Coordinates: 0°13′09″S 78°31′38″W / 0.219089°S 78.527261°W / -0.219089; -78.527261
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Battle of Pichincha

From Hispanopedia
Battle of Pichincha
Part of Southern Campaigns
File:Batalla de Pichincha libre.jpg
DateMay 24, 1822
Location
Slopes of the Pichincha volcano, Quito, Ecuador.
0°13′09″S 78°31′38″W / 0.219089°S 78.527261°W / -0.219089; -78.527261
Result Decisive pro-independence victory, capture of Quito.
Belligerents
Gran Colombia
Free Province of Guayaquil[note 1]
Protectorate of Peru

Republic of Chile[note 2]		 Spanish Empire Spanish Empire
Commanders and leaders
Antonio José de Sucre
Andrés de Santa Cruz		 Spanish Empire Melchor Aymerich
Units involved
American pro-independence army Royalist Army
Strength

2000[note 3][1]-3500[2] secessionists
(around 2971)[note 1]

  • 1300-1500[3]
  • 1500-2000[4][5]
  • Argentina +100
  • no data (included in the Division of Peru)[note 2]
 fewer than 2000[6]-3500[2] royalists
(probably fewer than 3000)[7][note 4]
Casualties and losses
200 dead and 140 wounded[note 1] 400 dead, 190 wounded and 1260 prisoners[8][9]
Animated map of the Hispanic American revolution (1808-1825):
■ Territories under royalist control.
■ Territories under the control of pro-independence movements.
■ Territories under the control of Gran Colombia.
■ Spain under French occupation.
■ Spain during the liberal revolution.
■ Areas without a clear government.

The Battle of Pichincha took place on May 24, 1822 on the slopes of the Pichincha Volcano, more than 3000 meters above sea level, near the city of Quito.

The encounter, which took place in the context of the Hispanic American wars of independence, pitted the pro-independence army under the command of Antonio José de Sucre against the royalist army commanded by Melchor Aymerich.

The defeat of the Spanish forces led to the loss of Quito, and secured the independence of the provinces that belonged to the Real Audiencia of Quito, also known as the Presidency of Quito, the Spanish colonial administrative jurisdiction from which there eventually emerged what we know today as the Republic of Ecuador.

Background

It could be said that the military campaign for the independence of Quito began on August 5, 1820, when the coastal city of Esmeraldas proclaimed its independence from Spain after a quick and almost bloodless revolt against the local garrison. The leaders of the revolt, a combination of officers of the Royalist Army together with local personalities, formed a governing council and an army for the purpose of defending the city and extending the pro-independence movement to other provinces of the Presidency.

By then, the course of the wars of independence in South America had turned against Spain; Simón Bolívar's victory at the Battle of Boyacá sealed the independence of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, while in the South José de San Martín, having landed with his army on the Peruvian coast in September 1820, was preparing the campaign for the independence of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

First campaigns in the Real Audiencia of Quito

Main articles: First Autonomous Government Junta of Quito, Free Province of Guayaquil, Independence of Ecuador, Gran Colombia, and Territorial organization of Gran Colombia

The first movements began in 1809 with the rebellion of the Criollos against Spanish rule known as The First Cry of American Independence. There are, however, other precursors such as Eugenio Espejo, a Criollo scholar of mestizo origin who issued the first written proclamations in the publication «El Nuevo Luciano de Quito». The rebels formed a provisional Government Junta on August 10, 1809 in Quito, rising against Spanish power and governing themselves autonomously; however, the participants ended up being imprisoned and killed in the Massacre of August 2, 1810. This chapter of Ecuadorian history was taken as an example at the beginning of several liberation processes in Hispanic America. On that date the rebels advocated the leadership of an autonomous government junta and a change of the authorities in Quito, maintaining their autonomy by using the strategy of the masks of Ferdinand VII; which consisted of swearing false loyalty to the captive King Ferdinand VII in order to maintain autonomy.[10] The historiography of Ecuador regards this event as the First Cry of Hispanic American Independence and the beginning of the emancipation process of the region. Once French rule had ended, and with the refusal of the King of Spain, Ferdinand VII, to abide by the Constitution of Cádiz, a wave of pro-independence movements was unleashed in Spanish America.

