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Viceroyalty of New Granada
Viceroyalty of New Granada Virreynato del Nuevo Reino de Granada | |
|---|---|
| 1717–1723 1739–1810 1815–1822 | |
.svg) Flag
.svg) Coat of arms
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.svg) Location of the Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1795. | |
| Status | Viceroyalty |
| Capital | Santafé de Bogotá |
| Common languages | Spanish |
| Other languages | Chibcha, Arawak, Barbacoan, Carib, etc. |
| Religion | Catholic |
| Demonym | Neogranadine |
| Government | Viceroyalty |
| King | |
| Philip V | |
| Ferdinand VII (de jure) | |
| Viceroy | |
| Antonio Ignacio de la Pedrosa y Guerrero | |
| Juan de Sámano (last effective Viceroy) | |
| Juan de la Cruz Mourgeon (as Captain General of the provinces of New Granada) | |
| Historical era | Spanish colonization of the Americas |
• Creation by Royal Cédula | October 12 1717 |
| 1777 | |
• Insurrection of the Comuneros | 1780 |
| 1810 | |
| 1816 | |
| August 7, 1819 | |
| May 25 1822 | |
| Population | |
• 1778[1] | 826,550 |
• 1789[2] | 1,349,089 |
• 1810[3] | 2,150,000 |
| Currency | Spanish real |
The Viceroyalty of New Granada, Viceroyalty of Santafé or Viceroyalty of the New Kingdom of Granada was a territorial entity, part of the Spanish Empire, established by the Crown (1717–1723, 1739–1810 and 1815–1822) during the Bourbon dynasty. Created in 1717 by King Philip V, within a new policy of territorial control, it was suspended in 1723 because of financial problems and was restored in 1739 until the pro-independence movement suspended it again in 1810. In 1815, when its territory was reconquered by the army of King Ferdinand VII, it was restored.
After a swift military campaign, the rebel army commanded by Simón Bolívar entered Santafé de Bogotá on August 10, 1819, after defeating the royalist army at the Pantano de Vargas and at Boyacá. One day earlier, Juan de Sámano, the last effective Viceroy, had abandoned the capital and fled toward Cartagena de Indias, an area still controlled by royalist authorities. On October 31, 1820, Juan de la Cruz Mourgeon was appointed Captain General of the provinces of New Granada, and was likewise granted the title of Viceroy on the condition that he recover the capital and most of the territory. By then, only the provinces of Panama, Quito and Pasto and the cities of Cartagena and Santa Marta remained loyal to the Crown. Mourgeon died in April 1822 in Quito, one month before the decisive pro-independence victory at Pichincha. After this battle, Melchor Aymerich, President of the Real Audiencia of Quito (the highest Spanish authority after Mourgeon's death), signed a Capitulation (May 25) by which he surrendered the territories that still remained under royalist control, putting a definitive end to Spanish rule in New Granada.
The territories of present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama and Guiana formed part of this Viceroyalty. The entity was made up of the Audiencias of Santafé, Panama and Quito, and the Captaincy General of Venezuela. The capital of the Viceroyalty was Santafé,[4] and for that reason its coat of arms was inherited by Bogotá.
History
Background
In 1508 Tierra Firme was divided between two jurisdictions: Diego de Nicuesa obtained the Governorate of Veragua or Castilla de Oro, which extended from the Atrato River in the Gulf of Urabá to Cape Gracias a Dios; meanwhile, Alonso de Ojeda obtained that of Nueva Andalucía, from the Atrato River to Cabo de la Vela. Shortly afterward, from March 1511, Vasco Núñez de Balboa took charge of Veraguas and was appointed by the Viceroy Diego Colón as his lieutenant in Darién.
In May 1513 Pedro Arias Dávila was appointed Governor and Captain General of Castilla de Oro, which included all the coastal territory from Cabo de la Vela to present-day Panama, with the exception of Veraguas, and he arrived in Darién in July 1514. Nueva Andalucía was abolished, and on September 23, 1514, Balboa received the appointment of "Governor of Coiba and Panama and Adelantado of the South Sea", subordinate to Castilla del Oro. In 1525 Fernández de Oviedo attempted to establish a governorate in the Cartagena area (Governorate of Cartagena), but it did not prosper until the founding of the city in 1533. On February 26, 1538, the Real Audiencia of Panama was established on the Isthmus by a Royal Cédula issued by Charles V. By around 1542 there existed the governorates of Santa Marta (founded in 1525), Cartagena and Popayán (founded in 1536).
