia International Film Festival-Cinema Jove,[255] a festival promoted by the Regional Ministry of Culture since 1995, whose purpose is to be a platform for young filmmakers.[256] Cinema Jove is recognized by the International Federation of Film Producers Associations (FIAPF), and is a member of the European Coordination of Film Festivals.[257]
The Tirant Avant Festival[258] is the festival of audiovisual media and new technologies. It is organized every year by the Agency for Information, Training and Promotion of Audiovisual Media, with the support of Tatzen Gestión y Producción Audiovisual, Feets Gestió de Projectes, and Metadissenyvoluntady. This festival is the fruit of the spirit and experience of the eleven editions of the TIRANT AWARDS in the Valencian Audiovisual Industry, and its goal is to build a bridge between traditional production and new formats.
However, the most important international film festival in the city was the Mostra de València, a benchmark for cinema of the Mediterranean area. From 1980 to 2011 the Mostra was held uninterruptedly every year, up to the 31st edition, when the city council decided to stop organizing it.[259] The various awards granted in the official section depicted a palm tree, and in addition the names of the winners were included on Valencia's own walk of fame, which was inaugurated at the 25th edition of the Mostra de València on the city's seafront promenade.
In 2003 another event of this kind also began to be held, València Escena Oberta (VEO),[260] which sought to promote the performing arts and bring them ever closer to the citizen, as well as to support and promote students in the sector. The events within this festival took place throughout the city (streets, metro stations, old factories, theaters, etc.). VEO was directed by the actor and politician Toni Cantó until 2006,[261] when he was succeeded by the journalist Mariví Martín, who remained in the post until 2011,[262] at which point the festival was suspended as a measure to fight the municipal deficit.[263]
Apitxat Valencian
In Valencia, in addition to Castilian (the official language of Spain), Valencian is spoken, which is the language proper to and co-official in the whole of the Valencian Community, and therefore also in the city, according to the Statute of Autonomy of the Valencian Community. The institution that regulates Valencian is the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL), which rules that Valencian is the name that the Valencian People gives to the language known internationally and academically as Catalan.[264]
The Valencian characteristic of this city is apitxat, a dialect of the Valencia metropolitan area.[265] Despite being heavily influenced by Castilian, apitxat preserves certain old features that have been lost in the rest of the Valencian dialects. Its main features are:
- The devoicing of voiced alveolars and palatals, as in casa, tretze and metge ['kasa, 'tretse, 'metxe] (house, thirteen and doctor, respectively).
- The preservation of archaic plural forms, which keep the original Latin n, as in hòmens [homes] (men) or jóvens [joves] (young people).
- A certain tendency to diphthongize unstressed initial o (when it forms a syllable) into au: aulor [olor] (smell), aufegar [ofegar] (to drown), aubrir [obrir] (to open).
Music
Music in its many forms and manifestations is one of the most cultivated arts in the Valencian Community and in the City of Valencia. As the Valencian music law (Law 2/1998) states, music "forms part of its culture and is one of the arts that most identifies it as a people".[266] Music bands are fundamental for the capital of the Turia, since they are one of the main identity elements of Valencian music. Every July since 1886, the City of Valencia International Band Contest has been held, in which more than 2,000 musicians parade across the stages of the Palace of Music and the Bullring.[267]
Another musical event in the City of Valencia is MTV Winter, a music concert sponsored by the music television channel par excellence, MTV. Every winter since 2008, a free mega-concert has been held on the esplanade of the City of Arts and Sciences, in which groups such as The Cure[268] in 2008, Franz Ferdinand[269] in 2009, Arctic Monkeys[270] in 2010,[271] or My Chemical Romance and Sum 41[272] in 2011 have taken part.
In addition, it is important to note that Valencia is home to two professional orchestras: the Valencia Orchestra and the Orquestra de la Comunitat Valenciana. Both are based in first-class buildings located in the old bed of the Turia River. The first of these buildings is the Palace of Music,[273] home of the Valencia Orchestra. Since its inauguration on April 25, 1987, it has established itself as one of the most important musical centers in the whole of Spain. The building has several halls for concerts, congresses, exhibitions, shows and film screenings, among other activities. The acoustics of the Palace, and especially those of its José Iturbi hall, have been praised by many of the musicians who have performed there. The leading international soloists have performed in it and some unrepeatable events have taken place there: among them, what was the last concert conducted by the man many consider the greatest orchestra conductor in history, Carlos Kleiber, and the 20-piano concert that in 2011 jointly celebrated the 20th anniversary of two benchmark institutions for Valencian music, Clemente Pianos and the Musikeon courses.
The other building is the Queen Sofía Palace of the Arts,[274] the opera house of Valencia and home of the Orchestra of the Valencian Community. It is the work of Santiago Calatrava and forms part of the architectural complex of the City of Arts and Sciences. It was inaugurated on October 8, 2005, by Queen Sofía,[275] although the first opera was not performed until October 25, 2006, for which the opera Fidelio by Beethoven was chosen.
International events
Throughout its history, Valencia has hosted several cultural, religious and scientific events. One of the first cultural events held in the city was the Regional Exhibition of 1909,[276] a commercial and industrial show organized by the Ateneo Mercantil de Valencia and promoted by its President Tomás Trénor, which took place in the city between May 22 and December 22, 1909.[277] The exhibition as a whole occupied an area of 16 ha, in the form of a fairground with pavilions and buildings around the present-day urban layout of the Alameda. The opening ceremony of the Exhibition was held on May 23, 1909, by King Alfonso XIII and the head of the Government Antonio Maura.[23] The Exhibition had moderate success, which the organizers themselves attributed to the Rif War and the events in Barcelona,[24] which is why they extended the show into 1910 under the label of National Exhibition.
Until 2014,[278] the city also hosted annually the Valencia Fashion Week, that is, Valencia's fashion week,[279] which replaced the Pasarela del Carmen. This fashion show was held twice a year from 2006, once to present the fall-winter season and once for the spring-summer season. In its last editions the venue was the Ágora of the City of Arts and Sciences.[280]
Every year another first-rank cultural event was also held, the Campus Party,[281] which was held in Valencia from 2005 until 2011.[282] This event was recognized as the largest networked event of technology, creativity, leisure and digital culture in the world. It was an annual gathering held since 1997 that brought together for seven days thousands of participants with their computers from all over Spain and other nations, in order to share interests, exchange experiences and carry out all kinds of activities related to computers, communications and new technologies.
It should be noted that in recent years the city has hosted several scientific events of great international importance, such as the 27th Session of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),[283] held between November 12 and 17, 2007, at the Príncipe Felipe Science Museum. This meeting brought together 450 delegates from more than 130 countries who sought to approve the conclusions of the Fourth Assessment Report (known as AR4).
The 57th International Astronautical Congress (IAC 2006) was also held in the city,[284] since during the congress held in Bremen in October 2003, Professor Víctor Reglero, a member of the International Academy of Astronautics, representing the Generalitat Valenciana, the City Council of Valencia, the University of Valencia, the Polytechnic University of Valencia and SENER, presented Valencia's candidacy to host the 57th International Astronautical Congress. This event was finally held in Valencia between October 2 and 6, 2006, with the Príncipe Felipe Science Museum as its venue.
Finally, it should be noted that Valencia has hosted several religious events, most notably the 5th World Meeting of Families,[285] which was held in Valencia from July 1 to 9, 2006,[286] as decided by John Paul II and later ratified by his successor (Benedict XVI). This meeting, in which the Pope took an active part, consisted of numerous events, meetings and conferences on the concept and content of the Christian family. Some of these activities were suspended due to a tragic metro accident that occurred days before the Pope's arrival; for this reason Benedict XVI decided to change part of his schedule to hold a tribute to the victims at the station where the tragedy occurred.
Traditions and popular culture
Festivals of Tourist Interest
.JPG)
In the City of Valencia there are many and varied festivals,[287] some known all over the world and others, on the contrary, unknown even to some residents of the city, but no less important or significant for that. Among them some stand out, either for having been declared festivals of tourist interest[288] or for the importance of these festivities for the city as a whole.
- The Fallas
From March 15 to March 19, days and nights in Valencia are one continuous festival, but already from March 1 the popular mascletàs are fired every day at 2 p.m. The Fallas are a festival with a deep-rooted tradition in the City of Valencia and various towns of the Valencian Community,[287] which has become a very important tourist attraction both for the city and for all the towns where they are held. Their origins are truly simple, since originally on the night of Saint Joseph a simple burning of waste from carpentry workshops took place, but the inventiveness of the Valencian people has gradually gathered into it all the features proper to its culture and history, although the satirical character of the falla monuments on current affairs is worth highlighting.
- The Maritime Holy Week
The Maritime Holy Week[289] receives the name "maritime" because it is celebrated in the district of the Poblados Marítimos, specifically in the neighborhoods of the Grao, the Cabañal and the Cañamelar.[290] Today, the Maritime Holy Week has 32 confraternities, brotherhoods and corporations, five of which hold the title of Royal.
- The Festivities of Saint Vincent Ferrer
Holy Week is extended by the festivity in honor of Saint Vincent Ferrer,[291] patron saint of the Community, canonized by Callixtus III, a native of Xàtiva. On this day it is customary to visit the birthplace of the saint (currently a chapel), where "El Pouet de Sant Vicent" is found, from which children are given water to drink "so that they speak early, do not suffer from tonsillitis, do not swear falsely and are not blasphemers".[292] As part of the festival, groups of children perform, always in the Valencian language (the one the Saint always spoke), prodigious deeds attributed to the Dominican saint, the so-called miracles. The performances take place at the thirteen altars erected in the various neighborhoods of the city, which are always presided over by the image of the patron saint.[292]
- The Festivity of Our Lady of the Forsaken
On the second Sunday of May the city of Valencia celebrates the Festivity of Our Lady of the Forsaken, popularly known as "la Geperudeta", an affectionate allusion to the slightly hunched posture of one of the images of this advocation of the Virgin.[293] This festivity includes the most eagerly awaited moments of an especially emotional day, on which thousands upon thousands of Valencians turn out to pay homage to their patroness.
On the eve of the festivity several events are held in the Plaza de la Virgen, such as the "Nit d'Albades" or the "dansà" (traditional dances), and finally, among the events held during the day, the Descoberta mass, the Infantes mass, the transfer of the Virgin (a mass event in which Valencians touch the patroness and shout salvos to her) and the general procession stand out.
- The Corpus Christi Procession of Valencia
Historically, the Corpus Christi procession has been considered the great festival of Valencia, especially since the last third of the 14th century. The history of this festival begins in 1355, when Hugo de Fenollet was bishop. That year a solemn general procession was held, in which the civil and religious authorities of the city accompanied the Blessed Sacrament, following the route set by the Jurats, a good part of which is preserved today. This festival has been celebrated every year since then, with the exception of some years, such as those of the Second Spanish Republic (between 1931 and 1935), when the government required the festival to be held only inside churches,[294] as well as in the years of the postwar period, when the festival was limited solely to the religious part. Thus it was not until the 1950s and 1960s that a group of residents again promoted the procession to recover the old splendor of this festival, through the so-called "Grup de Mecha", which was the predecessor of what is today the Association of Friends of the Corpus of the City of Valencia.[295]
In order to liven up the capital during the month of July and attract outsiders, the city council proposed holding an annual fair and an exhibition of all kinds of products. Thus, on July 21, 1871, the first July Fair was inaugurated with a colorful cavalcade, pavilions, plant exhibitions and the sale of products in general. In 1891 the Battle of Flowers was established, which takes place on the last Sunday of July on the Alameda at around 8 p.m. Important band contests, bullfighting events, music concerts and many other activities are also held.[296]
- October 9
As set out in the Statute of Autonomy of the Valencian Community, on this day the Day of the Valencian Community is celebrated, to commemorate the triumphal entry of King Don James I into the city and the dedication of the Great Mosque as Church-Cathedral.[297] This celebration has a long tradition in the city, since it has been held since the 14th century, when it was instituted by King James II of Aragon.[297] The most significant events of this festivity are the singing of the "Te Deum" in the Cathedral, the civic procession of the Senyera and the homage to King James I, who granted the Furs to the city and its kingdom, all of these events being presided over by the Royal Senyera.