Territorial extent of the Free Province of Guayaquil, later integrated into Gran Colombia.

In 1820, following the independence of Guayaquil, the independent government of Guayaquil formed an army of local men, of perhaps 1800 soldiers, and in November sent it toward the Sierra region, with the purpose of winning supporters for the pro-independence cause. After some initial successes, such as the declaration of independence of Cuenca on November 3, 1820, the pro-independence forces suffered a serious defeat at the hands of the royalist army at the Battle of Huachi, near Ambato, which forced them to return to the coastal regions.

By February 1821 Guayaquil had already received reinforcements, weapons and provisions from Bolívar, who by then was President of the Republic of Colombia, assisted from Santafé by Vice President Francisco de Paula Santander. In May of the same year, Brigadier General Antonio José de Sucre, Commander in Chief of the Southern Division of the Colombian army and Bolívar's most trusted subordinate, arrived in Guayaquil. He was to assume command of the army and begin operations aimed at the liberation of the City of Quito and the entire territory of the Real Audiencia of Quito. Bolívar's political objective was to incorporate all the provinces of the Real Audiencia, including Guayaquil, into Colombia. Guayaquil, for its part, had not decided whether to join Peru or Colombia, and many of its citizens wanted to establish their own Republic. Sucre's advance across the Andes began in July 1821. As in the first campaign, after some initial successes, Sucre was defeated by the Royalist army on September 12, coincidentally at the same place where the earlier Battle of Huachi had taken place. This second campaign ended with an armistice between the pro-independence forces and the royalists on November 18, 1821.

Order of battle

Pro-independence army of Colombia

Planning

Martin Tovar y Tovar 12

Back in Guayaquil, General Sucre concluded that the best strategy for the next campaign would be to avoid any attempt to advance directly toward Quito via Guaranda, in favor of an indirect advance, marching first to Cuenca before turning toward the North, across the Andes, in the direction of Quito. This plan offered numerous advantages: recapturing Cuenca would make it possible to cut communications between Quito and Lima, and would allow Sucre to wait for the reinforcements that San Martín had by then promised to send him from Peru. In addition, a progressive advance from the coast and ascent through the mountains would allow his army to adapt gradually to the physiological effects of the change in altitude. But fundamentally, it was the only way to avoid a direct engagement under unfavorable conditions with the Royalist forces coming from Quito.

The campaign

View from the summit of the Pichincha volcano.

By January 1822 Sucre had already organized the new campaign. His army consisted of approximately 1700 men, among them veterans of his earlier campaigns and new recruits. There were men from the lowlands of the Province of Guayaquil, volunteers who came from the Sierra, and rank-and-file soldiers who had been forcibly recruited, some of them very young, as was already customary among the secessionist forces. The two contingents were soon organized as the Yaguachi Battalion; there were also soldiers from the New Kingdom of Granada sent by Bolívar, a few Spanish officers and soldiers who had changed sides, and even an entire battalion of British mercenaries, together with some Irish and French.

On January 18 the pro-independence army headed for Machala, on the plain. On February 9, having crossed the Andes, Sucre entered the town of Saraguro, where his army joined the 1200 men of the Peruvian Division, the contingent that San Martín had promised. This force (Auxiliary Expedition of Santa Cruz to Quito) was made up mostly of Peruvian recruits; there were also Chileans, Argentines and Upper Peruvians (Bolivians), and it also had Argentine officers, among whom stood out Félix Olazábal, both of the Infantry, and Antonio Sánchez of the Cavalry, and a squadron of the Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers of the Andes (Argentine) under the command of Juan Lavalle. Faced with this multinational force of around 3000 men, the Royalist cavalry detachment of some 900 men that was defending Cuenca withdrew toward the North, pursued at a distance by the pro-independence cavalry. Cuenca was then recaptured on February 21, 1822, without a single shot being fired. During March and April, the Royalists continued marching toward the North, successfully managing to avoid engaging the cavalry. However, on April 21 a fierce encounter took place between the cavalry forces at Tapi, near Riobamba. At the end of the day the Royalists withdrew once again, while Sucre's main army proceeded to capture Riobamba, remaining there until the 28th before resuming its journey toward Quito.