In 1550 the Real Audiencia of Santafé was created within the Viceroyalty of Peru, with jurisdiction over the New Kingdom of Granada and the governorates of Santa Marta, Cartagena and Popayán. However, the dependence of the government of the New Kingdom of Granada in Santafé on that of the Viceroyalty of Peru in Lima was weak; communications between the two cities were difficult, and added to this were the constant conflicts, from the year 1582 onward, between the government of the presidents of the Real Audiencia of Santafé and the Archbishopric of Santafé.
The Viceroyalty
The conflictive situation was confirmed by visitadors sent by the Crown, who in 1717 recommended to Philip V the creation of an independent viceroyalty in New Granada, which was finally erected provisionally on June 13, 1718, until the arrival of the first Viceroy on November 25, 1719.
The Crown's considerations for its creation included its geographic situation between two seas (the Caribbean and the South Sea, today the Pacific Ocean) and as a gateway to the western part of South America; it would allow it to better confront smuggling and the attacks of pirates and freebooters with a point closer to the Caribbean Sea. However, the scarcity of suitable roads made transit and communication within the interior of the Viceroyalty difficult. The establishment of a captaincy general in Caracas and a real audiencia in Quito, still legally subordinate to the Viceroy, was a response to the need for effective government in the most distant regions.
Once the war with the Quadruple Alliance had ended, another Royal Cédula was issued in 1724 that abolished the Viceroyalty of New Granada for economic reasons, which led to a return to the presidency. However, in 1740, by royal mandate, the Real Audiencia of Quito was once again incorporated into the Viceroyalty. By then, the King had signed in San Ildefonso the definitive Cédula of Re-erection of the Viceroyalty of New Granada of August 20, 1739, with the same rights as the Royal Cédula of 1717.
Little more than two years after its incorporation into the Viceroyalty, the Province of Venezuela was reintegrated in 1742 into the jurisdiction of the Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo, which in turn depended on the Viceroyalty of New Spain, jurisdictions to which it would continue to belong until its independence.
In this way, provinces of what today might correspond to Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, and regions of Peru, Brazil, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Guyana, until then under different jurisdictions, were united under a single colonial authority established in the city of Santafé de Bogotá, thus confirming the city as another of the principal administrative centers of the Spanish colonies in America, together with Lima and Mexico City.
In 1764 the Governorate of Guayaquil was created. Later, by royal order of August 13, 1790, it was ordered that the settlement of Sinamaica be separated from the Province of Riohacha and added to the Province of Maracaibo in the Captaincy General of Venezuela. The transfer was carried out on August 1, 1792.[5]
The Botanical Expedition
In 1783 the Archbishop-Viceroy Antonio Caballero y Góngora undertook the momentous work of the Botanical Expedition, drawing on the knowledge, talent and wisdom of the priest José Celestino Mutis. To this end the Archbishop-Viceroy paid expenses out of his own pocket while awaiting the approval of the Court, which he obtained at the end of that same year. The main purpose of the Botanical Expedition was scientific research and the study of Colombian flora, as well as the carrying out of astronomical, geographical and physical observations.
Napoleonic Invasion and Reconquest
The invasion of the peninsular territory by Napoleonic troops in 1808 produced a power vacuum in America. In August 1809 a group of criollos, led by Juan Pío Montúfar, declared their own Governing Junta in Quito, swore loyalty to Ferdinand VII and refused to recognize the authorities appointed from Spain. Likewise, in the present-day territory of Colombia there was a declaration in Valledupar in April 1810. The Governing Junta of Cádiz ordered the removal of Viceroy Amar y Borbón, news carried by the Royal Commissioner, the Quito native Antonio Villavicencio.
On May 22 in Cartagena de Indias, a revolutionary movement created a Governing Junta. The events continued in July 1810. On July 3 Santiago de Cali formed its juntas, and then Socorro and Pamplona would follow. Finally, on the 20th, the events known as El Florero de Llorente took place in Santa Fe, which was the center of colonial power of the Viceroyalty of New Granada. With the deposition and arrest of the Viceroy, the Viceroyalty ceased to exist de facto.
The plan was to take advantage of the arrival of the Royal Commissioner Antonio Villavicencio in Santa Fe to bring out the differences between the "chapetones" and the criollos and to start a brawl in the middle of market day. In the midst of the brawl the people were harangued into demanding an open cabildo, which was used to depose the Real Audiencia and create a new Governing Junta. The militias in Santa Fe were commanded by Antonio Baraya.