On this day the feast of Saint Dionysius is also celebrated, known as Valencian lovers' day. In this celebration the lover usually gives his beloved the typical mocaorà, marzipan figures shaped like fruits and pyrotechnic devices (the piruleta and the tronador), wrapped in a handkerchief.
Traditional dress
The traditional Valencian woman's dress has a long tradition in history. It appeared in the 16th century and began as a work dress of Valencian peasant women, but over time it was transformed and evolved into a more elegant garment used on special occasions. In short, the present-day dress is the festive dress that Valencian women wore centuries ago. Among its variants are the 18th-century dress, more French-influenced; the coteta dresses, closer to those of the huertana; and the one that emerged in the 19th century, called farolet because of its lantern-shaped sleeves. In her hair, the woman may wear one bun or three. A larger one is worn at the back of the head, while two smaller ones, the rodetes, are worn at the temples. The buns are held with long pins and adorned with peinetas, the pinta for the back bun and the rascamonyos for the rodetes.[298]
The traditional male garment, meanwhile, is the saragüell dress, which appears under the name sarawil in Muslim texts from Al-Andalus of the 10th century. This garment is worn directly on the body, and other garments may or may not be worn over it. The fabric of this garment is linen for working days, and on holidays it is covered with a second pair of breeches of wool or silk, known as negrilla. Another traditional male garment is the torrentí dress, characterized by trousers that fit more tightly to the leg and a xopetí, a kind of vest and/or short jacket. On his head, the man usually wears a mocador (handkerchief), a coif or a skullcap, the latter made of crochet, which are complemented with different caps and hats, such as la rodina, el cossiol or the montera.[299]
-
Traditional Valencian hairstyle -
Couple dressed in Valencian costume -
Women dressed as falleras -
Children and men in Valencian costume
Water Tribunal
The Water Tribunal of Valencia, also known as the Tribunal of the Vega of Valencia, is a customary irrigation tribunal, which is responsible for settling disputes over irrigation water among the farmers of the Irrigators' Communities of the acequias that form part of the Vega of Valencia, with the exception of the Royal Acequia of Moncada. Its origin is entirely unknown, although it is most likely an evolution based on earlier Andalusi traditions, while some historians such as José Vicente Gómez Bayarri place its origins in Roman times.[300] In September 2009 it was declared Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.[22]
This tribunal is made up of a representative from each of the Irrigators' Communities that form part of the Vega of Valencia, the so-called syndics. One of the syndics is the president, who is elected for an indefinite period. Traditionally, the presidents of the Tribunal are alternately the syndics of Favara and of Tormos.
Every Thursday of the year the Tribunal meets with its advisors in the Casa Vestuario on the Plaza de la Virgen, but at exactly 12 noon the Tribunal is formally constituted at the Door of the Apostles of the Cathedral of Valencia. It is then that the bailiff, with the president's permission, calls those accused from each of the acequias, with the traditional phrase: "denunciats de la sèquia de...!". The trial proceeds quickly, orally and entirely in Valencian.
Bullfighting
Modern bullfighting began to develop in the 14th century, when the bull festival began to establish the foundations of what would later become the bullfights known in contemporary times, considered both art and liturgy. The first bullfights held in Valencia date from 1085.[301]
In the 18th century bullfighting became consolidated as an art subject to a series of rules and norms.[302] Bullfighters became professionals and began to rival the picadors, who until then enjoyed greater prominence on the bills. The ranches began to gain prominence and cities equipped themselves with new permanent bullrings, such as the Bullring of Valencia, which was built between 1850 and 1860[301] on the site of an earlier bullring that, due to budget problems, was never completed.
Valencia also has a Bullfighting Museum, which was founded in 1929 with holdings from the donation of Luis Moróder Peiró and of the bullfighting picador José Bayard Badila, who over the years collected a significant number of materials and objects of Valencian bullfighting from the 19th century and the early 20th century.[303]
It should be noted that Valencia hosts one of the first bullfighting festivals of the year, the Fair of Saint Joseph,[304] in which bullfights, novilladas and rejoneo are held with the best bills of bullfighters, and the Fair of Saint James or July Fair,[305] which premiered on July 21, 1871, as an alternative proposed by the city council to attract tourists and to prevent residents from leaving the city empty because of the heat of the Valencian summer.[296]
Valencia is the birthplace of well-known bullfighting figures such as Manuel Granero, Manolo Montoliu, the female bullfighter María de los Ángeles Hernández Gómez, Luis Francisco Esplá, José Mari Manzanares, Vicente Ruiz el Soro, Enrique Ponce, José María Manzanares and Román Collado.[306]
Gastronomy
In the traditional gastronomy of the city, the famous Mediterranean diet, the use of rice,[307] olive oil, vegetables from the huerta and fish and shellfish from the Mediterranean coast carries special weight.
The most international dish of Valencia is paella (the name of the pan in which it is cooked), which was originally a humble dish cooked by the inhabitants of the marshland of the Albufera. This dish is based on rice, although it is complemented with local products, mainly chicken, rabbit, duck, snails, legumes and fresh vegetables. Over time several variants of paella have appeared, such as the one made with seafood, the one containing only vegetables, or the one that replaces rice with noodles, the so-called fideuà. All kinds of paellas and fideuàs are usually dressed with lemon and not with aioli, as is usually done with the other typical fish rice dishes (arròs a banda or black rice).
Another rice-based dish is baked rice, prepared in an earthenware casserole in the oven, whose main ingredients are tomato, chickpeas, paprika, various kinds of cured sausage, potatoes, pork belly and pork ribs. Although this dish is not very well known outside the Valencian Community, it is one of the most traditional and popular in the area.
Finally, the rest of the dishes made with rice are arròs a banda, with a fish base; black rice, a variant of the previous one, to which squid ink is added to obtain its typical black color; rice with chard, which besides rice and chard contains white beans, potatoes, dried cod and snails; and rice with beans and turnips,[308] a soupy rice better suited to the winter season.
All i pebre is a typical Valencian sauce used to cook fish. The most famous variant of this dish is the one made with eels, which has achieved total supremacy over the rest, so that today it is usual to refer to eel all i pebre simply by the name all i pebre.
In Valencia there is also a great tradition of cakes and sweets, notable for their variety of sponge cakes and tortas, such as coca de llanda, coca de sachí, coca cristina, raisin and walnut coca, mona de Pascua and panquemado, although the variety of sweets also includes fartons, buñuelos, marzipans, peladillas and rosquilletas, among many others. The main ingredients are almost always almonds, sugar and honey, because many of the sweets that form part of Valencian gastronomic culture are of Andalusi origin.
As regards drinks, it should be noted that horchata de chufa (prepared with water, sugar and tiger nuts) is the traditional drink par excellence of Valencia. Another typical drink is Muscat mistela, a sweet but high-strength liqueur wine (15 % vol.), which is made by adding wine alcohol or aguardiente to the must to stop its fermentation.[309] Also noteworthy is the cocktail originating in the city known as Agua de Valencia, whose fundamental ingredients are cava, triple sec liqueur and orange juice.[310][311][312]
Sports
Sports facilities
On April 10, 1981, the City Council of Valencia created the autonomous body Fundación Deportiva Municipal de Valencia (Municipal Sports Foundation of Valencia), which is a public-law entity of an institutional nature. This body is responsible for managing all the municipal sports facilities, among which the Palau Velódrom Lluís Puig,[313] the Turia athletics stadium, the Municipal Valencian Pilota Center of Masarrochos,[314] the Pabellón Fuente de San Luis,[315] the sports centers of Orriols, Torrefiel, Abastos and La Petxina, and the various swimming pools, football fields and sports halls of each neighborhood stand out.
The City Council of Valencia owns another top-level sports venue, the Pelayo Trinquet, known as the cathedral of Escala i corda for being the most renowned trinquet in the Community, since it is at this trinquet that the finals of the main competitions, such as the Circuit Bancaixa, are usually played.[316]
In addition to the public municipal facilities, Valencia has two football stadiums, the Mestalla Stadium and the Estadio Ciudad de Valencia, a golf course, and a couple of marinas: on one side is the yacht club's port, located south of the commercial port; and on the other side is the Marina Real Juan Carlos I (known during the America's Cup sailing races as Port America's Cup), located in the inner basin of the port of Valencia.
Football clubs
Valencia CF was founded on March 18, 1919, and currently plays in the Spanish First Division, playing its home matches at the Mestalla Stadium, which has a capacity of 48,000 spectators. In the all-time LaLiga table Valencia CF holds fourth place, behind Real Madrid, FC Barcelona and Atlético de Madrid. It is the fifth Spanish club with the most national titles (14 national championships), and the third with the most international titles behind Real Madrid and FC Barcelona (5 titles in UEFA club competitions).[317] Valencia CF is also the Spanish club with the third-largest budget, after Real Madrid CF and FC Barcelona, with more than 100 million euros.[318] According to a survey conducted by the CIS in May 2007, Valencia CF is the third football club in Spain by percentage of supporters (5.3 %), behind Real Madrid CF (32.8 %) and FC Barcelona (25.7 %), and ahead of Athletic Club (5.1 %), Atlético de Madrid (4.3 %) and Real Betis Balompié (3.3 %),[319] and as a result it has more than 800 supporters' clubs.[320]
The city also has another team in the Spanish Second Division, Levante Unión Deportiva. In 1909 Real Gimnástico Club de Fútbol and Fútbol Club Levante were founded, coinciding with the founding of the Valencian Football Federation. The two merged in 1939 under the name Unión Deportiva Levante-Gimnástico, finally becoming Levante UD in 1941.[321] In the 1960s the Estadio Ciudad de Valencia was built with a capacity of 26,354 spectators, a new stadium of 40,000 square meters in the neighborhood of Orriols, behind San Miguel de los Reyes. The stadium was inaugurated, under the presidency of Antonio Román, on September 9, 1969, with a friendly match against Valencia C. F.
Basketball clubs
Valencia Basket Club plays in the Liga ACB, the top competition in Spanish basketball.[322] Founded in 1986, the club is the heir of the basketball section of Valencia Club de Fútbol, until the football team's relegation to the second division in 1986, at which point the basketball club took on its own identity. It was sponsored by the company Pamesa, so it was commonly known as Pamesa Valencia until 2009. From 2009 to 2011 the Valencian company Power Electronics sponsored the team, which took the name Power Electronics Valencia Basket Club. It plays its matches at the Pabellón Municipal Fuente de San Luis in Valencia, with a capacity of 9,000 spectators, and wears an orange shirt and shorts. Its away kit is gray shorts and shirt.