Approach to Quito

On May 2, 1822, Sucre's main force had reached the city of Latacunga, 90 km south of Quito. There Sucre proceeded to reorganize his troops, adding volunteers from the nearby towns, while he waited for reinforcements, especially the Alto Magdalena Battalion (from Colombia), and for new intelligence reports on the whereabouts of the Royalist army.

Meanwhile, Aymerich prepared strongpoints and artillery positions at the main mountain passes leading to Quito. Sucre, determined to avoid a frontal engagement on unfavorable ground, decided to advance parallel to the flanks of the Royalist positions, marching along the slopes of the Cotopaxi volcano in order to reach the Valley of Los Chillos, in the rear of the Royalist defensive positions. On May 14 the Royalist army, sensing Sucre's intentions, began to fall back, reaching Quito on the 16th. Two days later, and after a very difficult march, Sucre's army occupied Sangolquí, being received by Rosa de Montúfar at the Chillo-Compañía hacienda, which she had inherited from her father, the Marquis of Selva Alegre.[14][15]

Final maneuvers

In the early hours of May 23, 1822, the pro-independence army, made up of 2971 men, began to climb the slopes of the Pichincha volcano. In the vanguard were 200 Colombians of the Alto Magdalena, followed by Sucre's main army; in the rearguard were the British of the Albión, protecting the ammunition train. Despite the enormous effort of the troops, the advance along the slopes of the volcano was slower than expected, and the drizzle that fell during the night turned the trails into bogs.

When day broke, to Sucre's dismay, the army had not made significant progress, finding itself literally halfway along the route, at 3500 meters above sea level and within sight of the Royalist sentries in Quito. At eight o'clock sharp, anxious about the slow progress of the Albión, and with his troops exhausted and affected by the altitude, Sucre ordered his army to halt the advance to rest, asking his officers to conceal their battalions as best they could. He sent part of the Cazadores del Paya battalion on a reconnaissance task, followed by the Trujillo, a Peruvian battalion. An hour and a half later, suddenly, the men of the Paya were struck by a well-aimed volley of muskets. This action began the battle.

Course of the battle

The uniform of the grenadiers, currently the guard of honor of the presidential palace in Quito.

When day broke, the sentries posted near Quito sighted the rebel troops climbing the slopes of Pichincha. Aymerich, now aware of Sucre's intention to outflank him by climbing the volcano, ordered his army of 1894 men to climb the mountain as quickly as possible, to confront Sucre there. Having met on such an unlikely battlefield, the two commanders had no choice but to send their troops into battle gradually. There was little room to maneuver on the steep slopes of Pichincha, among deep ravines and dense thickets.

The men of the Paya, after recovering from the initial shock, repositioned themselves under enemy fire, awaiting the arrival of the Trujillo battalion. Sucre, hoping that the Spaniards were more tired than his own troops, sent in the Yaguachi battalion, made up of Ecuadorians. The Alto Magdalena battalion tried to make a flanking movement, but without success, since the terrain did not allow it. Soon, the Paya, Trujillo and Yaguachi battalions, suffering many casualties and short of ammunition, began to fall back.

By then the outcome of the battle seemed to depend on the Albión, which was carrying the badly needed ammunition; and yet its whereabouts were unknown. As time passed, the royalists seemed to be gaining control of the battle. The Trujillo was forced to retreat, while the Piura battalion scattered before facing the enemy. In the midst of desperation, the reserve men of the Paya battalion were ordered to charge the enemy with their bayonets. Both sides suffered heavy casualties, but the situation more or less stabilized. Despite this, Aymerich, as part of his strategy, had during the ascent of Pichincha detached the Aragón battalion from his main force, ordering it to advance to the summit of the volcano, in order then to attack the rebels from the rear, breaking their lines at the right moment.[16] The Aragón was the best battalion of the royalist army; it was made up of Spanish veterans who had fought both in the Napoleonic Invasion of Spain and in other battles in South America, and at that moment it stood above the pro-independence forces, ready to attack.