The first Junta to declare absolute independence from Spain in the former territory of the Viceroyalty was Cartagena de Indias, on November 11, 1811. The events in Cartagena precipitated the absolute declaration of independence in the other cities of the New Kingdom. A period then began in which there were great internal conflicts arising from opposing opinions about how to organize the new government. The constant fights between the federalists and centralists, and of these in turn against the royalists, gave rise to this unstable period.
After his return to power, Ferdinand VII sought to reestablish monarchical power in America. In 1815, the Río de La Plata, Chile, New Granada and Venezuela were ruled by different pro-independence factions, and in many places power was in the hands of Fernandist juntas which, once dissolved, allowed the reconquest of New Granada and Venezuela, an action that would be entrusted to Pablo Morillo, and the restoration of the Viceroyalty headed by Juan de Sámano.
In this way, Morillo received the troops from the ports of Seville and Barcelona in Spain, and from there he arrived at the port of Cartagena de Indias, from where the troops ventured out to blockade the ports of La Dorada and Puerto Salgar, reaching Santafé de Bogotá and taking the capital with the troops of the Spanish army in the Plaza Mayor.
Independence
Although during the regime of terror several republican groups remained active, exercising effective power in the Llanos, mainly in Venezuelan Guayana and in Casanare, it would not be until 1819 that the final process of expelling Spanish rule was undertaken.
In 1819 a republican army commanded by Simón Bolívar crossed the mountains that separate Casanare from Tunja and Santa Fe and, after the battles of Pore, Pantano de Vargas and Boyacá Bridge, had a clear path to take control of Santa Fe, a city it reached on August 10, 1819.
Viceroy Sámano fled the city, and the Viceroyalty ceased to be effective. However, Spain exercised its power in several cities of the Viceroyalty and their areas of influence: Quito, Pasto, Popayán, Cartagena de Indias, Santa Marta, Caracas and Panama, among others.
During 1820, Pablo Morillo, Commander of the royalist army in New Granada, and Simón Bolívar agreed to a truce that was used by Bolívar to form the nascent Republic of Colombia. Hostilities resumed in 1821 with the Battle of Bomboná, which, being a tactical disaster for both armies, gave a strategic advantage to the republican forces, who soon achieved total control of the present-day territory of Colombia, thus achieving the liberation of present-day Ecuador and Venezuela. Thus, for all intents and purposes, by 1822 the royalists had lost control of what had once been the Viceroyalty of New Granada.
The territories of the Viceroyalty won their independence from Spain, later uniting with those of the former Captaincy General of Venezuela to found the first Republic of Colombia, also known as Gran Colombia, the name by which it is remembered today. When Venezuela and Ecuador separated during the dissolution of Gran Colombia, Bogotá became the capital of the new Republic of New Granada.
Territorial organization
The Viceroyalty had as its territories those corresponding to the Reales Audiencias of Santafé de Bogotá, Panama and Quito, and part of the later territory of the Captaincy General of Venezuela. In this sense, the Viceroyalty comprised territories of the present-day republics of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Costa Rica and Venezuela, as well as regions of the north of Peru and Brazil, and the west of Guyana.[4]
Chronology of the Viceroyalty
See also: List of viceroys of New Granada
Royal Cédula of May 27, 1717
In Segovia (Spain) the royal cédula was issued that incorporated the Real Audiencia of Quito (abolishing it) and the Captaincy General of Venezuela into the Real Audiencia of Santafé, creating the Viceroyalty of New Granada,[6] with the provinces of Santafé or New Kingdom of Granada and those of Cartagena, Santa Marta, Maracaibo, Caracas, Antioquia, Guayana, Popayán and those of San Francisco de Quito. The Real Audiencia of Panama was abolished and its territory added to that of Lima and to the Viceroyalty of Peru.