The city's other basketball team was Ros Casares Valencia, one of the participants in the Women's Basketball League. This team was founded in 1996, inheriting the sporting rights of Popular Bàsquet Godella,[323] although it was not until the 1998/1999 season that the company Ciudad Ros Casares took the reins of the team, and it disappeared in 2012. The first time it won a league under its current name was in 2001, although its best results came several years later, when it achieved a treble during the 2003/04, 2006/07, 2007/08, 2008/09 and 2009/10 seasons. This is a club with a large and devoted fan base, for which it received in 2009 the Nostresport award for the best fans. It also played its matches at the Pabellón Municipal Fuente de San Luis in Valencia.
Clubs of other sports
The Real Club Náutico de Valencia was founded in 1903, and therefore has the honor of being one of the oldest in Spain.[324] Today the club has one of the most modern and complete nautical facilities, with more than 400,000 m² of surface area and 1,252 moorings, which house one of the best cruising fleets in the Valencian Community. The Yacht Club's marina is also the venue for important competitions on the national calendar, attended by the best sailors, both in cruising and in the various dinghy classes (470, optimist, snipe, etc.). In addition to all the usual port services, the Valencia Yacht Club has a very large clubhouse, an Olympic swimming pool, a children's playground, a sports hall, a fronton and tennis and squash courts.[325]
Valencia also has an athletics team, Valencia Club de Atletismo. This team was born in May 1924 within Valencia C. F. Throughout its more than 80 years of existence, its reach as well as its sporting successes have marked a milestone in the history of Valencian, national and European sport.[326]
The Valencia Tennis Club was founded in 1905 under the name Sporting Club. Its facilities were initially located on the Alameda, and it had two tennis courts. This Sporting was one of the clubs that formed the Lawn-Tennis Association of Barcelona, a grouping of clubs that gave rise to the present-day Royal Spanish Tennis Federation.[327]
The Real Aeroclub Valencia was born in July 1931, although its origins lie in the Regional Exhibition of Valencia of 1909 and in the successive air shows held in Valencia over those years. It is currently based on a plot in the industrial zone at the head of runway 22 of Manises Airport, consisting of a 1,500 m² hangar on the ground floor and offices, a classroom, a shop and a clubroom on the upper floor, with the same surface area.[328]
In addition, as many as four teams from the city have competed in the División de Honor of the Spanish Rugby League: Tatami Rugby Club, CAU Valencia, Club de Rugby Les Abelles and Rugby Club Valencia, the last of which won the national league championship in 1983.
Professional events
During 2011 Valencia was the European Capital of Sport,[329] an award granted by the Association of European Capitals of Sport (ACES).[330] In addition, several world-class sports championships and tournaments are held, or have been held, in the City of Valencia. One of the most important is the European Grand Prix of Formula One,[27] which was held on the Valencia Street Circuit from 2008 until 2011. The Valencia street circuit runs through the inner basin of the port and then heads toward the Grao and the neighborhood of Nazaret. In 2008 and 2009 the Grand Prix was held in August, but because of the high temperatures reached it was decided that from 2010 onward it would be held in June.
Another first-rank sporting event is the Spanish Grand Prix of the Global Champions Tour of equestrianism,[29] which was held from 2009 until 2011.[29] This GP is an event of the most prestigious international equestrian circuit in the world, which is made up of several show jumping competitions of the highest international category. This tournament consists of ten grand prix, held in ten different cities, such as Hamburg, Monte Carlo, Rio de Janeiro, etc. The competition took place at the City of Arts and Sciences, in the area of the Príncipe Felipe Science Museum.
Also noteworthy is the Valencia Open 500,[28] successor of the Valencian Community tennis Open, and one of the 3 ATP tournaments played in Spain, together with the Madrid Masters and the Conde de Godó in Barcelona. This tournament was played on clay at the facilities of the Valencia Tennis Club from 2002 until 2008, when the tournament moved up in category with the restructuring of the ATP calendar, becoming one of the ATP Open 500. With the change of category, the tournament moved to the Ágora of the City of Arts and Sciences, where it began to be played on a hard court.
In the past the city has also hosted other sporting events of great importance, such as the 12th World Indoor Athletics Championships,[331] which were held between March 7 and 9, 2008, at the Luis Puig Velodrome Palace. This event was a success in terms of participation, since the record for participating countries and athletes at a world indoor championship was broken. Likewise, Valencia also hosted the 3rd European Police and Fire Games,[332][333] which ran from June 7 to 13, 2010.
Owing to the importance of the Mestalla stadium, the city has also hosted several matches of the main football tournaments, since the Mestalla stadium was chosen as the venue of the Spanish national team for its matches in the first round of the 1982 FIFA World Cup and of the Barcelona 1992 Olympic Games. Likewise, Mestalla has also hosted several finals of the Copa del Rey, specifically in the 1928-29, 1935-36, 1989/90, 1992-93, 1997-98, 1999-00, 2008-09, 2010-11[334] and 2013-14 editions.[335]
- The America's Cup sailing races
Two editions of the America's Cup sailing race have been held in Valencia; it is the oldest sporting trophy in the world, with 152 years of history, and brings together the excellence of the sailing world. The first edition of the America's Cup held in Valencian waters was the 32nd, held in 2007, while the second was the 33rd, held in 2010.
Along with Valencia, Genoa and Marseille were the other candidates to host the event, but the jury finally chose Valencia because of its climatic and geographical conditions. The choice of city came about because the winner of the 31st edition of this competition was the Société Nautique de Genève, that is, the representative of a landlocked country, so it had to look for a venue in a third country.[25]
Between 2004 and 2007, thanks to the regattas of the Louis Vuitton Cup, the best sailing teams in the world competed in the waters of the port of Valencia, with Emirates Team New Zealand emerging as the winner and facing Alinghi in the final.[336] Finally Alinghi won the America's Cup for the second consecutive time in the seventh race, held on July 3, beating the New Zealand challenger by one second in what was its fifth and decisive victory of the best-of-nine series.[337]
Since the winner was once again the Société Nautique de Genève, the winners of the 32nd America's Cup announced on July 25, 2007, that Valencia would again be the venue of the following edition in 2009. However, because of the legal proceedings in which the competition became embroiled, in 2008 the contract signed by the managing public body with the Alinghi team was bilaterally canceled. Finally, after the court ruling, Valencia once again hosted this competition,[26] which was scheduled as a best-of-3 series.
The races were due to begin on February 8, 2010, but on the 8th and 10th the start could not be given because the wind was light and variable on the 8th and the waves exceeded 2 m in height on the 10th. On the 12th the first race was held, won by USA 17 of the BMW Oracle Racing team. It was not a very close race, as the Americans won by a margin of more than fifteen minutes.[338] On the 14th the same script was repeated. Although Alinghi 5 stayed in the lead during much of the first upwind leg, USA 17, using its greater speed and better strategy, moved ahead and beat the Swiss syndicate by more than five minutes at the finish line. The America's Cup returned to the United States 15 years later.[339]
Popular events
In addition to all the professional events, the City of Valencia holds several popular sporting events throughout the year, such as the Day of Valencian Pilota,[340] which has been held in the Plaza del Ayuntamiento of Valencia every September since 1992. This event consists of various activities throughout the morning, the main attraction being the match between the Valencian team and another international team.
The Valencia Triathlon[341] also has a long tradition in the city, since the Valencian Community is a pioneer in this sport and 2nd in number of licenses nationwide (Spain has 20,000 federated athletes, although the number of amateurs is estimated to be much higher). The Valencia Triathlon is a sporting celebration, a high-quality event for all its participants, consisting of three legs: running through the City of Arts and Sciences; swimming in the basin of the Marina Real Juan Carlos I; and finally cycling around the Formula One Circuit. In Valencia, as in other cities, a popular San Silvestre race is held every December 30, in which hundreds of athletes in costume take part.
Also important is the popular Valencia marathon,[342] organized since 1981 by the Sociedad Deportiva Correcaminos, with the collaboration of the Municipal Sports Foundation and many other organizing entities. What began with the first edition in the early 1980s, with a few athletes dodging traffic, has become a high-level sporting event whose organization involves more than 1,600 people to serve almost 4,000 participants. The Valencia half marathon,[343] 21,097.50 m long, also has a long tradition. This race is also organized by the Sociedad Deportiva Correcaminos, since 1990, and its course, which runs over the asphalt of the city, is certified by the Royal Spanish Athletics Federation.
Finally, the City of Valencia Air Show should be mentioned, which was held from 2003 until 2009 on Malvarrosa Beach.[344] Aircraft from all over Spain, international aircraft and aircraft of the Air Force took part in this show, which drew a multitude of enthusiasts and spectators to watch the aerial acrobatics of the Spanish aerobatic champions, the Patrulla Águila and the fighters of the Spanish Air Force, joined by parachutists, aircraft of the Valencia aeroclub, and the CRJ-200 of Air Nostrum, as well as classic and historic aircraft belonging to the Air Foundation of the Valencian Community.
Twin towns
The City of Valencia has several quality interconnections with some cities around the world, through these official collaborations of different automotive sectors it also has a long tradition in the city, since the Valencian Community is a pioneer in this sport and 2nd in number of licenses at the national level (Spain has specific projects to increase and benefit the Valencian presence abroad, and to enhance the image of the city and its development). Almost all of the twinnings that the City of Valencia has carried out were made basically between the years 1978 and 1984. During these years the necessary actions were taken to achieve twinning with the following cities:[345]
See also
Notes
- ↑ The 1787 data come from the Census of Floridablanca as cited by Bernat i Martí and Badenes Martín in Crecimiento de la población valenciana. Análisis y prevención de los censos demográficos (1609-1857). Ediciones Alfons el Magnànim. Valencia, 1994.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Juan Enrique Ferrer (March 10, 2005). "La fundación de Valencia". www.20minutos.es (in español). Multiprensa y Más. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
- ↑ "Valencia" (in español). Altitude data for Valencia on the AEMET weather forecast page, taken from the Geographic Gazetteer of Municipalities and Population Entities of the National Geographic Institute: [1]. State Meteorological Agency.
{{cite web}}: External link in|others= - ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Mapa topográfico de España del Instituto Geográfico Nacional" (in español). Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN). Archived from the original on July 19, 2017. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
- ↑ Ley 4/1983 de 23 de noviembre de uso y enseñanza del valenciano, BOE, January 24, 1984, article 36.
- ↑ "El presupuesto del Ayuntamiento de València superará en 2023 los mil millones por segundo año consecutivo" (in español). Onda Cero. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
- ↑ Registro de Entidades Locales
- ↑ Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua. "Els gentilicis valencians" (PDF) (in català). Archived from the original (pdf) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
- ↑ Dirección General de Cooperación Local, Secretaría de Estado de Cooperación Territorial (August 6, 2010). "Municipios de la provincia de Valencia" (Pdf). Registro de Entidades Locales (in español). Ministerio de Política Territorial y Administración Pública. Retrieved February 17, 2011.[dead link]
- ↑ "Padrón de habitantes 2013. Municipios del área metropolitana de Valencia" (Excel). Web municipal Valencia (in español). Ayuntamiento de Valencia. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
- ↑ Source: INE National Statistics Institute (Spain). (01-01-2014).
- ↑ E.P. (November 16, 2010). "100 años de Albufera valenciana". www.levante-emv.com (in español). Editorial Prensa Ibérica. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 IVER Tecnologías de la Información S. A. (2011). "L'albufera de València. Ecosistemas/Ambientes". www.albuferadevalencia.com (in español). Retrieved October 18, 2011.
- ↑ "Datos municipales:Valencia" (PDF). DATOS ECONÓMICOS Y SOCIALES (in español). Caja España. February 28, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 24, 2014. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
- ↑ "Districte 1. Ciutat Vella" (PDF). Oficina d'Estadística. Ajuntament de València (in català). 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2010. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias (2011). "Sitio oficial de Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias". www.cac.es (in español). Retrieved September 18, 2011.
