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New Kingdom of Granada
New Kingdom of Granada Nuevo Reyno de Granada | |||||||||||||||||
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| 1538–1819 | |||||||||||||||||
 Flag
.svg) Coat of arms
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_-_Carta_II_-_Divisiones_coloniales_de_Tierra_Firme,_1538.jpg) First political divisions made by the Spaniards on the American continent, showing the initial territory of the New Kingdom of Granada, 1538. | |||||||||||||||||
| Capital | Santafé de Bogotá | ||||||||||||||||
| Common languages | Spanish Indigenous languages of Colombia | ||||||||||||||||
| Religion | Catholic Christianity | ||||||||||||||||
| Demonym | Neogranadine | ||||||||||||||||
| Government | Governorate | ||||||||||||||||
| King | |||||||||||||||||
• 16th century | Charles I | ||||||||||||||||
• 1700–1746 | Philip V | ||||||||||||||||
| Historical era | Spanish colonization of the Americas | ||||||||||||||||
| 12 October 1538 | |||||||||||||||||
• Royal cédula creating the Real Audiencia | 27 September 1819 | ||||||||||||||||
| Population | |||||||||||||||||
• 1650 | 750,000 (incl. Province of Popayán)[1] | ||||||||||||||||
| Currency | Spanish real | ||||||||||||||||
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The New Kingdom of Granada or Kingdom of New Granada was the name given to a territorial entity, a constituent part of the Spanish Empire, established by the Spanish Crown during its period of rule in the Americas, located in the north of South America, which corresponds to the main core of the present-day Republic of Colombia.
New Granada corresponded to the territory under the jurisdiction of the Real Audiencia of Santafé de Bogotá (1550–1717) and later to the Viceroyalty of New Granada (1717–1819), whose seat was Santafé de Bogotá.
Demography
In 1650, the population of the New Kingdom of Granada (including the Province of Popayán) was estimated at around 750,000, with the Indians numbering 600,000 people, or 80% of the population.[2] This is much lower than the pre-Columbian population, which was estimated at 6,000,000 to 10,000,000 people.[3]
Politics and government
Real Audiencia of Santafé de Bogotá
During the time that the territory of the New Kingdom of Granada was constituted as the district of a Real Audiencia, it was governed by a President and was part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, but in practice it depended directly on the Council of the Indies and on the Peninsula.
For ecclesiastical matters, and through the influence of the Society of Jesus from 1604,[4] it would become a district merged with that of the Province of Quito under the name of the "Jesuit Province of the New Kingdom and Quito" (as a split from the Jesuit Province of Peru),[5] although Quito was separated from New Granada in 1607 (returning to Peru);[6] they would occasionally be reunited, until Quito was definitively separated from New Granada by 1695.[7]
Viceroyalty of New Granada
The jurisdictional territories of the Audiencias of Santafé and Quito, and part of what would later become the Captaincy General of Venezuela, were constituted as a viceroyalty by King Philip V between 1717 and 1724. The capital of the Viceroyalty was established in the city of Santafé de Bogotá. The Viceroyalty was temporarily dissolved, for economic reasons, between 1724 and 1740, when it was reinstated once again.
History
1514 was the first time that Spain settled permanently in the area. With Santa Marta (1525) and Cartagena de Indias (1533), Spanish control of the coast was established, and the expansion of territorial control toward the interior began. The conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada colonized a vast area of the region following the course of the Magdalena River into the interior of the Andes in Colombia, defeating the powerful Muisca Confederation, founding the city of Santafé de Bogotá in 1538, and naming the region the New Kingdom of Granada, in homage to the Kingdom of Granada, Spain.
To establish a civil government in New Granada, a Real Audiencia was created in Santafé de Bogotá in 1548–1549, a body that combined executive and judicial authority, until a presidency or governorate was established in 1564, assuming the executive powers. At this point, New Granada is considered a captaincy general of the Viceroyalty of Peru. The jurisdiction of the Real Audiencia was extended over time over the surrounding provinces that were being constituted around the territory corresponding to New Granada.
From 1587 to 1614, the Franciscans – commissioned to evangelize the area – created a Commissariat General in New Granada, the superior body for coordinating their custodies and missions in America.[8]
In 1717, Santafé would become the capital of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, which, although suspended in 1724 due to financial problems, was reinstated in 1739 and continued until the loss of Spanish power over the territories in the 1810s.
On 27 January 1812, the Third Council of Regency was created during the departure of Ferdinand VII to Bayonne, presided over by the Neogranadine Joaquín Mosquera y Figueroa. During this period, coinciding with the Napoleonic Invasion of Spain, the Cortes of Cádiz were formed, which ended up drafting the Spanish Constitution of 1812. Its mandate ended on 8 March 1813.
Administrative divisions
The New Kingdom was organized into several Governments and Provinces:
| Territory | Capital | Establishment | Founder |
|---|---|---|---|
| Government of Antioquia | Santa Fe de Antioquia | 1541 | Jorge Robledo |
| Government of Cartagena | Cartagena de Indias | 1533 | Pedro de Heredia |
| Government of Chocó | San Francisco de Quibdó | 1648 | Manuel Cañizales |
| Province of Guayana | Angostura | 1595 | Antonio de Berrío |
| Government of Pamplona | Pamplona | 1555 | Pedro de Ursúa |
| Corregimiento of Pasto | San Juan de Pasto | 1539 | Lorenzo de Aldana |
| Government of Popayán | Asunción de Popayán | 1537 | Sebastián de Belalcázar |
| Government of Santa Marta | Santa Marta | 1525 | Rodrigo de Bastidas |
| Government of Santafé (de Bogotá), the area originally called "New Kingdom of Granada" |
Santafé de Bogotá | 1538 | Gonzalo Jiménez de Quezada |
| Corregimiento of Tunja | Tunja | 1539 | Gonzalo Suárez Rendón |
Bibliography
- ↑ Rosenblat, 1954: 59
- ↑ Rosenblat, 1954: 59
- ↑ https://www.banrep.gov.co/sites/default/files/paginas/lbr_colonial_graficos3.pdf
- ↑ http://erevistas.saber.ula.ve/index.php/procesoshistoricos/article/download/13748/21921924839
- ↑ https://biblioteca.org.ar/libros/131278.pdf
- ↑ BID (1568-01-19). "Creación de la provincia jesuítica del Perú". Camino de los Jesuitas (in español). Retrieved 2023-08-20.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ↑ Cervantes, Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de. "Historia de la Provincia del Nuevo Reino y Quito de la Compañía de Jesús. Tomo I". Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes (in español). Retrieved 2023-08-20.
- ↑ Cf. Pedro Borges, Las órdenes religiosas, 211.
- Pedro Borges, Las Órdenes religiosas, in Historia de la Iglesia en Hispanoamérica y Filipinas, I, edited by P. Borges, BAC, Madrid 1992, ISBN 84-7914-054-2
- Fisher, John R., Allan J. Keuthe, Anthony McFarlane, eds. Reform and Insurrection in Bourbon New Granada and Peru. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press, 1990. ISBN 9780807116548
- Kuethe, Allan J. Military Reform and Society in New Granada, 1773–1808. Gainsville, University Presses of Florida, 1978. ISBN 9780813005706
- McFarlane, Anthony. Colombia Before Independence: Economy, Society and Politics under Bourbon Rule. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993. ISBN 9780521416412
- Phelan, John Leddy. The People and the King: The Comunero Revolution in Colombia, 1781. Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1978. ISBN 9780299072902