(...) I have resolved by my royal decree of April 29 of this present year that a Viceroy be established and placed in the Audiencia that resides in the city of Santafé, New Kingdom of Granada, and that he be governor and captain general and president of it, in the same manner as those of Peru and New Spain are, and with the same faculties granted to them by laws, cédulas and royal decrees, and that he be accorded the preeminences and exemptions that it is customary to practice and observe with them. And likewise I have resolved that the territory and jurisdiction that the said Viceroy, Audiencia and tribunal of accounts of the city of Santafé are to have is and shall be the entire province of Santafé, New Kingdom of Granada, those of Cartagena, Santamarta, Maracaibo, that of Carácas, Antioquía, Guayana, Popayan and that of San Francisco de Quito, with everything else and the limits comprised therein, and that, since the province of San Francisco de Quito is being added to Santafé, the Audiencia that resides in it be extinguished and suppressed, and that the royal officials of that city and those of San Francisco de Quito and the royal treasuries subordinate to them render their accounts at the tribunal of Santafé, beginning with those of this present year of 1717, this being the charge and obligation of that of Lima, (...) and that the president and oidores of my Audiencia that resides in the city of Santo Domingo settle as quickly as possible the lawsuits pending before it from the jurisdiction of that city and province of Carácas and the other territory that belonged to it, and that is being added to Santafé, giving account of having done so; and that with this understanding the Viceroy and tribunal of accounts of Lima and the presidents and oidores of the Audiencia of Santo Domingo henceforth abstain from hearing the causes and affairs that in any manner concern or may concern the said territories, which from now on I add to the Viceroy, Audiencia and tribunal of accounts of Santafé; those of my royal patronage, justice and political affairs, as well as governmental, war and royal treasury matters, it being my will that henceforth the Viceroy, Audiencia and tribunal of accounts of Santafé shall hear them. (...) and I have also ordered the said don Antonio de la Pedrosa y Guerrero to proceed to the city of San Francisco de Quito and extinguish and suppress the Audiencia that resides in it, and, likewise proceeding to the city of Panamá, to extinguish and suppress also the Audiencia that is there, with the understanding that the territory and jurisdiction comprised in it I hereby add to the Viceroy, Audiencia and tribunal of accounts of Lima, (...) Dated in Segovia on May 27, 1717.- I the King.[7]
Royal Cédula of November 5, 1723
Once the war with the Quadruple Alliance had ended, another royal cédula was issued, by which on November 5, 1723, the Viceroyalty of New Granada was abolished because of certain reports given to the King regarding its economic situation, and the debts and expenses that it was never able to pay from its finances:[8]
(...) I have resolved, upon consultation with my Council of the Indies, to suppress the aforementioned Viceroyalty of the city of Santafé and New Kingdom of Granada, and that the government of that district return to being run according to its former arrangement, as provided by the laws and under the rules by which it was governed before the erection of the new Viceroyalty; of which you are advised so that you may take note of it. In San Ildefonso on November 5, 1723. — I the King.
Royal Cédula of August 20, 1739
The Viceroyalty of New Granada was erected again on August 20, 1739, at the supplication of some communities of the provinces that found themselves in the greatest decline. King Philip V decided to recreate the Viceroyalty of New Granada with the same territories and rights it had under the Royal Cédula of 1717.[4] The definitive Cédula of Re-erection of the Viceroyalty of New Granada reads:[9]
The King. - President and oidores of my Real Audiencia of Santa Fé in the New Kingdom of Granada. - Having deemed it convenient in the year seventeen hundred and seventeen to erect a Viceroyalty of the New Kingdom with other provinces added to it, I considered it to be in my service to extinguish it in that of 1723, leaving things in the state in which they were before this creation. And since a greater decline has since been experienced in those precious Dominions, which grows every day, as several communities of its district have represented to me, beseeching me to erect the Viceroyalty again so that, with the broadest faculties of this office, the government may achieve the better order by which the dispirited minds of its vassals may exert themselves and apply themselves to the cultivation of its precious minerals and abundant fruits, and so that what they currently yield may be prevented from passing into the hands of foreigners, as is happening to the grave detriment of the Crown. Having seen and understood this, together with other reports I have had on the matter, and what above all my Council of the Indies has advised me, I have deemed it well and have resolved to erect anew the aforementioned