Pablo Neruda

Pablo Neruda
Pablo Neruda in 1963
Ambassador of Chile to France
In office March 1971 – February 1973
President	Salvador Allende Gossens
Preceded by	Enrique Bernstein Carabantes
Succeeded by	Jorge Errázuriz Echenique (1975)
Senator of the Republic of Chile
In office May 15, 1945 – February 22, 1950
Preceded by	Carlos Alberto Martínez
Succeeded by	Radomiro Tomic Romero
Constituency	the 1st Provincial Grouping, Tarapacá and Antofagasta
Personal details
Born	Ricardo Eliécer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto (1904-07-12)July 12, 1904 Parral, Chile
Died	September 23, 1973(1973-09-23) (aged 69) Santiago, Chile
Party	Communist Party of Chile
Spouse(s)	María Antonieta Hagenaar Vogelzang ​ ​ (m. 1930; div. 1942)​ Delia del Carril ​ ​ (m. 1943; div. 1955)​ Matilde Urrutia Cerda ​ ​ (m. 1966)​
Children	Malva Marina Trinidad Reyes (1934–1943)
Alma mater	University of Chile
Occupation	Poet, writer, diplomat and politician
Awards	National Prize for Literature of Chile (1945) Lenin Peace Prize (1953) Order of the Sun of Peru (1966) Nobel Prize in Literature (1971)
Signature
Writing career
Pen name	Pablo Neruda
Period	1919–1973
Genre	Poetry
Movements	Avant-garde and postmodernism

Pablo Neruda, pseudonym and later legal name of Ricardo Eliécer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto (Parral, July 12, 1904 – Santiago, September 23, 1973), was a Chilean poet and politician.

He is considered among the most outstanding and influential artists of his century; in addition, he was a senator of the Chilean Republic, a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (PC), a pre-candidate for the presidency of his country, and ambassador to France.

In 1971 Neruda received the Nobel Prize in Literature "for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams". Among his many honors, the honoris causa doctorate from the University of Oxford stands out.

The writer Gabriel García Márquez referred to him as "the greatest poet of the 20th century in any language".

Although Neruda is celebrated for his poetry and his literary sensibility, his personal life reveals deplorable facets, such as the abandonment of his wife and of their daughter, Malva, toward whom he showed an attitude of contempt because of her disability, something that has been the subject of criticism and analysis in biographies and historical studies.

Biography

Family

He was the son of the railroad worker José del Carmen Reyes Morales and the schoolteacher Rosa Neftalí Basoalto Opazo, who died of tuberculosis on September 14, 1904. On the following September 26 he was baptized in the parish of San José de Parral.

In 1906 José Reyes moved with his son to Temuco, where he married for a second time, to Trinidad Candia Marverde, whom Neruda called "mamadre" and who had been the mother of Rodolfo, born in 1895, also a son of José Reyes. In 1907 Laura was born, the daughter of José Reyes and Aurelia Tolrá; this girl was later adopted by Trinidad Candia.

In Java on December 6, 1930, Neruda married the Dutch Maria Antonia Hagenaar Vogelzang, Maruca (Batavia, March 5, 1900 – The Hague, March 27, 1965; she is cited as Maruca Reyes, Maruca de Reyes and Maruca Neruda). From this union a daughter, Malva Marina Trinidad, was born in Madrid on August 18, 1934; she suffered from hydrocephalus. Neruda separated from Hagenaar in 1936 and attempted to divorce her at a distance, from Mexico in 1942, but the divorce proceedings were not accepted by the Chilean courts.

Malva Marina Trinidad Reyes, daughter of Pablo Neruda

There are testimonies and letters showing that Neruda referred to his daughter in terribly disparaging terms, describing her as a "semicolon", a "three-kilo vampire", or a "ridiculous being", reflecting a distant and cruel attitude toward the girl's condition. These comments appear in private correspondence and have been cited in biographies such as that of Volodia Teitelboim and in studies of Neruda's life. Neruda wrote that:

"My daughter, or what I so call her, is a perfectly ridiculous being, a sort of semicolon, a three-kilo vampire. All is well now, oh dearest Blonde, but everything was going very badly. The girl was dying, she did not cry, she did not sleep; she had to be fed with a tube, with a little spoon, with injections, and we spent entire nights, the whole day, the week, without sleeping, calling the doctor, running to the abominable orthopedic shops, where they sell frightful baby bottles, scales, medicinal cups, funnels; full of degrees and regulations."