However, when the Aragón was about to charge the faltering rebel line, it was stopped dead by the Albión, which entered the battle unexpectedly. As it turned out, the Albión had managed to advance to a position higher than that of the Spaniards. Soon the Magdalena joined the battle, and the Aragón, after suffering heavy casualties, disintegrated. The Magdalena then advanced to the pro-independence line to replace the Paya, and charged the Royalist line, which finally broke.[17]

The Legend of Abdón Calderón

The battle was the setting for the legend of the 18-year-old Abdón Calderón from Cuenca. Calderón, who was the son of the Cuban colonel Francisco Calderón, a defender of the State of Quito of 1812, lived in Guayaquil and enlisted in the troops that fought in the battle.

According to the legend, during the battle Abdón Calderón:

"was shot in the right arm; he returns to the charge, but another bullet strikes his left arm and shatters it. But he says: to defeat the enemy one does not need arms. But a bullet passes through one of his thighs and he falls to his knees on the ground; nevertheless, the child hero does not faint." At the end of this account Calderón, having no functional limbs left, holds the sky-blue and white flag with his teeth, while cheering for Ecuador[18]

After the battle the boy was taken to the Hospital San Juan de Dios in Quito, where he died fourteen days later, on June 7, 1822. Antonio José de Sucre, in his terse report on the Battle of Pichincha, dated May 28 of that year, says: "[...] I make particular mention of the conduct of Lieutenant Calderón, who, having successively received four wounds, refused to withdraw from the fight. He will probably die, but the Government of the Republic will know how to compensate the family for the services of this heroic officer".[19]

When Simón Bolívar arrived in the city of Quito and learned of these events, he posthumously promoted Calderón to the rank of captain and decreed that his salary be paid to his mother. The company of the Yaguachi Battalion to which Calderón had belonged would have no captain, and at musters, when his name was called, the troops were to answer: "He died gloriously at Pichincha, but he lives in our hearts". The tradition is maintained to this day in the Ecuadorian Army, since Calderón is named at the roll call of the cavalry battalions.

These events were narrated in textbooks with grandiloquent adjectives, creating a myth that was taught in Ecuadorian primary schools about a figure with almost superhuman abilities who, despite being incapacitated, held up the Independence flag almost with his teeth, until finally dying in battle. However, this narrative comes from the vignette written a century after the battle, at the beginning of the 20th century, by Manuel J. Calle, in his work "Leyendas del Tiempo Heroico".

The Capitulation of Pichincha

Capitulation of Quito (1822), oil on canvas by Antonio Salas Avilés
  1. At twelve noon the victory of the pro-independence troops was proclaimed, which was completed with the capitulation of Marshal Aymerich on May 25 of the same year.
  2. The fort of El Panecillo served as the command post of the royalists, who even fired artillery at the rebels who had climbed the slope of the nearby Pichincha volcano. When defeated, the royalists took refuge in the fort.[20] Sucre, in order to avoid a bloody assault on the emblematic hill, sent an emissary to Aymerich asking him to capitulate, which the Spanish captain general accepted.

According to the Act of Capitulation of May 25, 1822,[21] the Spaniards, at 14:00 that day, lowered their flag and surrendered their weapons to the Army of Gran Colombia, in a special ceremony that took place on a bridge of the colonial fort. In this way, the final act of the Spanish Empire in Ecuador took place on the summit of the Panecillo.

The fortress made it possible to keep watch over the north and the south, and for this reason it was equipped with cannons. When the fort fell into the hands of the liberating Army of Gran Colombia, in 1822, fourteen pieces of artillery were taken from the Spaniards.[20]

With the operations whose final actions took place on the slopes of Pichincha and in the city of Quito, Sucre decided in his favor the wavering and delicate situation of Guayaquil; he gave freedom to the territory that today makes up the Republic of Ecuador, and facilitated its incorporation into Gran Colombia.