Viceroyalty of that New Kingdom of Granada, the Viceroy whom I shall appoint to it being at the same time President of that my Royal Audiencia and Governor and Captain General of the jurisdiction of that New Kingdom and of the Provinces that I have resolved to add to that Viceroyalty, which are those of Chocó, Popayan, Kingdom of Quito and Guayaquil, province of Antioquia, Cartagena, Santa Marta, Río del Hacha, Maracaibo, Caracas, Cumaná, Guayana, Islands of Trinidad, Margarita and Río Orinoco, Provinces of Panamá, Portovelo, Veragua and the Darién, with all the cities, towns and places, and the ports, bays, anchorages, coves and other things belonging to them on both seas and on the mainland, with the same faculties, prerogatives and in equal conformity as the Viceroys of Peru and New Spain hold and exercise them in their respective districts: this one having the same endowment for his salary and guard that was assigned to and held by don Jorge de Billalonga during the time he served this Viceroyalty, and his residence in the very city of Santa Fé as that one had it. That the Audiencias of Quito and Panamá remain as they are, but with the same subordination and dependence on the Viceroy that the other subordinate ones had in the Viceroyalties of Peru and New Spain with regard to their respective Viceroys, and that appeals in contentious matters from all the said territory remain as they were and go to their respective Audiencias. That there are to be three Commanders General for all these districts, who, being subjects of the Viceroy like the others, are to have superiority with respect to others: and these are to be the Governor, President of Panamá, commander of that of Portovelo, Darién, Veragua and Guayaquil. In view of which, and since I have appointed the Lieutenant General of my armies don Sebastián de Eslava to establish and serve the said Viceroyalty, I order and command you by the present to observe what I have resolved and to obey the aforementioned Viceroy as subjects in all and for all, notwithstanding any Laws, Ordinances, Royal Cédulas, particular commissions, preeminences or clauses of the titles of your offices or any other thing to the contrary: For insofar as they oppose this new establishment I derogate and annul them, leaving them in their force and vigor for all that is not contrary to it: for such is my will, and that you give me account of the receipt of this order at the first opportunity that arises. From San Ildefonso on August 20, 1739. - I THE KING
Royal Cédula of 1740
In 1740 the Spanish Crown clearly and precisely fixed the definitive boundaries between the Viceroyalty of New Granada and the Viceroyalty of Peru. The cédula reads as follows:
Starting from Tumbez on the Pacific coast, the line follows the ranges and other cordilleras of the Andes through the jurisdiction of Paita and Piura, to the Maranon at 6º30' south latitude and inland, leaving to Peru the jurisdiction of Piura, Cajamarca, Moyobamba and Motilones, and along the cordillera of Jeveros, crossing the Ucayali River at 6º south latitude, until reaching the Javari or Jauri River at the confluence of the Carpi, and along the waters of this to the Solimaes or Amazonas, and along those of this downstream to the westernmost mouth of the Caqueta or Yapura, where the boundaries with Brazil begin.
This Cédula cut off a good part of the territories of the eastern region, which had been occupied for years by the Quito Jesuit religious missions that existed on the rivers of the Upper Ucayali, Marañón and Amazon. This cédula reformed the boundaries of the Real Audiencia of Quito, then incorporated into the Viceroyalty of New Granada.
Royal Cédula of February 12, 1742
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In 1739, when reporting on the reconstitution of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, the King refers to "Caracas, with the territory of its Captaincy General". In the year 1742, the Province of Venezuela or Caracas became independent of the Viceroyalty.
I have resolved to relieve and exempt the Government and Captaincy General of the province of Venezuela from all dependence on that viceroyalty, notwithstanding what was provided and ordered by me in the cédula of August 20 of the year 1739, by which I was pleased to add the said province to that new viceroyalty.
Royal Cédula of June 20, 1751
Because of economic problems in Tierra Firme, the Crown ordered the definitive extinction of the Real Audiencia of Panama, its jurisdiction passing to that of Lima. A military government dependent on the Viceroyalty of New Granada was created in Panama, the Commandancy General of Tierra Firme, with the same extent that the Audiencia of Panama had, that is, the provinces of Panamá, Darién, Veraguas and Portobelo. On July 19, another royal cédula ordered the jurisdiction of the territory to be transferred to the Audiencia of Santafé.
Royal Cédula of May 5, 1768
The King ordered that the missions of the lower and upper Orinoco and of the Río Negro be placed under the personal subordination of the Governor and Commander of Guayana, who depended on the Captaincy General of Venezuela, except for that charge, in which he remained dependent on the Viceroy.