- ↑ "MUSEO DE BELLAS ARTES DE VALENCIA". www.museobellasartesvalencia.gva.es (in español). Generalitat Valenciana. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
- ↑ Viñas, Eugenio (June 20, 2016). "El Museo de Bellas Artes de Valencia deja de 'apellidarse' San Pío V". www.valenciaplaza.com (in español). Retrieved March 2, 2018.
- ↑ "Instituto Valenciano de Arte Moderno". www.ivam.es (in español). Generalitat Valenciana. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
- ↑ "MUVIM" (in español).
- ↑ "LISTADO DE FIESTAS DE INTERÉS TURÍSTICO DE LA COMUNITAT VALENCIANA DECLARADAS POR LA CONSELLERIA DE TURISME" (pdf) (in español). Conselleria de turisme de la Comunitat Valenciana. 2010. Retrieved April 11, 2011.[dead link]
- ↑ Redacción (November 30, 2016). "Las Fallas, Patrimonio de la Humanidad de la Unesco". www.lasprovincias.es (in español). Las Provincias. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Tribunales de regantes del Mediterráneo español: el Consejo de Hombres Buenos de la Huerta de Murcia y el Tribunal de las Aguas de la Huerta de Valencia" (in español). UNESCO Culture Sector. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 "Valencia recupera su esplendor con la Exposición Regional". VALENPEDIA, LA HEMEROTECA VALENCIANA (in español). Federico Domenech S.A. 1909. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Esther Cerveró (February 26, 2009). "Imágenes, carteles y sonidos de una exposición olvidada". ElMundo.es (in español). Unidad Editorial Internet, S.L. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Agencias (November 26, 2003). "Valencia, elegida sede de la Copa América de 2007". ABC.es (in español). Vocento. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 EFE (December 16, 2009). "Valencia vuelve a ser sede de la Copa América tras once juicios". Diario de Navarra (in español). Grupo la Información. Archived from the original on April 24, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 VALMOR SPORTS S.L. (2008). "Web Oficial Formula 1 Valencia Street Circuit GP de Europa". www.valenciastreetcircuit.com (in español). Archived from the original on September 13, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Valencia Open 500 (2008). "Valencia Open 500". www.valenciaopen500.com. Archived from the original on September 23, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 www.globalchampionstour.com (2011). "Global Champions Tour Valencia". Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ FIA Motorsport Games 2024 en Valencia
- ↑ "Toponimia". Gran Enciclopedia Temática de la Comunidad Valenciana (in español). Vol. Ciencias. editorial Prensa Valenciana. 2009.
- ↑ "Valentia". Gran Enciclopedia Temática de la Comunidad Valenciana (in español). Vol. Geografía. Editorial Prensa Valenciana. 2009.
[...] el mismo nombre de la ciudad, que significa fuerza y valor, es como el de otras colonias fundadas en Italia en el siglo II a. C. con topónimos alegóricos de virtudes militares.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 "La "edad de oro" de Balansiya". Las Provincias (in español). April 10, 2007. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
- ↑ "El pleno del Ayuntamiento aprueba por unanimidad "València" como topónimo de la ciudad" (in español). April 5, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
- ↑ "Registro de entidades locales". Generalitat valenciana (in español). Archived from the original on January 4, 2015. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 "La AVL defiende escribir "València" pero pide pronunciarlo "Valéncia"". El Mundo (in español). 16 de diciembre de 2016.
- ↑ "Decreto 6/2017, de 10 de febrero, del Consell, por el que se aprueba el cambio de denominación del municipio de Valencia por la forma exclusiva en valenciano de València" (PDF). Diari Oficial de la Generalitat Valenciana (in español). February 14, 2017.
- ↑ "Decreto 16/2017, de 10 de febrero, del Consell, por el que se aprueba el cambio de denominación del municipio de Valencia por la forma exclusiva en valenciano de València". Boletín Oficial del Estado (in español). April 12, 2017.
- ↑ García, Hortensia (June 20, 2010). "Los últimos conventos". Levante-EMV (in español).
- ↑ Olmedo de Cerdá, María Francisca (2003). Callejeando por Valencia (in español). p. 10. ISBN 84-87398-72-3.
- ↑ Ayuntamiento de Valencia (September 26, 2023). "El Ayuntamiento aprueba iniciar el expediente para que la ciudad se denomine 'Valencia - Valéncia'". Actualidad (in español). Ayuntamiento de Valencia. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
- ↑ Secretaría General Técnica, Ministerio de Administraciones Públicas (2008). Variaciones de los Municipios de España desde 1842 (PDF) (in español) (1.ª ed.). Madrid: Gobierno de España. Retrieved June 15, 2012.
- ↑ Europa Press (September 19, 2023). "El Ayuntamiento impulsa la doble denominación 'Valencia/Valéncia' siguiendo las 'Normes del Puig'". Cope (in español). Radio Popular. Europa Press. Retrieved September 20, 2023.
- ↑ Academia Valenciana de la Lengua (2002). De les Normes de Castelló a l’Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (in català). Valencia: Generalidad Valenciana. ISBN 84-482-3309-3.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ Serrano López, Álex (September 26, 2023). "El Ayuntamiento tramita el cambio de nombre de la ciudad a Valéncia pese a la oposición de los servicios jurídicos". Las Provincias (in español). Federico Domenech. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 "DECRETO 69/2017, de 2 de junio, del Consell, de regulación de los criterios y procedimiento para el cambio de denominación de los municipios y otras entidades locales de la Comunitat Valenciana. [2017/5604]". Diario Oficial de la Generalidad Valenciana (in español). Generalidad Valenciana. June 2, 2017. Retrieved September 26, 2023.
{{cite web}}:|first1=missing|last1=(help) - ↑ BOLETÍN DE LA REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA (May 10, 190). ESCUDO DE ARMAS DE VALENCIA (PDF) (in español). REAL ACADEMIA DE LA HISTORIA. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
- ↑ Orts i Bosch 1979.
- ↑ Atienza 2001.
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 50.5 Piqueras Haba 1999.
- ↑ Direcció General d'Administració Local, ed. (1988). Proposta de demarcacions territorials homologades (in català). Valencia: Conselleria d'Administracions Públiques. ISBN 84-7579-587-0.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ Blasco Ibáñez 2001, p. 280.
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 Enric Guinot Rodríguez (2008). El paisaje de la huerta de Valencia: elementos de interpretación de su morfología espacial de origen medieval (PDF) (in español). Valencia: Universidad de Valencia. pp. 98–111. ISBN 978-84-86828-80-6. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 Claudio Gómez Perretta (October 12, 2007). "La importancia hidráulica y urbanística del Plan Sur". www.levante-emv.com (in español). Archived from the original on August 30, 2010. Retrieved October 15, 2011.
- ↑ Miquel Montañana Palacios y Santiago Tormo Esteve (2002). "LOS AZUDES DEL TURIA EN LA VEGA DE VALENCIA. ASPECTOS FUNCIONALES, CONSTRUCTIVOS Y MORFOLÓGICOS DEL SISTEMA DE MESTALLA Y SU CONSERVACIÓN COMPATIBLE CON LOS USOS ACTUALES." (PDF). Actas del I Congreso del GEIIC. Conservación del Patrimonio: evolución y nuevas perspectivas (in español). Grupo Español del IIC. Retrieved October 15, 2011.
- ↑ Sala Giner 2007, p. 184.
- ↑ Algarra Pardo 2003, p. 190.
- ↑ "Valores climatológicos normales. Valencia". www.aemet.es (in español). Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. 1971–2000. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date format (link) - ↑ Agencia Estatal de Meteorología
- ↑ "Publicación de la AEMET: Mapas climáticos de España (1981-2010) y ETo (1996-2016)" (in español).
- ↑ Pérez Cueva 1994, p. 205.
- ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 "Guía resumida del clima en España (1981-2010) - Alicante" (in español). Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMET). Archived from the original on May 26, 2013. Retrieved December 8, 2012.
- ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 "Datos de la Agencia Estatal de Meteorología: Valores climatológicos normales en el observatorio de Valencia" (in español).
- ↑ http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=8416&k=val
- ↑ Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. "Medias y precipitación 1991-2020". Datos abiertos (in español). Gobierno de España. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
- ↑ "Datos de la AEMET: Valores climatológicos extremos en el observatorio de Valencia" (in español).
- ↑ 67.0 67.1 Redacción de Las Provincias. "Terremotos en la Comunidad Valenciana" (in español). LAS PROVINCIAS. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
- ↑ J. M. VIGARA (November 6, 2011). "Un nuevo seísmo eleva a 16 los terremotos en el Golfo de Valencia en dos años". www.levante-emv.com (in español). Editorial Prensa Ibérica. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
- ↑ Dauksis Ortola 2002.
- ↑ "Flora del Parque Natural de l'Albufera" (in español). albufera.com. Archived from the original on June 1, 2010. Retrieved September 7, 2009.
- ↑ "Actividades 2010" (in español). Conselleria de Infraestructuras, Territorio y Medio Ambiente de la Generalitat Valenciana. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ↑ "Peces del Parque Natural de l'Albufera" (in español). Archived from the original on June 1, 2010. Retrieved September 7, 2009.
- ↑ "Aves del Parque Natural de l'Albufera" (in español). Archived from the original on June 1, 2010. Retrieved September 7, 2009.
- ↑ "Anfibios del Parque Natural de l'Albufera". www.albufera.com (in español). Archived from the original on June 1, 2010. Retrieved September 7, 2009.
- ↑ "Reptiles del Parque Natural de l'Albufera". www.albufera.com (in español). Archived from the original on June 1, 2010. Retrieved September 7, 2009.
- ↑ Tortosa & Prósper 2009, p. 232.
- ↑ IVER Tecnologías de la Información S.A. (2011). "L'albufera de València. Valores". www.albuferadevalencia.com (in español). Retrieved October 18, 2011.
- ↑ 78.0 78.1 "Marjal de Rafalell i Vistabella". www.cth.gva.es (in español). Conselleria de Infraestructuras, Territorio y Medio Ambiente de la Generalitat Valenciana. 2010. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
- ↑ "Rafalell i Vistabella". Gran Enciclopedia Temática de la Comunidad Valenciana (in español). Vol. Geografía. Editorial Prensa Valenciana. 2009.
- ↑ Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2008). "Platges de València". www.valencia.es (in català). Retrieved October 18, 2011.
- ↑ "Valencia, entorno natural". http://www.fvmp.es/ (in español). Federación Valenciana de Municipios y Provincias. 2011. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
{{cite web}}: External link in|work= - ↑ Aparicio Pérez, José (March 9, 2008). "Origen y fundación de Valencia". Las Provincias (in español).