On June 18 of that year, Bolívar promoted him to division general and appointed him intendant of the department of Quito. That day, during the triumphal entry of the Liberator into the Plaza de la Independencia of Quito, a woman threw a laurel wreath from her balcony into his face, which strongly caught Bolívar's attention. This woman was Manuela Sáenz, who also took part in the struggles for independence and would be named a colonel by Bolívar, who made her his lover and called her "The Liberator of the Liberator".

At the head of Ecuador's affairs he carried out a positive work of progress: he founded the Court of Justice of Cuenca and, in Quito, the first republican newspaper of the period, El Monitor. He established the Economic Society in that city. A good proof of his personal activity is that on September 6, 1822 he issued and signed 52 communications in Quito. Interested in education, it can be stated that in Cuenca he found 7 schools and left 20.

Outcome

Map of the former Republic of Colombia in 1825.

Although in the context of the Wars of Independence of Hispanic America the battle of Pichincha appears as a minor conflict, both in terms of its duration and the number of combatants, its consequences were quite significant. On May 24, 1822 Sucre entered the city of Quito with his army, where he accepted the surrender of all the Spanish troops stationed in the territory that the government of Colombia called the "Department of Quito", since it regarded it as an integral part of the Republic of Colombia since its creation on December 17, 1819. Likewise, when Sucre recaptured Cuenca on February 21, he obtained from its local Council a decree proclaiming the integration of its city and province into the Republic of Colombia. Then, with the surrender of Quito, which in turn put an end to royalist resistance in the northern province of Pasto, Bolívar was able to enter the city, as he finally did on June 16, 1822. Amid the general enthusiasm of the population, the former Province of Quito was incorporated into the Republic of Colombia. For its part Guayaquil, which had still not decided its future, with the presence of both Bolívar and the victorious Gran Colombian army in its territory, proclaimed, forcibly and under pressure, the incorporation of Guayaquil into Gran Colombia on July 13, 1822.[22]

The Temple of the Homeland and other commemorative monuments

On the slope of Mount Pichincha where the battle took place, an obelisk commemorating the first centenary of the Battle was erected in 1922. The Obelisk, located in an Andean spot at an altitude of 3000 meters, records the names of the secessionist commanders and also has a plaque dedicated to the valor of the Spanish soldier.

Los Próceres, Caracas, Venezuela

In the 1970s, the military dictatorship that governed Ecuador decided to build on the site a monument of greater proportions than the modest original obelisk.

The so-called "Temple of the Homeland" was erected on the site, a reinforced concrete structure with several halls dug into the mountain. The Temple of the Homeland, visible from various parts of the city of Quito, is decorated on the outside with a tower and with a mosaic mural by Eduardo Kingman, which evokes the different episodes of the struggle for the independence of Ecuador, from the times of Eugenio Espejo, passing through the Tenth of August.

The Temple has several halls in which some old weapons can be seen, which, although most of them are not from 1822, date from the middle and end of the 19th century. Another hall displays the period uniforms of all the presidential and honor guards of South America, and a diorama that makes it possible to follow the events of the Battle of Pichincha.

In separate halls there are bronze statues of the Liberator Simón Bolívar and of Marshal Antonio José de Sucre, as well as a symbolic tribute to the Ecuadorian heroine Manuela Sáenz, Bolívar's lover who, although she did not take part in the battle, is symbolically buried at the site. Another room contains the remains of an unknown soldier.

The Temple of the Homeland incorporates into its ensemble the old obelisk of 1922 and offers a panoramic view of the Historic Center of Quito.

In the Historic Center stands the Monument to the Unknown Heroes of Pichincha, a column with a bronze condor, on the "24 de Mayo" promenade, also built at the foot of the mountain on the occasion of the first centenary of the battle.