My Viceroy, Governor and Captain General of the New Kingdom of Granada, and President of my Royal Audiencia of the city of Santa Fe. Don Joseph Iturriaga, Squadron Chief of my royal navy, arranged that the Commandancy General of the new foundations of the lower and upper Orinoco and Río Negro, which he exercised, should remain, as it now does upon his death, in the charge of the Governor and Commander of Guayana. I have agreed with this arrangement, and, finding it convenient to my royal service that the said aggregation to the Governor and Commander of Guayana himself remain unchanged until a new resolution of mine, as he is the closest to the said Places and, for that same reason, has until now been in charge of the Missions escort assigned to them, so that the whole of the said Province is united under that command (always in subordination to that Captain General), whose limits are: to the North the lower Orinoco, the southern boundary of the Provinces of Cumaná and Venezuela; to the West the upper Orinoco, the Casiquiari, and the Río Negro: to the South the Amazon River: and to the East the Atlantic Ocean; I have come to declare it so, and to issue to you this my royal cédula, by virtue of which I command you to communicate the orders appropriate to its fulfillment to the Tribunals, Governors and offices to which its observance and notice correspond, for such is my will, and that a copy of this my royal cédula, initialed by the Undersigned my Secretary of State and of the Office of the Indies, be passed to my Council of the Indies for whatever purposes it may serve. — Given in Aranjuez on the fifth of May of seventeen hundred and sixty-eight. I the King.
Royal Cédula of October 28, 1771
In 1771 the King ordered that the Commandancy of Guayana be reincorporated into the Viceroyalty of New Granada:
(...) that, the reason for which the Government and Commandancy of the Province of Guayana was placed under the orders of the Captain General of Venezuela no longer subsisting, the said commandancy should be subordinate to the Viceroy of Santa Fe, with the new settlements of the upper Orinoco and Río Negro united to it, as they were by the Cédula of May 5, 1768.
Royal Cédula of September 8, 1777
Thirty years after the independence of the Province of Venezuela, the territories of the provinces of Maracaibo, Guayana and Cumaná, until then dependent on the Viceroyalty, were annexed to it, together with the Province of Trinidad, dependent on the Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo, and the Province of Margarita, dependent on the Spanish Crown, to form the Captaincy General of Venezuela, with its capital in the city of Santiago de León de Caracas.
(...) I have seen fit to resolve the absolute separation of the aforementioned provinces of Cumaná, Guayana and Maracaibo and the islands of Trinidad and Margarita from the viceroyalty and Captaincy General of the New Kingdom of Granada, and to add them in governmental and military matters to the Captaincy General of Venezuela, in the same way that they are attached, with respect to the management of my royal treasury, to the new Intendancy erected in said Province and city of Caracas, its capital. Likewise I have resolved to separate in judicial matters from the Audiencia of Santa-Fé, and to add to the original one of Santo-Domíngo, the two said provinces of Maracaybo and Guayana, as that of Cumaná and the islands of Margarita and Trinidad are, so that, these territories being under one same Audiencia and one Captain General and one Intendant close at hand, they may be better ruled and governed, with greater benefit to my Royal service. (...)
Royal Cédula of July 15, 1802
By this royal cédula the territories that made up the Commandancy General of Maynas (the present-day departments of Amazonas, San Martín and Loreto in Peru) returned to the Viceroyalty of Peru.
I have resolved that the Government and Commandancy General of Mainas, with the towns of the Government of Quijos, except that of Papallacta, since all of them are on the banks of the Napo River or in its vicinity, be held as segregated from the Viceroyalty of Santa Fe and from the province of Quito and added to that Viceroyalty, that Commandancy General extending not only down the Marañon River to the frontiers of the Portuguese colonies, but also along all the other rivers that flow into the Marañon from its northern and southern banks, such as the Morona, Huallaga, Paztaza, Ucayali, Napo, Yavari, Putumayo, Yapurá and other less considerable ones, up to the point at which these same rivers, because of their heights and rapids, cease to be navigable: the towns of Lamas and Moyobamba also having to remain with the same Commandancy General (...) Likewise I have resolved to place all those united towns and missions in the charge of the Apostolic College of Santa Rosa de Ocopa of that Archbishopric (...) Likewise I have resolved to erect a Bishopric in said missions (...)
Royal Cédula of July 7, 1803
Because the Board of Fortifications of America requested it on March 28, 1803, King Charles IV issued the Royal Order of July 7, 1803, by which, in military matters, the Government of Guayaquil once again depended on the Viceroyalty of Peru, although the mercantile administration of the city continued under the Viceroyalty of New Granada, dependent on Cartagena de Indias.
(...) the government of Guayaquil must depend on the viceroy of Lima and not on that of Santa Fe, for the latter cannot give it, as the former can in necessary cases, the required aid, since it is the one of Lima, because of the ease and speed with which he can do so, who must send it the convoys of troops, money, supplies, arms and other goods that that territory lacks; and consequently, he is in a position to watch over it better, and with more reason than the one of Santa Fe, (...)