- ↑ EFE (February 13, 2008). "Unos restos arqueológicos prueban que hubo actividad humana en Valencia en el siglo III a. C." www.elmundo.es (in español). Mundinteractivos, S.A. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
- ↑ 84.0 84.1 84.2 84.3 84.4 84.5 Amando Llopis, Luis Perdigón y Francisco Taberner (2004). "Valencia 138 a. C.-1929. De la fundación de la ciudad romana a la configuración y colmatación de la ciudad burguesa". Faxdocs (in español). Faximil Ediciones Digitales. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
- ↑ 85.00 85.01 85.02 85.03 85.04 85.05 85.06 85.07 85.08 85.09 85.10 85.11 85.12 85.13 Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2008). "Historia de Valencia". www.fvmp.es (in español). Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
- ↑ Furió Diego 2002
- ↑ Coscollá Sanz 2003, pp. 11–21
- ↑ Montaner Frutos, Alberto; Boix Jovaní, Alfonso (2005). "La Batalla de Cuarte (1094). Una victoria del Cid sobre los almorávides en la historia y en la poesía". Guerra en Šarq Alʼandalus: Las batallas cidianas de Morella (1084) y Cuarte (1094) (in español). Zaragoza: Instituto de Estudios Islámicos y del Oriente Próximo. pp. 97–340. ISBN 978-84-95736-04-8.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ Coscollá Sanz 2003, p. 44: «Jimena took her husband's body; the army set fire to the cathedral, the alcázar, palaces, mosques, even those that had been consecrated as churches, and private houses, all of it after plundering and taking whatever they could.»
- ↑ Cabanes Pecourt & Ferrer Navarro 1979
- ↑ Furió Diego 2002
- ↑ Puerto Ferre & Culla Hernández 2007
- ↑ Furió Diego 2002
- ↑ Espinach, G. N. (1999). Los orígenes de la sedería valenciana (siglos XV-XVI) (Vol. 14). Ajuntament de Valencia Oficina D'Estadistica.
- ↑ historiasiglo20.org (2005). "El Imperio de Carlos V: Conflictos internos. Comunidades y Germanías". Historiasiglo20.org El sitio web de la historia del siglo XX (in español). Retrieved October 17, 2011.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Escartí i Soriano 2009, p. 336
- ↑ Benítez Sánchez-Blanco, Rafael (2001). Heroicas decisiones: la monarquía católica y los Moriscos valencianos (in español) (Primera ed.). Valencia: Institució Alfons el Magnànim. p. 431. ISBN 8478223649.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ Francisco García González (2009). La Guerra de Sucesión en España y la batalla de Almansa (in español). Madrid: Sílex. p. 546. ISBN 978-84-7737-232-5.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ Philip V (1707). "Decreto de abolición de los Fueros de Aragón y Valencia" (in español). Retrieved October 18, 2011.
He juzgado conveniente... abolir y derogar enteramente, como desde luego doy por abolidos y derogados, todos los referidos fueros, privilegios, práctica y costumbre hasta aquí observadas en los referidos reinos de Aragón y Valencia
- ↑ DANIEL SALA (April 27, 2007). "La Ciudadela". www.lasprovincias.es (in español). Vocento. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
- ↑ Furió Diego 2002
- ↑ Hernando Serra 2004, p. 252
- ↑ historiasiglo20.org (2005). "Fernando VII: Absolutismo y liberalismo. La Emancipación de América Latina". Historiasiglo20.org El sitio web de la historia del siglo XX (in español). Retrieved October 17, 2011.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ https://www.ine.es/inebaseweb/pdfDispacher.do?td=192506&ext=.pdf
- ↑ Barón Fernández 1998, p. 336
- ↑ Francesc Pérez Moragó (1999). "Cien años del Banco de Valencia" (in español). Banco de Valencia. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
- ↑ Furió Diego 2007, p. 495
- ↑ Ha sido bombardeada Valencia por los nacionales, in the newspaper Azul, January 14, 1937, p. 7.
- ↑ Sorribes 2009, p. 156
- ↑ Alberola, Miquel (February 26, 2006). "La ocupación de Valencia del 23-F". El País (in español).
- ↑ Alberola, Miquel (February 19, 2007). "La clave de la 'batalla de Valencia'". El País (in español).
- ↑ Felip i Sardá, Josep María; Sanz Díaz, Benito (2006). La construcción política de la Comunidad Valenciana (1962-1983) (in español). Valencia: Fundación Alfons el Magnànim. ISBN 84-7822-476-9.
- ↑ "CIUDAD DE LAS ARTES Y LAS CIENCIAS, SA". www.cac.es (in español). Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias. Generalitat Valenciana. 2011. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
- ↑ 114.0 114.1 Dr. Salvador Carrasco-Arroyo. y Dr. Pau Rausell-Köster (June 6–9, 2005). TURISMO, CULTURA Y COMPETITIVIDAD URBANA: EL CASO DE LA. CIUDAD DE VALENCIA (PDF). IV Congreso internacional de cultura y desarrollo (in español). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 25, 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
- ↑ Instituto Nacional de Estadística (España). "Alteraciones de los municipios en los Censos de Población desde 1842" (in español). Retrieved June 22, 2024.
- ↑ Secretaría General Técnica, Ministerio de Administraciones Públicas (2008). Variaciones de los Municipios de España desde 1842 (PDF) (in español) (1.ª ed.). Madrid: Gobierno de España. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
- ↑ 117.0 117.1 INE (2013). "Padrón de habitantes 2013. Municipios del área metropolitana de Valencia" (in español). Ayuntamiento de Valencia.
- ↑ BATISTA, J. (April 5, 2011). "El número de inmigrantes cae por primera vez tras 16 años de constante incremento". www.lasprovincias.es (in español). Vocento. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
- ↑ Instituto Nacional de EstadisticaNomenclátor: (January 1, 2015). "Población del Padrón Continuo por Unidad Poblacional" (in español). Retrieved March 16, 2015.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ↑ Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2009). "POBLACIÓN SEGÚN EDAD Y SEXO EN GRUPOS DE CINCO AÑOS. 2009". www.ayuntamientovalencia.com (in español).
- ↑ 121.0 121.1 Oficina d’Estadística del Ajuntament de València (2011). "POBLACIÓ DE NACIONALITAT ESTRANGERA A LA CIUTAT DE VALÈNCIA. PADRÓ MUNICIPAL A 1 DE GENER DE 2011" (PDF) (in català). Ayuntamiento de Valencia.
- ↑ Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia (in español). Vol. CLXXIII. Madrid: Publicaciones de la Real Academia de la Historia. 1976. p. 214. ISSN 0034-0626.
- ↑ Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2009). "Distritos de Valencia". www.valencia.es (in español). Retrieved October 23, 2011.
- ↑ Turismo Valencia (2011). "Plano General de Valencia" (PDF). www.turisvalencia.es (in español). Retrieved October 18, 2011.
- ↑ djaa, cultura, valencia y benimàmet, ed. (2011). "Murallas de Valencia". www.jdiezarnal.com (in español). Retrieved September 17, 2011.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - ↑ JAVIER REIGADAS (May 21, 2007). "La Ronda Norte de Valencia se abre al tráfico esta semana". ABC.es (in español). Vocento. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
- ↑ CARLOS N C (May 9, 2007). "Abren toda la ronda sur al tráfico". www.20minutos.es (in español). Multiprensa y Más. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
- ↑ Josep Vicent Boira i Maiques (2000). "Els orígens del Passeig de València al Mar" (PDF). Cuadernos de Geografía (in català) (67/68). Valencia: Departamento de Geografía de la Universidad de Valencia: 191–207. ISSN 0210-086X. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
{{cite journal}}: External link in|issue= - ↑ djaa, cultura, valencia y benimàmet, ed. (2007). "PUENTES SOBRE EL CAUCE DEL RÍO TURIA". www.jdiezarnal.com (in español). Retrieved October 17, 2011.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - ↑ JOSÉ PARRILLA VALENCIA (March 10, 2012). "Pasarela de teca para 10 000 personas diarias". www.levante-emv.com (in español). Editorial Prensa Ibérica. Retrieved March 11, 2012.
- ↑ Redacción de LP (October 8, 2010). "Valencia es una de las ciudades más verdes de España". lasprovincias.es (in español). Vocento. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ 132.0 132.1 Jardín Botánico de la Universidad de València (2008). "Jardí Botànic de la Universitat de València". ww.jardibotanic.org (in català). Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2010). "Jardines del Real o Jardines de Viveros". www.valencia.es (in español). Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2010). "La Alameda". www.valencia.es (in español). Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2010). "El Parterre". www.valencia.es (in español). Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2010). "Parque de Benicalap". www.valencia.es (in español). Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2010). "El jardín de Ayora". www.valencia.es (in español). Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ FVMP (2007). "VALENCIA. Actividades económicas, sectores económicos". www.fvmp.es (in español). Retrieved September 18, 2011.
- ↑ Conselleria de medi ambient, aigua, urbanisme i habitatge (2010). "Memoria ambiental del Plan de Acción Territorial de la Huerta" (PDF). Plan de Acción Territorial de la Huerta (in español). Retrieved September 18, 2011.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Signes Martínez, Francisco (2003). "Historia gráfica de una industria valenciana desde 1891 a 2001". Dialnet (in español) (466). ISSN 1134-1416. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
- ↑ GARCÍA DEL MORAL, JUANJO (July 2, 1998). "Los Reyes inauguran hoy el Palacio de Congresos que Rita Barberá ha convertido en su estandarte" (html). www.elpaís.com (in español). EDICIONES EL PAÍS, S.L. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ admin_palacio. "Presentación". Palacio de Congresos Valencia (in español). Retrieved 2023-08-24.
- ↑ www.palcongres-vlc.com, ed. (July 6, 2010). "El Mejor Centro de Congresos del Mundo" (PDF) (in español). Retrieved September 17, 2011. [dead link]
- ↑ Feria Valencia, ed. (2011). "Datos Básicos sobre Feria Valencia" (html). feria.feriavalencia.com (in español). Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ Bolsa de Valencia (2000). "Historia de la Bolsa de Valencia". www.bolsavalencia.es (in español). Archived from the original on September 14, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ Bolsa de Valencia, ed. (2011). "La azarosa historia de la Bolsa de Valencia". www.bolsavalencia.es (in español). Archived from the original on September 14, 2011. Retrieved November 30, 2011.
{{cite web}}: line feed character in|title=at position 20 (help) - ↑ Bolsa de Valencia, ed. (2011). "Funcionamiento de la Bolsa". www.bolsavalencia.es (in español). Archived from the original on September 15, 2011. Retrieved November 30, 2011.
- ↑ 148.0 148.1 148.2 148.3 Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, ed. (2011). "Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación. Parque Científico de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia". www.cpi.upv.es (in español). Retrieved September 24, 2011.
- ↑ 149.0 149.1 Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, ed. (2011). "Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación. Centros de investigación". www.cpi.upv.es (in español). Retrieved September 24, 2011.
- ↑ CONSELLERIA D'EDUCACIÓ, FORMACIÓ I OCUPACIÓ, ed. (2011). "Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación" (PDF). www.edu.gva.es (in español). Retrieved September 24, 2011.