After mother and daughter crossed France in evident poverty, since the father provided them with no support whatsoever, María Antonia had to ask the Dutch government for help, and in the end she was forced to give Malva up for adoption to a family from that same country. At the age of nine, Malva Marina died in Gouda (Netherlands) on March 2, 1943, during the Nazi occupation, while Neruda was Consul General of Chile in Mexico. María Antonia, through the Consulate of Chile in The Hague, informed Pablo Neruda of their daughter's death, but he never even deigned to reply..

The girl was never mentioned in his memoirs, nor is there a single verse dedicated to her, beyond a self-pitying allusion in the poem Enfermedades en mi casa. However, his friend Federico García Lorca did write her a poem:

"Malva Marina, who could see you/
dolphin of love upon the old waves,/
when the waltz of your America distills/
poison and blood of a mortal dove ..." .

Neruda married again in 1943 (a marriage that Chilean law did not recognize) to Delia del Carril, an Argentine aristocrat, painter and engraver, 20 years older than the poet, from whom he separated in 1955.

Later, after a clandestine affair that lasted several years, he married Matilde Urrutia Cerda in 1966, following the death in 1965 of his first wife, María Antonieta Hagenaar, which gave him the legal framework to marry again. During the first years of their secret affair, Matilde became pregnant but suffered a miscarriage. Biographers and close friends of the couple recounted how Matilde lost further pregnancies later, which definitively frustrated her desire to have children.

Education

In 1910 he entered the Liceo de Hombres de Temuco, where he completed all his studies through the 6th year of humanities in 1920.

In March 1921 he settled in Santiago and began studying to become a teacher of French at the Pedagogical Institute of the University of Chile; although he had no great interest in teaching, he was interested in French in order to read poetry in that language.

Childhood and youth

Photograph of the young Neruda, still signing as Ricardo Reyes

The natural surroundings of Temuco, its forests, lakes, rivers and mountains shaped Neruda's poetic world; in that city he wrote a large part of the works that made up Crepusculario (1923), his first book of poems.

On July 18, 1917, he published his first article, Entusiasmo y perseverancia, in the Temuco newspaper La Mañana. In 1918 his poem "Mis ojos" appeared in the magazine Corre-Vuela, where three more of his poems were published. Between that year and 1922, he wrote articles that were published in the Temuco newspapers La Mañana and Diario Austral and in literary magazines of Temuco students, the Revista Cultural of Valdivia and Ratos Ilustrados of Chillán. In 1919 he published thirteen poems in the magazine Corre-Vuela, began contributing to the literary magazine Selva Austral and won third place in the Juegos Florales del Maule with his poem "Comunión ideal" or "Nocturno ideal".

In 1920 he met Gabriela Mistral, then headmistress of the Liceo de Niñas de Temuco, of which encounter he recalled: "she made me read the first great names of Russian literature that had so much influence on me". He was elected President of the Literary Athenaeum of the Liceo de Hombres de Temuco and assistant secretary of the Cautín Students' Association. On November 28 of that year, he won first place in poetry at the Temuco Spring Festival.

The pseudonym "Pablo Neruda"

In October 1920 he began to sign his works definitively with the pseudonym Pablo Neruda, essentially with the aim of avoiding his father's displeasure at having a poet for a son.

Although he never clarified the origin of his pen name, he never denied, and even supported, the conjecture that he would have chosen it in honor of the Czech writer Jan Neruda, of whom he would have read a short story in those years that made a deep impression on him. However, Jan Neruda's work was published between 1857 and 1883, and it is unlikely that Neruda had access to translations at that time; instead, it is presumed that his nickname was rather inspired by a character in the novel A Study in Scarlet (1887), by Arthur Conan Doyle, where, in chapter IV, the character Sherlock Holmes says he is going to hear a concert by Norman-Neruda, a famous violinist, Guillermina María Francisca Neruda, married to the Swedish musician Ludwig Norman, and therefore known as Wilma Norman-Neruda.