Royal Cédula of November 20, 1803
By this cédula it was ordered that the Mosquito Coast and the islands of San Andrés pass from the Captaincy General of Guatemala to the Viceroyalty of New Granada, being governed by the Province of Cartagena.[10]
The King has resolved that the Islands of San Andrés, and the part of the Mosquito coast from Cape Gracias a Dios inclusive toward the Chagres River, be segregated from the captaincy general of Goatemala and made dependent on the Viceroyalty of Santa Fe, and His Majesty has been pleased to grant the governor of the said Islands, Don Tomas O. Neille, a salary of two thousand pesos fuertes annually instead of the one thousand two hundred that he currently enjoys. I inform Your Excellency of this by Royal Order so that, through the ministry in your charge, the orders corresponding to the fulfillment of this sovereign resolution may be issued. May God keep Your Excellency many years, Sn Lorenzo, November 20, 1803.[5]
Royal Cédula of February 10, 1806
The King ordered that the aggregation of the government of Guayaquil to the Viceroyalty of Peru was absolute and not only in military matters:
In view of what you consult in your letter of March 25 of last year, as to whether the province of Guayaquil, as a consequence of its aggregation to the viceroyalty of Lima, must depend in its mercantile part on that consulado or on that of said Lima, His Majesty has been pleased to declare that the aggregation is absolute; and consequently, that the mercantile part must depend on the aforementioned consulado of Lima and not on that one.
Royal Cédula of June 23, 1819
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On February 18, 1808, the Cabildo of Guayaquil asked the King of Spain to separate its Province from the Viceroyalty of Peru and attach it to the Viceroyalty of New Granada. On October 28, 1815, the petition was reiterated. Thus, on June 23, 1819, the King of Spain granted the petition that Guayaquil be annexed to the Presidency of Quito in the Viceroyalty of New Granada, but the war of independence, which crystallized with the Battle of Boyacá on August 7, 1819, prevented the jurisdictional transfer.
(...) in consequence of which I have come to declare that, the Viceroyalty of Santa Fé being now restored and the President and Audiencia of Quito in the exercise of their functions, it falls to the latter to attend to all causes, both civil and criminal, of the Government of Guayaquil, as well as to the affairs of my Royal Treasury, the same Government remaining subject in military matters to that Viceroyalty. And so that this my Royal determination may be most punctually fulfilled, I have resolved to instruct you, as by this my Royal Cédula I instruct you, to arrange immediately the restoration of the city of Guayaquil and its province to the condition and state in which it was before your predecessor, the Marquis of la Concordia, agreed in the year 1810 to its aggregation to that Viceroyalty.
See also
References
- ↑ "Censo cuenta 826.550 habitantes en la Nueva Granada" (in español). Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
- ↑ Marta Herrera Ángel. "Las divisiones político administrativas del virreinato de la Nueva Granada a finales del período Virreinal" (in español). Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
- ↑ Agustín Codazzi; Manuel María Paz; Felipe Pérez (1889). Atlas geográfico e histórico de la República de Colombia (in español). Imprenta A. Lahure. OCLC 7859879.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Se restablece el Virreinato de la Nueva Granada" (in español). Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango. Archived from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Enrique Gaviria Liévano. "El archipiélago de Los Monjes y las relaciones diplomáticas con Venezuela : Historia de una cesión territorial cuyas consecuencias siguen vigentes" (in español). Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
- ↑ "La corona española crea el Virreinato de la Nueva Granada" (in español). Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango. Archived from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
- ↑ [Contestación de Venezuela al alegato de Colombia, pp. 423 to 425. Author Julián Viso. Published by Est. Tipográfico de los Sucesores de Rivadeneyra, 1884]
- ↑ "Se suprime el recién creado Virreinato de la Nueva Granada" (in español). Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango. Archived from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
- ↑ "Real Cédula Mediante la Cual Se Erige el Virreinato de Santafe O Nueva Granada y Se Señala a Veragua en Su Distrito, San Ildefonso, 20 de agosto de 1739" (in español). Bibliotecs Luis Ángel Arango. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
- ↑ "Real Orden del 20 de noviembre de 1803 que incorpora a San Andrés al Virreinato" (in español). Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
External links
- Archivo General de la Nación (Colombia) (1997). "Documentos que hicieron un país" (in español). Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