- ↑ 151.0 151.1 151.2 Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, ed. (2011). "ASPECTOS BÁSICOS" (in español). Archived from the original (html) on September 7, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ 152.0 152.1 Universidad de Valencia, ed. (2011). "Parc Científic de la Universitat de València. Presentación". www.pcuv.es (in español). Archived from the original on September 9, 2011. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
- ↑ Universidad de Valencia, ed. (2011). "Parc Científic de la Universitat de València. Fundación". www.pcuv.es (in español). Archived from the original on September 8, 2011. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
- ↑ Universidad de Valencia, ed. (2011). "Parc Científic de la Universitat de València. Dónde Estamos". www.pcuv.es (in español). Archived from the original on September 24, 2011. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
- ↑ "Servicio de Ordenación Académica" (in español). CONSELLERIA D'EDUCACIÓ. 2011. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
- ↑ 156.0 156.1 156.2 "Recull estadístic de la ciutat de València 2010" (PDF) (in español). Ayuntamiento de Valencia. 2010. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
- ↑ "Conservatorio Municipal de Música 'José Iturbi'". www.valencia.es (in español). Ayuntamiento de Valencia. 2011. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
- ↑ "Conservatorio Profesional de Música de Valencia". www.cpv.edu.gva.es (in español). Conservatorio Profesional de Música de Valencia. 2011. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
- ↑ "Conservatorio Superior de Música de Valencia". www.csmvalencia.es (in español). Conservatorio Superior de Música de Valencia. 2011. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
- ↑ "Conservatorio Profesional de Danza de Valencia". www.conservatoriodedanza.com (in español). Conservatorio Profesional de Danza de Valencia. 2011. Archived from the original on April 14, 2009. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
- ↑ "Conservatorio Superior de Danza de Valencia". www.csdanza.es (in español). Conservatorio Superior de Danza de Valencia. 2011. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
- ↑ 162.0 162.1 ShanghaiRanking Consultancy (2011). "UPV en el Ranking de Shanghái". www.arwu.org. Archived from the original on October 7, 2011. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
- ↑ Universitat de València (2011). "Universidad de Valencia". www.uv.es (in español). Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ Universitat de València (2008). "Edificio La Nau". www.uv.es (in español). Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ Z., I. (November 10, 2007). "La Universitat de València recupera el Palau de Cerveró". ElPaís.com (in español). EDICIONES EL PAÍS, S.L. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ Universitat Politècnica de València (2011). "Universidad Politécnica de Valencia". www.upv.es (in español). Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ Universidad Católica de Valencia. San Vicente Mártir. (2011). "Universidad Católica de Valencia. San Vicente Mártir". www.ucv.es (in español). Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ "80 Opiniones REALES de Implika Valencia (Centro de Enseñanza) en Valencia | GuiaDeMicroempresas.es". 80 Opiniones REALES de Implika Valencia (Centro de Enseñanza) en Valencia | GuiaDeMicroempresas.es (in español). Retrieved 2022-06-17.
- ↑ UNED (2011). "Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, "Centro Alcira-Valencia Francisco Tomás y Valiente"". www.uned-valencia.net (in español). Retrieved October 1, 2011.
- ↑ Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera (2011). "Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera". www.uchceu.es (in español). Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ ESIC (2011). "Escuela de negocios Valencia ESIC". www.esic.es (in español). Archived from the original on August 23, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ Universidad Europea de Valencia (2014). "Universidad Europea de Valencia". www.valencia.universidadeuropea.es (in español). Retrieved November 16, 2014.
- ↑ "Conselleria de Educación, Cultura y Deporte - Conselleria de Educación, Cultura y Deporte - Generalitat Valenciana". Conselleria de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (in español). Retrieved 2022-06-17.
- ↑ 174.0 174.1 "Centro de Salud Pública de Valencia". www.sp.san.gva.es (in español). Conselleria de Sanitat. 2011. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
- ↑ 175.0 175.1 "Centros y Servicios del Sistema Nacional de Salud". www.msc.es (in español). Ministerio de Sanidad, Política Social e Igualdad. 2011. Retrieved November 6, 2011.[dead link]
- ↑ 176.0 176.1 176.2 Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2009). "Parques". www.valencia.es (in español). Retrieved November 17, 2011.
- ↑ 177.0 177.1 "LA CENTRAL DE LA POLICÍA LOCAL DE VALENCIA". www.policialocalvalencia.es (in español). Policía Local de Valencia. 2011. Archived from the original on December 19, 2011. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
- ↑ "Dependencias Policiales de Valencia (Valencia)". www.policia.es (in español). Dirección General de la Policía y de la Guardia Civil. 2011. Archived from the original on November 18, 2011. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
- ↑ "Orden de 16 de septiembre de 1992 por la que se constituye una Unidad del Cuerpo Nacional de Policía y se adscribe a la Comunidad Valenciana" (PDF). www.boe.es (in español). Agencia Estatal BOLETÍN OFICIAL DEL ESTADO. 1992. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
- ↑ 180.0 180.1 "HISTORIA DE LA POLICÍA LOCAL DE VALENCIA". www.policialocalvalencia.es (in español). Policía Local de Valencia. 2011. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
- ↑ "RECURSOS HUMANOS Y MATERIALES". www.policialocalvalencia.es (in español). Policía Local de Valencia. 2011. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
- ↑ "Policía Local de Valencia". www.policialocalvalencia.es (in español). Policía Local de Valencia. 2011. Archived from the original on November 2, 2011. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
- ↑ Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2009). "Antecedentes Históricos". www.valencia.es (in español). Retrieved November 17, 2011.
- ↑ Álvarez Rubio & Ferrer Álvarez 2007, p. 462.
- ↑ "Ley de Tráfico, Circulación y Seguridad Vial" (PDF) (in español). Dirección General de Tráfico. Archived from the original (pdf) on October 13, 2009.
- ↑ "ORDENANZA DE CIRCULACIÓN" (pdf) (in español). Ayuntamiento de Valencia. 2010. Retrieved December 19, 2011.
- ↑ 187.0 187.1 187.2 "Carril bici en Valencia" (in español). 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
- ↑ EMT Valencia (2009). "Antecedentes históricos". www.emtvalencia.es (in español). Archived from the original on July 10, 2020. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
- ↑ EMT Valencia (2009). "Compañía de tranvías (CTFV)". www.emtvalencia.es (in español). Archived from the original on July 10, 2020. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
- ↑ FGV (2005). "Metrovalencia - Evolución histórica". www.fgv.es (in español). Archived from the original on July 13, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
- ↑ FGV (2011). "Moverse con Metrovalencia - Las Líneas". www.metrovalencia.es (in español). Retrieved September 19, 2011.
- ↑ 192.0 192.1 CANAL NOU (May 5, 1995). "Inauguración Línea 3 Metro Valencia (Spain)". Youtube (in Valencian). www.youtube.com. Archived from the original on July 29, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ EMT (2008). "EMT Valencia". www.emtvalencia.es (in español). Retrieved October 18, 2011.
- ↑ Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2007). "EMT - EMPRESA MUNICIPAL TRANSPORTES". www.valencia.es (in español). Retrieved October 18, 2011.
- ↑ 195.0 195.1 Agència Valenciana de Mobilitat (2011). "Gestión del Taxi. Área de prestación conjunta de Valencia". www.avmm.es (in español). Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
- ↑ ECOticias.com, ECOTICIAS.COM (November 13, 2008). "Actualmente existen 69 vehículos híbridos prestando el servicio de taxi en el Área de Valencia" (in español). Grupo ECOticias.com. Retrieved September 17, 2009.
- ↑ Agència Valenciana de Mobilitat (March 10, 2011). "La Agencia Valenciana de Movilidad estudia la introducción de taxis totalmente ecológicos en Valencia". www.avmm.es (in español). Archived from the original on October 1, 2011. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
- ↑ "Plano del carril bici de Valencia" (in español). 2020. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
- ↑ www.valenbisi.es (2011). "Muévete por tu ciudad con Valenbisi" (in español). Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ Paco Moreno (November 28, 2011). "La Policía Local empieza una campaña de multas a ciclistas". www.lasprovincias.es (in español). Vocento. Archived from the original on December 3, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2009.
- ↑ www.valenbisi.es (2011). "Cómo funciona Valenbisi" (in español). Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ 202.0 202.1 202.2 Agència Valenciana de Mobilitat (2011). "MetroBus". www.avmm.es (in español). Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
- ↑ Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2009). "ESTACIÓN DE AUTOBUSES DE VALENCIA". www.valencia.es (in español). Retrieved November 19, 2011.
- ↑ Julián Vida Barea para GyC (2001). "ESTACIÓN DE AUTOBUSES. Estación de bus de Valencia". www.estaciondeautobuses.es (in español). Archived from the original on September 2, 2011. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
- ↑ EFE (October 2, 2010). "El AVE llegará a Valencia el 18 de diciembre". www.elpais.com (in español). EDICIONES EL PAÍS, S.L. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
- ↑ EFE (October 11, 2010). "La estación del AVE de Valencia se llamará "Joaquín Sorolla"". www.elpais.com (in español). EDICIONES EL PAÍS, S.L. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
- ↑ Renfe (2011). "Mapa de zonas de Valencia". www.renfe.com (in español). Archived from the original on July 1, 2011. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
- ↑ Renfe (2011). "Mapa de zonas de Media Distancia de Levante" (PDF). www.renfe.com (in español). Retrieved September 19, 2011.
- ↑ 209.0 209.1 Aena Aeropuertos, S.A. (2011). "Aeropuerto de Valencia, historia". www.aena-aeropuertos.es (in español). Ministerio de Fomento. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Oller & Utrilla 2007, p. 128.
- ↑ Aena Aeropuertos, S.A. (2011). "Aeropuerto de Valencia, presentación". www.aena-aeropuertos.es (in español). Ministerio de Fomento. Archived from the original on February 19, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Redacción (June 2, 2011). "Delta reanuda la ruta Valencia-Nueva York". www.lasprovincias.es (in español). Vocento. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Redacción Valencia Plaza (March 8, 2010). "El aeropuerto de Valencia despega con una nueva ampliación por valor de 80 millones de euros". www.valenciaplaza.com (in español). Ediciones Valencia Plaza SL. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ "ZAL de Valencia" (in español). Valenciaport (Autoridad Portuaria de Valencia). 2011. Archived from the original on September 4, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ "Valenciaport cruceros y ferries" (in español). Valenciaport (Autoridad Portuaria de Valencia). 2011. Archived from the original (html) on September 16, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ "Rutas en ferry" (html) (in español). Acciona Trasmediterránea. 2015. Retrieved March 23, 2015.
- ↑ Redacción (March 26, 2011). "El puerto de Valencia recibió a 253 000 pasajeros en 2010, un 37 por ciento más que en 2009". www.diariocriticocv.com (in español). Diariocrítico de la Comunidad Valenciana, SL. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ "La Iglesia Catedral". www.catedraldevalencia.es (in español). Cabildo Metropolitano de Valencia. 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2009). "Real Basílica de Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados". www.valencia.es (in español). Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Real Basílica de Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados (2011). "Real Basílica de Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados". www.basilicadesamparados.org (in español). Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ San Nicolás recibe el reconocimiento como museo por parte de la Generalitat (in Spanish)
- ↑ Horario Agenda de la iglesia de San Nicolás (in Spanish)
- ↑ Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2009). "Iglesia de Santa Catalina". www.valencia.es (in español). Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Pingarrón Esaín, F. (2002). "El campanario barroco de la iglesia de Santa Catalina Mártir de Valencia". Série Històrica (in español) (24). Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana. ISSN 0214-025X.
- ↑ Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2009). "REAL Y PARROQUIAL IGLESIA DE LOS SANTOS JUANES O SAN JUAN DEL MERCADO". www.valencia.es (in español). Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ 226.0 226.1 226.2 226.3 "VALENCIA: cultura. Patrimonio histórico artístico". www.fvmp.es (in español). FVMP. 2009. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
- ↑ Luz rasante (June 2, 2012): La restauración de los Santos Juanes de Valencia. (in Spanish)
- ↑ 228.0 228.1 Iglesia y museo de San Juan del Hospital (2007–2011). "Iglesia de San Juan del Hospital de Valencia". www.sanjuandelhospital.es (in español). Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Biblioteca Valenciana (2009). "San Miguel de los Reyes". www.bv.gva.es (in español). Archived from the original on September 4, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ "CRUCES DE TÉRMINO DE VALENCIA". www.jdiezarnal.com (in español). djaa, cultura, valencia y benimàmet. 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2009). "La Lonja de la Seda de Valencia". whc.unesco.org (in español). Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ La Gran Enciclopèdia en valencià (Tomo12) (in Valencian). Barcelona, Edicions 62. 2004. ISBN 84-297-5440-7.