On October 14, 1921, he won first prize at the Spring Festival of the Federation of Students of Chile with the poem "La canción de fiesta", later published in the magazine Juventud.

In 1923 he published Crepusculario, praised by writers such as Hernán Díaz Arrieta, Raúl Silva Castro and Pedro Prado. In 1924 his famous Veinte poemas de amor y una canción desesperada came out, in which an influence of modernismo is still noticeable. Later, a purpose of formal renewal, with avant-garde intent, manifested itself in three short books published in 1926: El habitante y su esperanza, Anillos (in collaboration with Tomás Lago) and Tentativa del hombre infinito.

In 1927 he began his long diplomatic career, serving as consul in Rangoon (Burma), from where a notable correspondence developed with the Argentine writer Héctor Eandi. He was then consul in Sri Lanka, Java, Singapore, Buenos Aires (where he met Federico García Lorca), Barcelona (where he met Rafael Alberti) and Madrid. He proclaimed his poetic conception of that time, which he called "impure poetry", and experienced the powerful and liberating influence of surrealism.

In 1935 Manuel Altolaguirre handed Neruda the editorship of the magazine Caballo verde para la poesía, where he was a companion of the poets of the Generation of '27. That same year the Madrid edition of Residencia en la tierra appeared.

Spanish Civil War

Entrance to the Casa de las Flores in the Argüelles neighborhood, where Neruda lived while he was consul in Madrid. The building was bombed and almost totally destroyed when the civil war broke out

The Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936. After the murder of his friend García Lorca, Neruda committed himself to the movement of the Second Republic, first in Spain and then from France, where he began writing España en el corazón (1937). That same year he returned to Chile, and his poetry during the following period was characterized by an orientation toward political and social issues, which boosted his large book sales.

During the civil war, Neruda also met the Mexican poet Octavio Paz. The two became instant friends, but later, in Mexico, they had an altercation over ideological differences, almost coming to blows. More than twenty years later they reconciled at the International Poetry Festival in London. Paz would say of his colleague: "I murmur the name of Pablo Neruda and I tell myself: you admired him, you loved him and you fought him. He was your dearest enemy."

In 1939 he was appointed by President Aguirre Cerda as special consul for Spanish immigration in Paris, where he stood out as the organizer of the Winnipeg project, a ship that carried some 2,000 Spanish immigrants from France to Chile. Shortly afterward, he was assigned as Consul General in Mexico, where he rewrote his Canto General de Chile, transforming it into a poem of the South American continent.

Canto General was published in Mexico in 1950, and also clandestinely in Chile. Composed of some 250 poems in fifteen literary cycles, it constitutes (in Neruda's own judgment) the central part of his artistic output. Shortly after it came out, it was translated into about ten languages. Almost all the poems that make it up were created in particularly difficult circumstances, when Neruda was living in hiding since, as a member of the Communist Party of Chile, he was persecuted and accused of "violating the Law of Internal State Security and insulting President González Videla".

Political career

Neruda with his wife Delia de Carril and Erich Honecker in 1951

Contra la organización de la miseria (Neruda), paved over in Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil

Neruda returned to Chile in 1943 (the year in which he married Delia de Carril, the Hormiguita ["Little Ant"], in Mexico, in a marriage that was not recognized by the Chilean courts because his divorce from Maruca was declared illegal) and two years later he received the National Prize for Literature. In March of that year, he was elected senator for the provinces of Tarapacá and Antofagasta. In July, he joined the Communist Party, in which his two fiercest rivals, the poets Pablo de Rokha and Vicente Huidobro, were members, and with whom he would engage in the most acrimonious quarrels throughout his life.

In the 1946 presidential election the Democratic Alliance triumphed, a coalition made up of Radicals, Communists and Democrats, which brought Gabriel González Videla to power. The repression unleashed by the latter against striking mine workers would lead Neruda to protest vehemently in the Senate.

The persecution unleashed by the González Videla government against its former Communist allies, through the Law for the Permanent Defense of Democracy, culminated in the banning of the PC on September 3, 1948. Neruda then became the president's strongest antagonist, delivering speeches in the Senate and publishing articles against the Government abroad, since the Communist newspaper El Siglo was under censorship.

