Isabella II of Spain

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Isabella II of Spain
Queen of Spain
Photographed by J. Laurent around 1860
Queen of Spain
ReignSeptember 29, 1833 – September 30, 1868
(35 years)
Abdication: June 25, 1870
(Cession of dynastic rights)
CoronationNovember 10, 1843
PredecessorFerdinand VII
SuccessorPascual Madoz
(President of the Provisional Revolutionary Junta)
Amadeo I
(King of Spain)
RegentMaría Cristina de Borbón (1833–1840)
Baldomero Espartero (1840–1843)
BornOctober 10, 1830
Madrid, Spain
DiedApril 9, 1904
(aged 73)
Paris, France
Burial
Royal Crypt of the Monastery of El Escorial
SpouseFrancisco de Asís de Borbón (1846–1902)
IssueSee Marriage and issue
HouseBourbon
FatherFerdinand VII of Spain
MotherMaria Christina of the Two Sicilies
SignatureIsabella II of Spain's signature

Isabella II of Spain, called "she of the Sad Destinies" or "the Castiza Queen" (Madrid, October 10, 1830 – Paris, April 9, 1904),[1] was Queen of Spain between 1833 and 1868,[2] thanks to the repeal of the Regulation of Succession of 1713 (commonly called the "Salic law" although, technically, it was not one)[lower-alpha 1] by means of the Pragmatic Sanction of 1830. This provoked the insurgency of the Infante Carlos María Isidro, brother of Ferdinand VII and uncle of Isabella II, who, supported by the absolutist groups (the so-called "Carlists"), had already attempted to proclaim himself king during Ferdinand's final illness.

Biography

Minority

Main article: Minority of Isabella II
Isabella II as a child, by Carlos Luis de Ribera, Museo Nacional del Prado (on deposit at the Museo del Romanticismo). Oil on canvas.

The future Isabella II was the daughter of King Ferdinand VII and his fourth wife, Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies. Her father had previously been married three times, but none of his wives had given him offspring who could succeed him. In anticipation of an eventual lack of direct male descendants, on March 29, 1830, King Ferdinand VII, to the detriment of his brother Carlos María Isidro, promulgated the Pragmatic Sanction of 1830.[3][4][5] This Law merely published the text approved by the Cortes in 1789, known as the Pragmatic Sanction of 1789, which, restoring the traditional system of succession in Spain, allowed his female descendants to succeed him after his death, if the sovereign died without sons (the Monarch would have only two daughters, Isabella and her sister the Infanta Luisa Fernanda, born in 1832).

She was born on November 10, 1830, in the Royal Palace of Madrid.[6] She was baptized in its chapel the day after her birth, her godparents being her uncle and aunt: the King of the Two Sicilies, Francis I, and his wife María Isabel de Borbón.[lower-alpha 2][7] After that, on October 13, 1830, and in accordance with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1830, her father ordered that, until the eventual birth of a son, the heiress Infanta be accorded the honors corresponding to the Princes of Asturias.[8]

Isabella II ascended the throne of Spain on September 29, 1833, after the death of her father, before having reached the age of three, which is why it was necessary to appoint her mother Regent of the kingdom.

Her birth and subsequent accession to the throne sparked the beginning of a long dynastic conflict, since her uncle, the Infante Carlos María Isidro de Borbón, until then first in the line of succession to the crown, did not accept that Isabella should be named Princess of Asturias and later Queen of Spain. The Infante Carlos's opposition to the Pragmatic Sanction led him into exile abroad. The division between Isabelinos and Carlists ultimately provoked the First Carlist War.

During the first years of her reign, while Isabella was a child, the regency was assumed by her mother, Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies; her regency would last until 1840 and would coincide with the First Carlist War (1833–1840). From October 17, 1840, until July 23, 1843, the regency was assumed by General Baldomero Espartero, who in the end was also forced to leave the office. From that day the provisional Government exercised the regency de facto until, once the Cortes had reconvened, they decided to bring forward by one year the Queen's coming of age, which had been scheduled for when she turned 14. Thus, on November 8, 1843, Isabella II was declared of age by 193 votes in favor to 16 against. Two days later, Isabella II swore the Constitution in a solemn session before the Cortes.

Marriage and issue

Isabella II in 1852, portrayed with her daughter Isabella. Franz Xaver Winterhalter, Royal Palace of Madrid.