Ceremony held at the foot of the monument to the Ecuadorian Soldier on the occasion of the commemoration of the Battle of Pichincha

Notes and references

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 When Sucre took Guayaquil on October 9, 1820 he did so with 700 men, but the city's aristocracy denied him its support (Carlos Lasso Cuevas, La batalla de Pichincha, pp. 1); even so, he managed to gather some 2000 recruits in the city (La Guía 2000: La batalla de Pichincha). On February 9, 1821 1200 reinforcements sent by San Martín arrived under the command of Santa Cruz. Later they were joined by battalions of Colombians (Lasso, pp. 2). In total around some 2971 men fought on the secessionist side at the battle of Pichincha (Ibid.)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 The Chilean historian Gonzalo Bulnes, in his work "Historia de la Expedición Libertadora del Perú: 1817-1822", p. 401, based on the very confidential note that the Chilean general Francisco Antonio Pinto sent to his government dated February 28, 1823, points out the presence of elements of Chilean troops who would have been enrolled in the No. 2 Battalion of Peru and the Trujillo cavalry to complete their strength. He also mentions the existence of Chilean soldiers in the Regiment of Grenadiers of the Andes since the campaign of Chile in 1818
  3. ↑ Emancipación de la Presidencia de Quito, del Virreinato de Lima y del Alto Perú. Francisco Antonio Encina, Editorial Nascimento, 1954. "In July 1822 he did not have the 5000 to 6000 men that, even counting on the assistance of San Martín, (...) Sucre fought the battle of Pichincha with 2000 infantry soldiers and 400 horsemen. Deducting the 200 dead and the 140 wounded (...)"
  4. ↑ José Manuel Restrepo. Diario político y militar. Impr. Nacional, Bogotá, 1954, pp. 154. Between San Juan de Pasto and Riobamba there were only 3500 to 4000 royalist soldiers.
  5. ↑ Gaetano Cestari, a native of Italy, arrived in Venezuela in the year 1816 to take part in various campaigns; in 1818 he was appointed lieutenant colonel Adjutant General in Angostura. He died in combat in the campaign of the South of Colombia. Italia y los italianos en la historia y en la cultura de Venezuela, by Marisa Vannini de Gerulewicz
  6. ↑ Formed by Peruvians and completed with Chilean soldiers of the No. 2 Battalion of Chile, according to Bulnes.
  7. ↑ Formed by Peruvians and completed with Chilean soldiers of the No. 2 Battalion of Chile, according to Bulnes.
  8. ↑ A unit not incorporated into the army of Peru, which carried its own standard, as indicated: We have the honor of having received the remnants of the Army of the Andes, brought from Peru by the colonel of mounted grenadiers D. Félix Bogado (...) yes, to those who have carried the Argentine flag in triumph as far as Quito and who have known how to shed their blood for the freedom of the homeland at Junín and Ayacucho (...) Gaceta Mercantil de Buenos Aires, January 17, 1826.