Neruda sharply criticized González Videla, whom he called a "rat"; he accused him of having been a friend of the Nazis during his years as ambassador in Paris, whom he invited to elegant dinners at the Chilean embassy, of selling the country to American companies, and he even accused his wife, Rosa Markmann, of having concealed her Jewish origins while they lived in Europe during the Second World War and of enriching herself by buying diamonds from impoverished Europeans and marrying off her descendants into the wealthiest families of South America.

Famous is his article "La crisis democrática de Chile es una advertencia dramática para nuestro continente" ("Chile's democratic crisis is a dramatic warning for our continent"), which later became known as "Carta íntima para millones de hombres" ("Intimate letter to millions of men"), published in the newspaper El Nacional of Caracas. This led the Government to petition the courts for the stripping of immunity of Senator Neruda for "denigrating Chile abroad and for slander and libel against the First Magistrate". and subsequently an arrest warrant was issued against him, forcing him first into hiding and then into exile.

Exile

Neruda in 1956

Neruda made the journey to escape political persecution during the autumn of 1949. Before that he lived for months in hiding between Santiago, Valdivia and the commune of Futrono, at Lake Huishue; he then crossed the Lilpela pass into Argentina on horseback; he nearly drowned while crossing the Curringue River.

In mid-April he arrived incognito in Paris and, thanks to the protection of several friends, among them Picasso, managed to regularize his situation. He reappeared publicly at the closing session of the First Congress of the World Movement of Partisans of Peace, at which he was named a member of the World Peace Council. From Europe he undertook numerous trips with his wife Delia del Carril: Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, Poland, Hungary, Mexico, Romania, India, Italy, France, the German Democratic Republic (GDR), Guatemala. At the Second Congress, held in Warsaw in November 1950, he received, together with Picasso, Paul Robeson and others, the International Peace Prize for his poem "Que despierte el leñador". Later, on returning to Chile, he would receive the Stalin Peace Prize in 1953.

During his European exile he lived in Capri and Naples with his future wife Matilde Urrutia. There he received the news that he was no longer wanted and could return to Chile, where he went back on August 12, 1952. That same year, in Italy, he anonymously published Los versos del capitán, edited by his friend Paolo Ricci.

Return to Chile

Neruda during a visit to the United States in 1966

Salvador Allende together with Neruda

In Chile, Neruda, whose wife Delia del Carril was waiting for him, was received with several public events. In 1953 he received the Stalin Peace Prize and the following year he published Las uvas y el viento (which contains an elegy to Stalin) and Odas elementales, in addition to making an important donation to the heritage of the University of Chile, to which he donated his books and marine seashells. This donation is divided into four sections: bibliographic (5,107 volumes), malacological (8,400 shells), periodicals (263 titles) and sound recordings (155 records), and they are held by the Andrés Bello Central Archive of that university.

In 1955 he separated from Delia and began living with Matilde Urrutia. Three years later Estravagario appeared, with a new change in his poetry.

On March 30, 1962, Rector Juan Gómez Millas and the Faculty of Philosophy and Education of the University of Chile granted him the status of academic member "in recognition of his vast poetic work of universal stature". In 1965 he was awarded the title of doctor honoris causa by the University of Oxford, in the United Kingdom.

Only in 1966 was he able to marry Matilde, after the death of Maruca, his first wife, in the Netherlands on March 27, 1965. The wedding took place in a simple, private civil ceremony at his house in Isla Negra, where he kept his distinctive collections of seashells and ship figureheads.

In 1969 he was named an honorary member of the Chilean Academy of Language and was named doctor honoris causa by the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile.

That year, during the presidential campaign, the Communist Party chose him as its pre-candidate, but he withdrew in favor of Salvador Allende, who became the sole candidate of Popular Unity.

The Allende government appointed him ambassador to France.

Nobel Prize in Literature

Neruda after receiving the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1971

Aware of his poetic talent, Neruda began a strategy to win the Nobel Prize in Literature from the 1950s onward through periodic publications (Canto general (1950), Los versos del capitán (1952), Las uvas y el viento (1954) and Odas elementales (1954), among others), press appearances, with columns and interviews, and high-level public relations, such as visits to presidents abroad. However, the key factor that most helped him obtain the prize was his political militancy.