When Isabella II was 16 years old, the Government arranged a marriage with her cousin, the Infante Don Francisco de Asís de Borbón, Duke of Cádiz. The spouses were double first cousins, since his father, the Infante Francisco de Paula, was the brother of Ferdinand VII, while his mother, Luisa Carlota of the Two Sicilies, was the sister of the Regent Maria Christina. The marriage foundered very soon, and would never be happy.

The Queen's wedding was a matter of national and international importance, since the various European countries maneuvered so that the nationality of the new King would not harm their alliances and interests. There were numerous candidates, most of them rejected by different pressure groups. Thus the moderate Carlists proposed Carlos Luis de Borbón y Braganza, Count of Montemolín, son of Carlos María Isidro, who had abdicated to facilitate the match. Montemolín was quickly ruled out by the liberals. General Narváez proposed Francis of Paula of the Two Sicilies, Count of Trapani, who was vetoed by the progressives, who preferred the Infante Enrique, Duke of Seville. Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies, the Queen's mother, proposed Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a relative of Queen Victoria, and Louis Philippe of France supported the candidacies of either of his sons Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale, or Antoine, Duke of Montpensier, who ended up marrying the Infanta Luisa Fernanda de Borbón, sister of Isabella II.

France and England quickly, at the Conference of Eu, renounced their candidates and demanded that Isabella II marry a Bourbon. In the end the choice fell on Francisco de Asís de Borbón, who was regarded as a timid man of weak character who would not interfere in politics.

Watercolor 97 from the series Los Borbones en pelota. It satirically illustrates the kind of comments about the royal marriage that circulated at the time.[lower-alpha 3]

The wedding was held on October 10, 1846, in the Throne Room of the Royal Palace of Madrid, the same day Isabella turned 16. It was a double wedding, since at the same time her sister, the Infanta Luisa Fernanda de Borbón, married Prince Antoine d'Orléans, Duke of Montpensier, youngest son of Louis Philippe I of France.

As she later recounted to the ambassador Fernando León y Castillo during her Parisian exile, Isabella II did not get along with her cousin and husband Francisco, whose homosexuality has been asserted by some authors.[14] The Queen herself appears to have once remarked about her own wedding night: "What could I expect from a man who on our wedding night wore more lace than I did?".[15] Beyond such anecdotes, historiography (Pabón) and writers close to the events (Baroja) relate that the Queen's consort was the father of several illegitimate children and was known to have various mistresses[citation needed].

Officially, Isabella II and Francisco de Asís became parents twelve times, although several pregnancies ended in miscarriages or the newborns died after a very short time[16]:

Isabella II and her husband, Francisco de Asís de Borbón.

Reign

Main article: Reign of Isabella II
José Castelaro: Isabella II swears the Constitution, 1844, Museo de Historia de Madrid.

Isabella II reigned during a period of transition in Spain in which the monarchy ceded more political power to parliament, but continually placed obstacles to citizens' participation in matters of government. In the struggle for democratic freedoms her reign was a failure; institutions were also falsified and electoral corruption spread. No party that had organized an election lost it in that period. If there were changes, it was due to the interference of a military caste that changed governments by means of pronunciamientos or coups d'état of one sign or another. According to authors such as Jesús Cruz, the reign of Isabella II could be classified as one of the most corrupt in the history of Spain.[17]

Isabella II

Easily manipulated by her ministers and by the religious "camarilla" of the court (made up mainly of Father Claret, her confessor, Father Fulgencio, her husband's confessor, and Sor Patrocinio), the Queen frequently interfered in the politics of the nation (on one occasion she even put herself forward as president of the government)[citation needed], which made her unpopular among politicians and ultimately brought about her downfall by giving way to the Revolution of 1868. Above all, episodes such as the Night of Saint Daniel (April 10, 1865) contributed to this: at a time of enormous economic crisis, the Queen, whose personal generosity was beyond all dispute, ordered that properties of the royal patrimony be sold for the relief of the nation; the republican leader Emilio Castelar, in the newspaper article titled El rasgo, declared that in reality Isabella II, burdened by debts, was keeping 25% of the proceeds from the sale of properties that, for the most part, were not hers but the nation's; the government ordered Castelar's dismissal and expulsion as a university professor, which also provoked the resignation of the rector of the Central University; the student demonstrations in support of those who had resigned culminated on April 10 with the veteran Guardia Civil in the street: eleven dead and 193 wounded, including elderly people, women and children who were passing by.

The railway network in peninsular Spain during the 19th century.