References

  1. ↑ Batallas de Venezuela, 1810-1824. Edgar Esteves González. El Nacional, 2021, pp. 169-170. "(...) before reaching the top of the plateau, the troops of 3200 men halt in order to rest and take their rations"
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Campaña de Atahualpa contra el Cuzco. Luis Andrade Reimers, Edit. Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana, 1985, pp. 7. "However, we all know well that the battle of Pichincha was fought between only 3500 combatants on both sides, the immense majority of the soldiers under Sucre's orders being natives of Peru, Colombia, Venezuela and even of the (...)"
  3. ↑ La iniciación de la República: contribución al estudio de la evolución política y social del Perú. Jorge Basadre, UNMSM, Lima, 2002 edition (original from 1929-1930), pp. 153. "Santa Cruz, in command of 1300 to 1500 soldiers, took to this campaign, which culminated in the liberating triumph of Pichincha, (...)"
  4. ↑ Documentos referentes a la creación de Bolivia: con un resumen de las guerras de Bolívar. Volume 1. Vicente Lecuna, Comisión Nacional del Bicentenario del Gran Mariscal Sucre (1795-1995), 1995, pp. xci. "In the action he distinguished himself by his extraordinary heroism, astonishing the most battle-hardened soldiers, (...) incorporated into two divisions on May 23, the eve of the battle of Pichincha, 1500 men, almost all of them from Cundinamarca."
  5. ↑ Cartas apócrifas sobre la Conferencia de Guayaquil. Vicente Lecuna, Academia Nacional de la Historia, 1945, pp. 184. "Two days after receiving the news of the battle of Pichincha, that is, on June 24, the Protector sent a dispatch to General Sucre 'asking him to send back the Santa Cruz division together with another of 1500 or 2000 brave Colombians, in order to end the war of America'.1 5o - He is also mistaken (...)"
  6. ↑ Boletín de la Academia Puertorriqueña de la Historia, Numbers 27-28. Academia Puertorriqueña de la Historia, 1982. "In the decisive battles of independence, the arrival of a few hundred men could be decisive in reinforcing (...) At Carabobo there were around 5000 Spanish combatants, at Pichincha fewer than 2000, at Ayacucho 9000 and (...)"
  7. ↑ Academia Nacional de la Historia (Venezuela). Boletín de la Academia Nacional de la Historia. Volume 56, Numbers 221-224. 1973. "And on May 24, 1822, on the slopes of the imposing Pichincha volcano, facing Quito, Sucre defeated 3000 (...)"
  8. ↑ Colombia: siendo una relación geográfica, topográfica, agricultural, comercial, politca, &c. de aquel pays, adaptada para todo lector en general, y para el comerciante y colono en particular. Alexander Walker, Baldwin, Cradock, y Joy, 1822, pp. 554. "The results of the battle of Pichincha are the occupation of this city and its fortifications on the afternoon of the 25th, the pacification of the entire department, and the capture of 1100 soldiers, 160 officers, 14 pieces of artillery, (...)"
  9. ↑ Bolívar y el arte militar formada sobre documentos: sin utilizar consejas ni versiones impropias ; conclusiones de acuerdo con hechos probados, y la naturaleza de las cosas. Vicente Lecuna, Colonial Press, 1955, pp. 159. "The battle of Pichincha. The Spaniards climbed quickly to block Sucre's movement. (...) the possession of the entire department and the capture of 1100 unwounded soldiers and 100 unwounded officers, and 190 wounded of the Spaniards with all their (...)"
  10. ↑ Diputados de Quito (1809). "Acta del 10 de agosto de 1809" (in español). Archived from the original on August 13, 2009. Retrieved 2007. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  11. ↑ Biografía José Mires
  12. ↑ Historia de San Martín y de la emancipación sud-americana. pp. 22-23. Author: Bartolomé Mitre. Published in 1907
  13. ↑ The Mounted Grenadiers, like the Chasseurs of Peru, had filled their vacancies with Chilean troops.
  14. ↑ Costales Samaniego, Alfredo; Costales Peñaherrera, Dolores (2008). Insurgentes y Realistas, la revolución y la contrarevolución quiteñas (1809-1812) (in español) (Primera ed.). Quito: FONSAL. pp. 158–166. ISBN 978-9978-300-99-2. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
  15. ↑ "El camino hacia la libertad: la ruta hacia la batalla del 24 de mayo" (in español). Diario El Comercio. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
  16. ↑ "Batalla de Pichincha" (in español). Archived from the original on July 13, 2008.
  17. ↑ "La Batalla de Pichincha" (in español). Archived from the original on October 1, 2012.
  18. ↑ Lo que tal vez no conocías sobre la Batalla de Pichincha El Comercio de Ecuador
  19. ↑ EL UNIVERSO. "La muerte del héroe Abdón Calderón". El Universo (in español).
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Resumen de la historia del Ecuador desde su orijen hasta 1845" (in español).
  21. ↑ "Melchor Aymerich - coterraneus - el blog de Francisco Núñez del Arco Proaño" (in español).
  22. ↑ Irama Iglesias. "Error". efemeridevenezolana (in español). Archived from the original on July 14, 2008. Retrieved December 26, 2007.

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