The Swedish Academy considered him a candidate for the prize in:

• 1956, when he was nominated by André Joucar-Ruau, professor of literature at the University of Aix-en-Provence, and
• 1963, when he was proposed by Ragnar Josephson and Bengt Holmqvist. He was then part of a list together with the British-American W. H. Auden, the Irish Samuel Beckett, the Japanese Yukio Mishima, the Danish Aksel Sandemose and the Greek Giorgos Seferis. He then formed the final shortlist together with Auden and Seferis, to whom it was finally awarded.

On October 21, 1971, Neruda was awarded the Nobel "for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams". On the following October 23, the Chilean newspaper Clarín stated:

The whole country was moved. The humble men of the nitrate pampa, the peasants who make the earth give birth, the shepherds of the Magellanic pampa, the fishermen defying the ocean, the muleteers, the miners, the construction workers, the women at home keeping the pot boiling, the intellectuals, the clerks, all of us, from captain to cabin boy, felt more important, more Chilean.

The poet traveled to Stockholm to receive it on December 10. In his memoirs Confieso que he vivido (1974, posthumously), the poet recalls:

The aged monarch shook hands with each of us; he handed us the diploma, the medal and the check [...] It is said (or they told Matilde so to impress her) that the King spent more time with me than with the other laureates, that he shook my hand with evident warmth. Perhaps it was a reminiscence of the old courtly kindness toward minstrels.

Death

Neruda in 1972 at the National Stadium, together with General Carlos Prats and other authorities. Behind on the left, Defense Minister José Tohá

Neruda at his last public appearance (1972)

The Neruda House museum in Isla Negra, where the bodies of Neruda and his wife Matilde Urrutia rest

Coffin of Pablo Neruda

His last public appearance was on December 5, 1972, when the Chilean people paid tribute to the poet at the National Stadium. In February 1973, for health reasons, he resigned his post as ambassador to France.

After the military coup of September 11 his health worsened, and on the 19th he was rushed from his house in Isla Negra to Santiago, where he died at the Clínica Santa María at 10:30 p.m. on September 23.

Neruda's house in Santiago was looted after the coup led by General Augusto Pinochet, and his books were burned. The poet's funeral was held at the General Cemetery. Members of the leadership of the Communist Party attended, despite being persecuted by the regime. Although those present were surrounded by soldiers armed with machine guns, defiant shouts of tribute to him and to Salvador Allende were heard, along with the singing of The Internationale. After the funeral, many of those attending who could not flee ended up swelling the lists of those disappeared by the dictatorship.

His remains first rested in the mausoleum of the Dittborn family, which had lent them a space, and seven months later were moved to niche 44 of the Mexico module.

On December 11, 1992, the remains of Neruda and Matilde Urrutia were exhumed and taken for a ceremonial wake in the Hall of Honor of the former National Congress. The following day the poet's wish was fulfilled: that his remains be buried at his house in Isla Negra. That place and all his other belongings are now museums administered by the Pablo Neruda Foundation.

In 2011 an article in the newspaper Clarín reported statements by Manuel Araya Osorio, the poet's assistant from November 1972 until his death, who claimed that Neruda had been murdered in the clinic by means of a lethal injection, although the Pablo Neruda Foundation denied this information. On May 31, the Communist Party of Chile asked the courts for an investigation to determine the causes of the poet's death.

In 2013 Judge Mario Carroza, who had previously opened an investigation to clarify the circumstances of Neruda's death, ordered, after 20 months of interrogations and expert examinations, the exhumation of the poet's body. The Neruda Foundation, which at first opposed it as a desecration, finally accepted it, stating its confidence that "the thanatological examination will help clear up any doubts that may exist regarding the poet's death". Preparations for the exhumation began in Isla Negra on April 6 with the installation of a tent at the site of his grave and on the 8th the procedure was carried out, lasting one hour and eighteen minutes; that same day the poet's remains arrived at the Legal Medical Service in Santiago, with a view to analyses to be carried out in Chilean and foreign laboratories.