Nevertheless, during the reign of Isabella II, Spain modernized notably thanks to the laying of many railway lines, the first on the peninsula being the one connecting Mataró with Barcelona. However, the creation of the railway network served many figures of the ruling class to enrich themselves, such as the Queen's own mother, Maria Christina, or the Marquis of Salamanca, a banker from Málaga who not only obtained, with the acquiescence of the Crown and Parliament, a whole series of concessions (129 million in subsidies in 1853–1854), but who, at the same time, sold the Madrid–Aranjuez line to the government for more than 60 million and received it back from the government on lease, without prior tender, for a million and a half per year, which he never paid.

The speculative fever had little to do with the reality of the country. The record of what had been accomplished by 1856 was reduced to the Barcelona–Mataró line (1848), the Madrid–Aranjuez line (which was after all a private business of the Marquis of Salamanca), the Gijón–Langreo line (a private business of the Duke of Riánsares, husband of Queen Maria Christina) and the Valencia–Játiva line. Moreover, Spain's difficult orography forced the adoption of a track gauge different from the European one, and the development of a road network that would facilitate access to the stations was neglected, which, added to the high fares of rail transport, very soon led to losses in the business. Important hydraulic works were also carried out, such as the Canal de Isabel II, promoted by the ministers Juan Bravo Murillo and Manuel Alonso Martínez. The effort made throughout her reign in public works, focused above all on three areas—the laying out of roads and their corresponding bridges, coastal signaling, and the construction of railway lines—was of such magnitude that in government circles, and thanks to the guidance of the engineer Lucio del Valle, the idea was conceived of sending to the Universal Exposition being prepared in Paris for 1867 a series of photographs that would show in Europe the race toward modernization that Spain had begun, a commission that fell to the photographers Jean Laurent and José Martínez Sánchez.[18]

Regicide of the priest Merino (Museo del Romanticismo)

On February 2, 1852, the priest Martín Merino y Gómez tried to take the Queen's life by plunging a stiletto into her side, when she was at the Basilica of Our Lady of Atocha, shortly after having given birth to her daughter Isabella. The Queen recovered in a few days and the priest was executed after a swift trial in which it was ruled that he had acted alone and on his own initiative.

Isabella II reopened the universities closed by her father, but the educational landscape of her reign was also bleak: in 1855 there were 6,000 towns in Spain without a school; in 1858 there were only 53 secondary schools, with some 10,000 pupils (five times fewer than in France, with half the population); and there were only 6,104 students in the ten Spanish universities (Oviedo and Salamanca had 100 in their four faculties); more than half (3,472) studied Law. Cultural facilities were very poor: in 1859 there were 56 public libraries in Spain, the only point of access to books for most of its inhabitants. The one in Bilbao had only 854 printed volumes; the one in Santander, 610; the one in Segovia, 194; the one in Huelva, 60. The only improvements attempted in education, such as those of the group of teachers formed around Julián Sanz del Río, inspired by Krausism, were not tolerated: the neo-Catholic reaction represented by the Syllabus of Pope Pius IX led the minister Manuel Orovio Echagüe (1867) to place obstacles to academic freedom and to demand declarations of loyalty to the Queen, which ended with the expulsion of those professors from the university.

Version of the standard of the Spanish monarch with a purple background, first used by Isabella II in 1838.

Industrialization took place in a disjointed country, where development occurred above all on the periphery (Catalonia, Málaga, Seville, Valladolid, Béjar, Alcoy, etc.) through the work of groups of entrepreneurs without the capacity to influence the actions of leaders who not only did not support them, but viewed them with distrust.

In 1834, when Isabella II had just ascended the throne, the Spanish Navy practically did not exist; it consisted only of three useless ships of the line, five old frigates and twenty auxiliary units.[19] In 1820 it had been proposed to build the first steamship, but that resolution was not put into practice. It would be during the reign of Isabella II that the transition was made from sail to mechanical ships, with steam engines or propulsion by paddles and propellers, at first mixed and later sail would be abandoned completely.[19] The Marquis of Molins, Mariano Roca de Togores y Carrasco, who was Minister of the Navy in various periods from 1848 to 1851 and from 1853 to 1855, promulgated a Squadron Plan that was not fully carried out but that helped to improve the arsenals and to mobilize national awareness of the importance of a powerful navy.[19]

In 1860 the Law for the Increase of Naval Forces allowed the creation of a small but modern Armored Squadron of steamships, most of which had wooden hulls, and which was made up of eight frigates: Tetuán, Almansa, Gerona, Numancia, Vitoria, Zaragoza, Arapiles and Sagunto. Later the first cruisers were built, this time all with iron hulls, with the names: Fernando el Católico, Sánchez Barcáiztegui and Jorge Juan.[19]

The foreign policy of Isabella II's reign was especially turbulent during the "long government" of the Liberal Union (1858–1863). In North Africa, Moroccan territories such as Ifni and Tetouan were annexed in the War of Africa.