- ↑ Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2010). "Palacio de Benicarló". www.valencia.es (in español). Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ "RESOLUCIÓN de 30 de noviembre de 2007, de la Dirección General de Patrimonio Cultural Valenciano, de la Conselleria de Cultura y Deporte, por la que se incoa expediente en relación con la declaración como bien de interés cultural del Palau de la Generalitat" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in español) (5912). January 31, 2008. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2010). "Torres de Serranos". www.valencia.es (in español). Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2010). "Torres de Quart". www.valencia.es (in español). Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Museo Nacional de Cerámica y Artes Suntuarias González Martí (2010). "Historia del edificio". www.mnceramica.mcu.es (in español). Ministerio de Cultura. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2010). "Palacio de Justicia". www.valencia.es (in español). Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Toros del Mediterráneo - Simon Casas Production, SAS UTE (2011). "Plaza de Toros de Valencia". www.torosvalencia.com (in español). Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2010). "Plaza de Toros". www.valencia.es (in español). Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2010). "Casa Consistorial y su entorno urbanístico 1". www.valencia.es (in español). Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2010). "Casa Consistorial y su entorno urbanístico 2". www.valencia.es (in español). Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Aguilar Civera 1984, p. 176
- ↑ ADIF (2011). "Estaciones Históricas. Estación del Norte (Valencia)". www.adif.es (in español). Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2010). "Mercado Central". www.valencia.es (in español). Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Actuaciones Urbanas de Valencia (2010). "Mercado de Colón, el edificio". www.mercadocolon.es (in español). Ayuntamiento de Valencia. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ "La Marina Real Juan Carlos I, Tinglados". www.marinarealjuancarlosi.com (in español). Marina Real Juan Carlos I. 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
- ↑ Polémica alrededor del Palau de les Arts (in Spanish) Retrieved October 29, 2021.
- ↑ Frederic Garcia i Nieto (2007). "História del comic valencià. Una aproximació" (PDF) (in català). Centenar de la Ploma. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ Porcel Torrens 2002, p. 516.
- ↑ Centro Cultural La Beneficencia (2011). "Sala Parpalló". www.salaparpallo.es. Archived from the original on September 16, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2011). "BIBLIOTECAS MUNICIPALES". www.valencia.es (in español). Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2008). "ARCHIVO HISTÓRICO MUNICIPAL". www.valencia.es (in español). Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ Teatres de la Generalitat (2011). "Teatres de la Generalitat". www.teatres.gva.es. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ Cinema Jove (2011). "Presentación del festival Cinema Jove". www.cinemajove.com (in español). Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ MIKEL LABASTIDA (November 22, 2011). "De Cinema Jove a Festival Internacional de Cine de Valencia". www.lasprovincias.es (in español). Vocento. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
- ↑ European Coordination of Film Festivals (2008). "European Coordination of Film Festivals (ECFF)". www.femmetotale.de. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ ACICOM (2011). "TIRANT AVANT 2011 ha convocat de nou els Premis Tirant Avant 2011 a les Produccions Escolars Valencianes". www.acicom.org (in català). Archived from the original on October 14, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ Vázquez, Cristina (September 28, 2011). "Rita Barberá suspende la Mostra de Valencia para ahorrar 1,7 millones". El País (in español).
- ↑ Fundación VEO (2011). "València Escena Obèrta (VEO)". www.fundacionveo.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ El País Valencia (June 2, 2006). "La periodista Mariví Martín sustituye a Toni Cantó al frente del festival VEO". www.elpais.com (in español). EDICIONES EL PAÍS, S.L. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
- ↑ Europa Press (March 3, 2011). "Mariví Martín se despide de la dirección del VEO con un 95 % de ocupación de espectáculos". www.europapress.es (in español). Europa Press. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
- ↑ EL PAÍS / AGENCIAS (October 27, 2011). "Valencia suprime también el festival de teatro Veo para ahorrar". www.elpais.com (in español). EDICIONES EL PAÍS, S.L. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
- ↑ "Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua". www.avl.gva.es. Archived from the original on March 5, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
- ↑ Emilio García Gómez (2006). "El "apitxat" de Valencia, el ejército y otras cuestiones delicadas". www.etnografo.com (in español). Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
- ↑ "Ley Valenciana de la Música". BOE (in español). May 12, 1998.
- ↑ cibm-valencia (2011). "Historia del Certamen Internacional de Bandas de Música de Valencia". www.cibm-valencia.com (in español). Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ sailorblur (December 21, 2007). "The Cure para el festival MTV Winter 2008". Cucaracha Sónica (in español). Hipertextual. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ 20 MINUTOS (December 9, 2008). "Franz Ferdinand encabezará el MTV Winter". ww.20minutos.es (in español). Multiprensa y Más. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ dyingtokillyou (February 15, 2010). "MTV Winter 2010: Arctic Monkeys, Mystery Jets, Lightspeed Champion, Fuzzy White Casters (Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, Valencia)". www.discotraxx.es (in español). Archived from the original on September 16, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ Redacción ABC (January 20, 2010). "Arctic Monkeys, primer invitado de la tercera edición del 'MTV Winter'". ABC.es (in español). Vocento. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ Redacción Levante (February 23, 2011). "´My Chemical Romance´ y ´Sum 41´, estrellas del MTV Winter". LEVANTE-EMV.COM (in español). Editorial Prensa Ibérica. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ Palau de la Música i Congressos de Valencia (2011). "Palau de la Música". www.palaudevalencia.com. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Palau de les Arts. Fundació de la Comunitat Valenciana (2011). "Palau de les Arts Reina Sofia". www.lesarts.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Europa Press (October 7, 2005). "La Reina Sofía inaugura el Palau de les Arts, la mayor infraestructura nacional de artes escénicas". www.elconfidencial.com (in español). Titania Compañía Editorial, S.L. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Pérez Puche 2009, p. 333.
- ↑ Solaz Albert 2009, p. 254.
- ↑ EFE (January 13, 2015). "La crisis acaba con la Valencia Fashion Week". www.elmundo.es (in español). Unidad Editorial Información General S.L.U. Retrieved February 28, 2015.
- ↑ www.valenciafashionweek.com (2011). "Valencia Fashion Week". www.valenciafashionweek.com. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ C. VELASCO (September 11, 2011). "32 000 'fashionistas' en el Ágora". lasprovincias.es (in español). Vocento. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
- ↑ Campus PartyTM (2010). "Campus Party. El evento". www.campus-party.es (in español). Archived from the original on September 25, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ J. F. A./ ABC (February 28, 2012). "La Campus Party se va de Valencia". ABC.es (in español). Vocento. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
- ↑ FEDERICO SIMÓN (November 12, 2007). "Cumbre del cambio climático en Valencia". ElPaís.com (in español). EDICIONES EL PAÍS, S.L. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2005). "Congreso Internacional de Astronáutica". www.valencia.es (in español). Archived from the original on October 7, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ Agencias (November 12, 2007). "El Papa anuncia que el V Encuentro Mundial de la Familia tendrá lugar en Valencia en 2006". ABC.es (in español). Vocento. Retrieved January 25, 2003.
- ↑ EFE (July 9, 2006). "Clausura del V Encuentro Mundial de las Familias". ElPaís.com (in español). EDICIONES EL PAÍS, S.L. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ 287.0 287.1 Ayuntamiento de Valencia (2008). "Fiestas de Valencia". www.fvmp.es (in español). Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Conselleria de turisme de la Comunitat Valenciana (2011). "LISTADO DE FIESTAS DE INTERÉS TURÍSTICO QUE SE CELEBRAN EN LA COMUNITAT VALENCIANA, EN SUS DIVERSAS MODALIDADES, RECONOCIDAS POR LA SECRETARÍA GENERAL DE TURISMO (MINISTERIO DE INDUSTRIA, TURISMO Y COMERCIO)" (PDF) (in español). p. 1. Retrieved March 2011.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help) - ↑ Díaz Tortajada & Contreras Juesas 2009, p. 336.
- ↑ Junta Mayor de la Semana Santa Marinera (2011). "HISTORIA DE LA SEMANA SANTA MARINERA". www.semanasantamarinera.org (in español). Archived from the original on September 2, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Agencia Católica de Informaciones (April 5, 2011). "San Vicente Ferrer". www.aciprensa.com (in español). Retrieved September 24, 2011.
- ↑ 292.0 292.1 Ayuntamiento de Valencia, ed. (2009). "VALENCIA, cultura y fiestas" (in español). p. 1. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved November 2011.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help) - ↑ PATRONATO PROVINCIAL DE VALENCIA DE TURISMO (2009). "FESTIVIDAD DE LA VIRGEN DE LOS DESAMPARADOS". www.valenciaterraimar.org (in español). Archived from the original on January 27, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Ariño Vilaroya, Antonio (1988). El Corpus Republicano (Evolución de la fiesta del Corpus entre 1860 y 1875). Valencia. Depósito Legal V-14-1988.
- ↑ Asiciació d'Amics del Corpus de la Ciutat de Valencia, ed. (2009). "Asiciació d'Amics del Corpus de la Ciutat de Valencia" (in català). Retrieved November 2011.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help) - ↑ 296.0 296.1 TURISMO VALENCIA (2011). "Feria de Julio". www.turisvalencia.es (in español). Archived from the original on October 2, 2011. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
- ↑ 297.0 297.1 TURISMO VALENCIA (2011). "9 de octubre". www.turisvalencia.es (in español). Retrieved September 19, 2011.
- ↑ Falles Alzira.com (2010). "INDUMENTÀRIA FEMENINA VALENCIANA". www.falles-alzira.com (in català). Archived from the original on October 7, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ Falles Alzira.com (2010). "INDUMENTÀRIA VALENCIANA MASCULINA". www.falles-alzira.com (in català). Archived from the original on September 26, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ GÓMEZ BAYARRI, JOSÉ VICENTE (November 15, 2009). "La agricultura y el Tribunal de las Aguas en la Valencia musulmana". Las Provincias (in español). Vocento. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ 301.0 301.1 Roca, Rafael. "Historia de la Plaza de Toros de Valencia". Ateneo Mercantil de Valencia (in español). Retrieved December 29, 2019.
- ↑ "Cartilla, en que se proponen las reglas, para torear a caballo, y practicar este valeroso, noble exercicio, con toda destreza". Biblioteca Digital Hispánica (in español). Retrieved December 29, 2019.
- ↑ Museo Taurino de Valencia (2008). "Museo Taurino de Valencia". www.museotaurinovalencia.es (in español). Archived from the original on September 23, 2011. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
- ↑ PortalTaurino (2011). "FESTEJOS TAURINOS DURANTE EL MES DE MARZO". www.portaltaurino.com (in español). Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
- ↑ PortalTaurino (2011). "FESTEJOS TAURINOS DURANTE EL MES DE JULIO". www.portaltaurino.com (in español). Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
- ↑ "Matadores Valencianos". Unión taurina Comunidad Valenciana (in español). Retrieved December 29, 2019.
- ↑ Luján & Perucho 2003, p. 333.
- ↑ JOAN LLENAS, SALVADOR GASCON (2006). Los mejores arroces de la Comunidad Valenciana (in español). Everest. p. 240. ISBN 9788424184148.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ Juancho Pereda Vals, Maribel Zuazo Carmona, Miguel Fernández Gaona y Mariam de las Heras (2011). "Mistela". www.vinos-ymas-vino.com (in español). Archived from the original on December 10, 2011. Retrieved December 10, 2011.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ "Una bebida exportada a otras ciudades" (in español). Las Provincias. June 9, 2009. Retrieved June 9, 2009.