Since the 18th century Spain had had a presence on the islands of Fernando Poo and Annobón, in the Gulf of Guinea. These islands, in the end, had remained abandoned. It was in 1843 that Spain took governmental possession of these islands, and in 1858 the first Spanish governor arrived in the continental territory of Equatorial Guinea, thus establishing a Spanish dominion in Sub-Saharan Africa that would last until the 1960s.

Ramón María Narváez, 1st Duke of Valencia. Vicente López Portaña. (Museo de Bellas Artes de Valencia).

In Cochinchina, present-day Vietnam, some Spanish missionaries were executed, which prompted a forceful military response from France and Spain, the Franco-Spanish expedition to Cochinchina, which led to the conquest of Saigon.[20] Spain would take part in the war with troops of Spanish and Filipino soldiers.[20] However, in the subsequent division of Vietnamese territory, Spain received only commercial rights over the ports of Tulog, Balag and Quang-an,[20] as well as financial compensation for its participation and the guarantee of freedom of worship,[20] whereas the French share was much more lucrative, since they reserved for themselves dominion over three provinces, and it was the beginning of French consolidation in Indochina.[20]

In 1861 the Dominican Republic was re-annexed to Spain. However, a series of armed conflicts in clashes with the Dominican restoration army turned the Spanish presence into an expense that was deemed unnecessary, and in 1865 Isabella II revoked the annexation, restoring the small Caribbean nation's independence.[21] In continental America, expeditions were carried out to Mexico, Peru and Chile.

In other matters, Spain maintained and consolidated its dominion over Cuba and Puerto Rico in the Caribbean, and in Asia over the Philippines, the Caroline Islands and the Mariana Islands.

With the "War of Africa", as the armed response to the attacks suffered by the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla at the hands of Morocco was called, O'Donnell placated restless military chiefs with an abundant harvest of rewards (promotions, decorations, noble titles, etc.).[citation needed] The Spanish army was poorly equipped and even more poorly prepared (scant training, defective materiel),[citation needed] and was supplied with spoiled food;[citation needed] of the roughly 8,000 Spanish dead in the war, some 5,000 were victims of cholera and other diseases; finally, those directing the operations did not know the terrain and piled up mistakes,[citation needed] such as choosing the season of rain and wind to begin the attack,[citation needed] despite which victory went to Spanish arms.

Isabella II in exile.

Exile

The Queen of the Sad Destinies, as she has also been called,[22] had to face the Revolution of 1868 (known as La Gloriosa),[23] which forced her to leave Spain by train from San Sebastián, where she was spending the summer. Isabella II went into exile in France, where she received the protection of Napoleon III and Eugénie de Montijo, and established her residence in the Parisian Palace of Castile until her death; on June 25, 1870, she abdicated in Paris in favor of her son, the future Alfonso XII. Meanwhile, thanks to the support of various groups in the government, Prince Amadeo of Savoy, a member of the Italian Royal Family, was elected to replace her on the throne as Amadeo I of Spain; Amadeo was the son of Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy from 1861 and a member of the House of Savoy, and of Maria Adelaide of Austria (great-granddaughter of Charles III of Spain).

Isabella II lived the rest of her life in France; from there she witnessed the First Republic, the reign and death of her son Alfonso XII in 1885, the regency of her daughter-in-law, Maria Christina of Austria, and the beginning of the personal reign of her grandson, Alfonso XIII. From the time she was overthrown in 1868 she ceased to live together with her husband, who went to live in Épinay-sur-Seine, where he died in 1902. Isabella II died at the Palace of Castile in Paris in 1904 and was buried in the Monastery of El Escorial opposite the remains of her husband.

Titles, styles and honors

Titles and styles

  • October 10, 1830 – October 13, 1830: Her Royal Highness Doña Isabel de Borbón y Borbón, Infanta of Spain
  • October 13, 1830 – September 29, 1833: Her Royal Highness Doña Isabel de Borbón y Borbón, Princess of Asturias
  • September 29, 1833 – June 25, 1870: Her Catholic Majesty Doña Isabella II, Queen of Spain
  • June 25, 1870 – April 9, 1904: Her Majesty Queen Doña Isabella II

During her reign her full title was the following: Her Catholic Majesty Doña Isabella II, by the Grace of God and by the Constitution of the Spanish monarchy, Queen of the Spains.

Honors

Kingdom of Spain

Foreign

Isabella II in fiction

Theater

Film and television

Literature

Alfonso XII y la corona maldita (Altera, 2018) by Nieves Michavila, 5th Hispania Prize for Historical Novel.[34]

Ancestry

Ancestors of Isabella II

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ In fact, upon ascending the throne after the War of the Spanish Succession, Philip V considered establishing the Salic Law, which governed in France, and presented this project to the Cortes of Castile in 1713. But the Cortes disagreed with the King, who was unable to obtain its approval. Instead, with the Cortes assembled in Madrid since November 5, 1712, the Regulation of Succession was promulgated with them on May 10, 1713. Under the terms of the new law, women could indeed inherit the throne (unlike what happens under the Salic Law), although only if there were no male heirs in the main line (sons) or the collateral line (brothers and nephews).
  2. ↑ Represented respectively by the Infante Francisco de Paula and his wife Luisa Carlota of the Two Sicilies
  3. ↑ The propaganda of the time accused Queen Isabella II—who had a large number of lovers, such as Francisco Serrano y Domínguez, Manuel Antonio de Acuña, José María Ruiz de Arana, Enrique Puigmoltó or Carlos Marfori—[9] of a sexual disorder of nymphomania, an attribution that has endured in several authors to the present day,[10][11][12] although Isabella II's biographer Isabel Burdiel would argue in a 2011 interview that the accusations were falsehoods used by her detractors, and that having lovers was something common in the aristocracy of the time.[13]
  4. ↑ Proclaimed Princess of Asturias by the Royal Decree of October 13, 1830, and sworn as Heiress to the Crown on June 20, 1833