- ↑ Adolf Beltrán (June 9, 2009). "Constante Gil, un pintor entre el arte y la tertulia" (in español). El País. Retrieved June 9, 2009.
- ↑ Manuel Perís (June 9, 2009). "La cervecería perdida" (in español). El País. Retrieved June 9, 2009.
- ↑ Fundación Deportiva Municipal Valencia (2011). "Palau Velódrom Lluís Puig". www.deportevalencia.com. Archived from the original on June 26, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ Fundación Deportiva Municipal Valencia (2011). "Centre Municipal de Pilota Valenciana". www.deportevalencia.com. Archived from the original on September 25, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ Fundación Deportiva Municipal Valencia (2011). "Pavelló Font de San Lluís". www.deportevalencia.com. Archived from the original on June 26, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ SOLDADO, A. (March 8, 2010). "Pelayo: historia y futuro..." www.levante-emv.com (in español). Editorial Prensa Ibérica. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ www.ciberche.net (2011). "Los títulos del Valencia CF" (in español). Archived from the original on September 2, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ Richard Battle, Adam Bull, Martyn Hawkins, Simon Hearne, Rich Parkes and Alexander Thorpe (February 2011). Dan Jones (ed.). "The untouchables Football Money League" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 11, 2012. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ CIS, ed. (May 2007). "BARÓMETRO DE MAYO. Estudio nº 2705" (PDF). Retrieved December 4, 2011.
- ↑ AGRUPACIÓN DE PEÑAS VALENCIANISTAS, ed. (2011). "Censo de peñas valencianistas de España" (in español). Archived from the original on January 11, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
- ↑ Levante UD (2009). "Levante UD. Historia". levanteud.com (in español). Archived from the original on November 22, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ VBC (2009). "VBC Historia". www.valenciabasket.com (in català). Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Ros Casares Basket (2011). "Ros Casares Basket". www.roscasaresbasket.com. Archived from the original on February 13, 2010. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Real Club Náutico de Valencia (2011). "Historia del Real Club Náutico de Valencia". www.rcnv.es (in español). Archived from the original on October 20, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Federación Valenciana de Municipios y Provincias, ed. (2011). "Copia archivada". www.fvmp.es (in español). Archived from the original on April 19, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
- ↑ Valencia C.A. (2011). "Historia del ValenciaCA". www.valenciaca.es (in español). Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ CLUB DE TENIS VALENCIA (2011). "EL CLUB: HISTORIA". www.clubdetenisvalencia.es (in español). Archived from the original on October 27, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Real Aeroclub de Valencia (2008). "Historia del Aeroclub". www.realaeroclubvalencia.es (in español). Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Fundación Deportiva Municipal Valencia (2011). "European Capital of Sport Valencia 2011". www.deportevalencia.com. Archived from the original on October 23, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ EFE (November 13, 2009). Unidad Editorial Internet, S.L. (ed.). "Valencia será la capital europea del deporte en 2011". www.elmundo.es (in español). Retrieved September 28, 2011.
- ↑ 20MINUTOS.ES/AGENCIAS (March 7, 2008). "Inaugurados los Mundiales de Atletismo en pista cubierta de Valencia". www.20minutos.es (in español). Multiprensa y Más. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Conselleria de Turismo, Cultura y Deporte, ed. (2010). "III Juegos Europeos de Policías y Bomberos 2010 en Valencia". Portal Oficial de Turismo de la Comunitat Valenciana (in español). Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ Redacción de Valencia del Levante EMV (June 7, 2010). "Hoy empiezan los juegos de policías y bomberos". www.levante-emv.com (in español). Editorial Prensa Ibérica. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ Federico Apa (April 20, 2011). "Especial Copa del Rey: A 21 años de la final entre Barcelona y Real Madrid en Mestalla". Goal.com (in español). Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ EFE/REDACCIÓN (February 21, 2014). "Mestalla acogerá la final de la Copa del Rey el 16 de abril". www.valenciacf.lasprovincias.es (in español). Retrieved February 21, 2014.
- ↑ AFP (June 6, 2007). "New Zealand campeón de Copa Louis Vuitton". eluniverso.com (in español). Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ HOLA.COM (July 3, 2007). "El 'Alinghi', vencedor de la 32.ª edición de la Copa América" (in español). HOLA S.A. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ EFE (February 12, 2010). "El BMW Oracle arrasa al Alinghi y gana el primer duelo de la Copa América". Marca.com (in español). UNIDAD EDITORIAL. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ EL PERIÓDICO NAUTICO (February 14, 2010). "BMW Oracle Racing gana la 33 America's Cup". ELPERIODICONAUTICO.COM (in español). Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ↑ Federación de la Pilota Valenciana (August 6, 2011). "El "XX Día de la Pilota Valenciana" será espectacular". www.fedpival.es (in español). Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Valencia Triatlón (2011). "Valencia Triatlón". www.valenciatriatlon.es (in español). Archived from the original on October 22, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Maratón Divina Pastora de Valencia (2011). "Maratón Divina Pastora Valencia, nuestra historia". www.maratondivinapastoravalencia.com (in español). Archived from the original on October 4, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Medio maratón de Valencia (2011). "Medio Maratón de Valencia". www.mediomaratonvalencia.com (in español). Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ Europa Press (September 7, 2009). "Más de 100 pilotos participarán en el VI Festival Aéreo Ciudad de Valencia". www.lasprovincias.es (in español). Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ↑ "Ciudades hermanadas con Valencia". Ayuntamiento de Valencia (in español). August 21, 2023.
Bibliography
- Aguilar Civera, Inmaculada (1984). Historia de las estaciones, arquitectura ferroviaria de Valencia (in español). Valencia: Diputación de Valencia. ISBN 84-500-9904-8.
- Algarra Pardo, Víctor M. (coordinator) (2003). La rambleta de la huerta de Favara. Patrimonio histórico y natural de la ciudad de Valencia (in español). Valencia: Ayuntamiento de Valencia. ISBN 9788484840763.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - Álvarez Rubio, Amparo; Ferrer Álvarez, Mireilla (2007). 150 años del cuerpo de bomberos de Valencia 1857-2007 (in español). Valencia: Ayuntamiento de Valencia. ISBN 978-84-8484-235-4.
- Atienza, Antoni (2001). La Real Senyera: Bandera nacional dels valencians (in Valencian). Real Academia de Cultura Valenciana. ISBN 9788489737266.
- Barón Fernández, José (1998). El Movimiento cantonal de 1873: 1.ª República (in español). La Coruña: Ediciós do Castro. ISBN 84-7492-896-6.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - Blasco Ibáñez, Vicente (2001) [1902]. Cañas y barro (in español). Madrid: Alianza. p. 280. ISBN 9788420633473.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - Cabanes Pecourt, M.D.; Ferrer Navarro, R. (1979). Libre del Repartiment del Regne de València. Anúbar Ediciones. ISBN 9788470131240.
- Coscollá Sanz, Vicente (2003). La Valencia musulmana (in español). Valencia, Carena Editors. ISBN 84-87398-75-8.
- Chust Calero, Manuel (1995). Diputación Provincial de Valencia (ed.). Historia de la Diputación de Valencia (in español). ISBN 8477959781.
- Dauksis Ortola, Sonia (2002). Universitat de València, Ajuntament de València, ICARO, Univesitat Politècnica de València (ed.). Historia de la ciudad II. Territorio, sociedad y patrimonio: Una visión arquitectónica de la historia de la ciudad de Valencia (in español). Valencia: Servei de publicacions de la Universitat de València. ISBN 9788437054315.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - Díaz Tortajada, Antonio; Contreras Juesas, Rafael (2009). La Semana Santa Marinera de Valencia y sus carteles (in español). Valencia: Ayuntamiento de Valencia. ISBN 9788484842767.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - Escartí i Soriano, Vicent (2009). Jaume Bleda i l'expulsió dels moriscos valencians (in Valencian). València; Fundació Bancaixa. ISBN 978-84-8471-152-0.
- Furió Diego, Antoni (2002). História del País Valencià (in Valencian). Barcelona, Tres i Quatre. ISBN 9788475026312.
- Furió Diego, Antoni (2007). Valencia, capital de la República (in español). Valencia: Publicaciones de la Universidad de Valencia. ISBN 9788437069203.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - Hernando Serra, María Pilar (2004). El ayuntamiento de Valencia y la invasión napoleónica (in español). Valencia: Publicaciones de la Universidad de Valencia. ISBN 978-84-370-5998-3.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - Lorente Pinazo, Jorge (2008). Urbanismo en la Comunidad Valenciana. Homenaje a José Luis Lorente Tallada (in español). Valencia, Tirant lo Blanch - Homenajes y Congresos. ISBN 978-84-9876-346-1.
- Luján, Néstor; Perucho, Juan (2003). El libro de la cocina española (in español). Madrid, TUSQUETS EDITORES. ISBN 9788483108772.
- Malo de Molina, Don Manuel (1857). Rodrigo el Campeador (in español). Madrid, Imprenta Nacional. ISBN 84-8339-208-9.
{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) - Oller, Julián; Utrilla, Luis (2007). Historia del Aeropuerto de Valencia. Historia de los aeropuertos españoles (in español). Madrid, Aena. ISBN 978-84-96456-74-7.
- Orts i Bosch, Pere Maria (1979). Història de la senyera al País Valencià (in Valencian). València: edicions 3i4. ISBN 8485211901.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - Pérez Cueva, Alejandro (1994). Atlas climático de la Comunidad Valenciana (in español). Valencia: Generalitat Valenciana. ISBN 84-482-0310-0.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - Pérez Puche, Francisco (2009). Valencia 1909 exposición regional (in español). Valencia: Ayuntamiento de Valencia. ISBN 9788484842804.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - Porcel Torrens, Pedro (2002). Clásicos en Jauja. La historia del tebeo valenciano (in español). Alicante: Edicions de Ponent. ISBN 84-89929-38-6.
- Piqueras Haba, Juan (1999). El espacio valenciano, una síntesis geográfica (in español). Gules. ISBN 9788486330071.
- Puerto Ferre, Teresa; Culla Hernández, Joan Ignaci (2007). Cronología Histórica de la Lengua Valenciana (in español). Valencia: Diputación de Valencia. ISBN 84-7795-470-4.
- Sala Giner, Daniel (2007). La milenaria Acequia de Mislata (in español). Valencia: Javier Boronat, editor. ISBN 978-84-86566-29-6.
- Solaz Albert, Rafael (2009). La exposición regional valenciana de 1909 (in español). Valencia: Ayuntamiento de Valencia. ISBN 9788484842828.
- Sorribes, Josep, ed. (2009). Valencia 1957-2007: De la riada a la Copa del América (in español). Valencia: Publicacions de la Universitat de València. ISBN 978-84-370-7732-1.
- Tortosa, Paco; Prósper, Pepa (2009). La Albufera. Guía para descubrir el parque natural (in español). Valencia, Publicacions de la Universitat de València. ISBN 978-84-370-7399-6.
- Ubieto Arteta, Antonio (1979). Orígenes del Reino de Valencia (in español). Zaragoza. ISBN 84-7013-154-0.
- Uroz Sáez, José (1984). La regio Edetania en la época ibérica (in español). Instituto de Estudios Alicantinos D.L. ISBN 84-00-05700-7.
External links