References

  1. ↑ "Edición del domingo, 10 abril 1904, página 7 - Hemeroteca - Lavanguardia.es". Lavanguardia.es (in español). April 10, 1904. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
  2. ↑ Belén, Fernández de Alarcón (2015). Vida cotidiana de la mujer en la burguesía en tiempos de Isabel II y finales del XIX (in español). Dykinson. ISBN 9788490856949. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
  3. ↑ "Pragmática sanción en fuerza de ley decretada por el señor Rey Don Carlos IV á petición de las cortes del año de 1789, y mandada publicar por S. M. reinante para la observancia perpetua de la ley 2.ª, título 15, partida 2.ª, que establece la sucesión regular en la corona de España. Publicación" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in español). April 3, 1830.
  4. ↑ "Pragmática sanción en fuerza de ley decretada por el señor Rey Don Carlos IV á petición de las Cortes del año de 1789, y mandada publicar por S. M. reinante para la observancia perpetua de la ley 2.ª, título 15, partida 2.ª, que establece la sucesión regular en la corona de España. Corrección" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in español). April 6, 1830.
  5. ↑ "Real decreto anulando el decreto que derogaba la pragmática sanción de 29 de Marzo de 1830, decretada á petición de las Cortes de 1789, para restablecer la sucesión regular en la corona de España" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in español). January 1, 1833.
  6. ↑ "Real decreto comunicando el nacimiento de la infanta María Isabel Luisa" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in español). October 12, 1830.
  7. ↑ "Se ha administrado á S. A. R. el santo Sacramento del Bautismo en la Real capilla" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in español). October 12, 1830.
  8. ↑ "Artículo de oficio.- El Rey nuestro señor se ha servido dirigir al Sr. Secretario del Despacho de Gracia y Justicia el Real decreto siguiente, nombrando heredera y legítima sucesora a la Infanta Doña Maria Isabel Luisa" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in español). October 14, 1830.
  9. ↑ Granados Loureda 2010, pp. 156–157.
  10. ↑ Thomas, Hugh (1976). La guerra civil española: 1936-1939, Volumen 1 Dimensiones Hispánicas (in español). Grijalbo. p. 35. ISBN 8425306930. Esta curiosa etapa finalizó en 1868, cuando la reina Isabel, que era una ninfómana, fue destronada por Prim
  11. ↑ María Zavala, José (2013). La maldición de los Borbones: De la locura de Felipe V a la encrucijada de Felipe VI. Volumen 1032 de OBRAS DIVERSAS (in español). Random House Mondadori. pp. online version without pagination. ISBN 8401346673. Pensemos por un momento, en Isabel II, quien según el profesor titular de la cátedra de Psiquiatría de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, Francisco Herrera Luque, era ninfómana
  12. ↑ Vázquez García 2010, pp. 28–29.
  13. ↑ Lorenci, Miguel (November 23, 2011). "«Isabel II no fue una ninfómana», asegura la ganadora del Nacional de Historia". El Correo (in español).
  14. ↑ "Página 2 - José María Zavala: "Estoy seguro de que los Príncipes de Asturias intentarán tener un hijo varón" - 20minutos.es". 20minutos.es (in español). April 30, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
  15. ↑ "El general bonito la inició - Escenas de sexo real - Quo". Quo (in español). June 18, 2008. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
  16. ↑ Campo, Carlos Robles do (2009). "Los Infantes de España tras la derogación de la Ley Sálica (1830)" (PDF). Anales de la Real Academia Matritense de Heráldica y Genealogía (in español) (12): 329–384. ISSN 1133-1240. Retrieved 2019-08-19.
  17. ↑ José Álvarez Junco & Adrian Shubert (ed.) (2000). "Spanish History since 1808". London, New York. Arnold: 37. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  18. ↑ Teresa García Ballesteros / Juan A. Fernández Rivero (July 2, 2014). "Obras públicas de España", dos nuevos álbumes". Colección Fernández Rivero de Fotografía Antigua (in español). Retrieved July 2016. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 "La España marítima del siglo XIX (II). Ciclo de conferencias - Noviembre 1989. IV Jornadas de Historia Martítima". Cuadernos monográficos del Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval (in español). 2 (5). Madrid. 1989. {{cite journal}}: |first= missing |last= (help)
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 del Rey Vicente, Miguel; Canales Torres, Carlos (2012). En Tierra Extraña: Expediciones Militares Españolas (in español). Edaf. ISBN 978-84-414-3206-2.
  21. ↑ Library of Congress of the United States. Country Studies. "Dominican Republic. Annexation by Spain, 1861-65".
  22. ↑ El Diario Montañés (July 22, 2008): «Isabel II: 'la de los tristes destinos'»
  23. ↑ VV. AA. (1979). Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia (in español). Tomo CLXXVI, Cuaderno I. Madrid, Spain: Real Academia de la Historia: 211. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  24. ↑ Alonso, Raimundo de Miguel (April 5, 2013). "Juan de Zavala, I Marqués de Sierra Bullones". Si vis pacem, para bellum. (in español). Retrieved December 9, 2016.
  25. ↑ Díez, Carmen Soto (January 1, 2004). Las buenas maneras: Usos y costumbres sociales. El protocolo (in español). Palabra. ISBN 9788482398075. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
  26. ↑ "Interior.- Madrid.- Capilla pública en Palacio, con motivo del regalo de la Rosa de oro. La Real Academia de Ciencias exactas, físicas y naturales celebrará sesión pública. El libro que el Sr. Cañete tiene destinado á la Academia Española consta de cinco piezas dramáticas anteriores á 1550. Derribo de las casas números 30, 32 y 34 de la calle del Príncipe" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in español). February 8, 1868. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
  27. ↑ "Cancillería.- Recepción del Ablegado apostólico por SS. MM., y ceremonia de la entrega de la Rosa de Oro que Su Santidad, Pío IX, ha enviado á la Reina nuestra Señora. Lista de persona designadas" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in español). February 14, 1868.
  28. ↑ "Madrid 20 de Diciembre.- El Excmo. Sr. D. Alejandro Moraes Sarmento, tuvo la honra de poner las insignias de la gran Cruz de la Concepción de Villaviciosa, que S.M. la Reina Doña María de la Gloria ha conferido á SS.MM" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in español). December 21, 1834.
  29. ↑ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Kaiserthumes Österreich: 1868 (in Deutsch). 1868. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
  30. ↑ [1] «Ficha de película Vendaval, film afinnity España.»
  31. ↑ "Vídeo Shabadaba de OV7 (2000)" (in español).
  32. ↑ "Carmen Bécares en IMDb" (in español).
  33. ↑ "¿Qué vio la reina cuando desnudó al gigante vasco?", blog by Lorena Sánchez titled "Homínidas. Las mujeres ya no son materia oscura", published 13-11-2017.
  34. ↑ [2] «Entrega del V Premio Hispania de Novela Histórica.»

Bibliography

Further reading

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