In November, Patricio Bustos, director of the Legal Medical Service of Chile, announced the results of the toxicological tests carried out in the United States and Spain, which ruled out that Neruda had been poisoned and confirmed that he died as a result of advanced prostate cancer. However, Rodolfo Reyes, the poet's nephew, insisted that third parties were involved in Neruda's death and announced that they would request new procedures. In 2015, the Human Rights Program of the Chilean Ministry of the Interior delivered to Carroza a report written by Francisco Ugás Tapia, Rodrigo Lledó Vásquez and Hugo Pavez Lazo (respectively executive secretary, head of the Legal Area, and attorney of that Program) in which they concluded that "the intervention of third parties in the death [of Neruda] is clearly possible and highly probable". However, the Neruda Foundation, through its executive director Fernando Sáez, declared in this regard that "this news is no news at all", that it is "a presumption of theirs" and that any reliable information about the poet's death now depends on the scientific results.

The reburial of Neruda's remains in his tomb in Isla Negra was carried out by officials of the SML and the PDI (April 26, 2016).

Doubts about the cause of Neruda's death persisted because, as was reported in May 2015, Spanish specialists had found Staphylococcus aureus in the poet's remains, a bacterium unrelated to cancer treatments which, when altered, is highly toxic and can hasten a person's death. Two laboratories, one in Canada and another in Denmark, began a series of expert analyses in February 2016 to try to determine whether or not the staphylococcus had been altered.

The Pablo Neruda Foundation, meanwhile, had begun asking from 2015, more than two years after the exhumation ordered by Judge Mario Carroza, for the return of the body so that it could go back to its tomb in the courtyard of the house in Isla Negra. After obtaining the samples needed for future expert analyses, the judge ordered the reburial of the remains of the Chilean Nobel laureate on March 3, 2016; and the reburial took place on April 26 of that year, after a popular funeral had been held the day before at the former National Congress, organized by Rodolfo Reyes, Pablo Neruda's nephew. Bernardo Reyes, a grandnephew, and the Foundation criticized this event, which was attended by artists and political figures such as the then presidents of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, Ricardo Lagos Weber and Osvaldo Andrade respectively. "It seems completely absurd to us that a judicial act such as the return of the remains, something we requested a year ago, should end up turning into this," said the executive director, explaining the Foundation's non-participation in that event.

On October 20, 2017, the international panel of experts confirmed that Pablo Neruda did not die of cancer cachexia as stated on his death certificate.

Style

Neruda's literature shows distinct stylistic periods. From his work Canto General (1950) onward, the author falls within so-called Soviet socialist realism, promoted by Andrei Zhdanov, in which Neruda would reach his culmination with Las uvas y el viento (1954).

Works

Published during his lifetime

• Crepusculario. Santiago, Ediciones Claridad, 1923.
• Veinte poemas de amor y una canción desesperada. Santiago, Editorial Nascimento, 1924.
• Tentativa del hombre infinito. Santiago, Editorial Nascimento, 1926.
• El habitante y su esperanza. Novel. Santiago, Editorial Nascimento, 1926.
• Anillos. Santiago, Editorial Nascimento, 1926. (Poetic prose by Pablo Neruda and Tomás Lago.)
• El hondero entusiasta. Santiago, Empresa Letras, 1933.
• Residencia en la tierra (1925–1931). Madrid, Ediciones del Árbol, 1935.
• España en el corazón. Himno a las glorias del pueblo en la guerra: (1936–1937). Santiago, Ediciones Ercilla, 1937.
• Nuevo canto de amor a Stalingrado. Mexico, 1943.
• Tercera residencia (1935–1945). Buenos Aires, Losada, 1947.
• Canto General. Mexico, Talleres Gráficos de la Nación, 1950.
• Los versos del capitán. Imprenta L'Arte Tipografica, Napoli, 1952, 184 pp.
• Todo el amor. Santiago, Editorial Nascimento, 1953.
• Las uvas y el viento. Santiago, Editorial Nascimento, 1954.
• Odas elementales. Buenos Aires, Editorial Losada, 1954.
• Nuevas odas elementales. Buenos Aires, Editorial Losada, 1955.
• Tercer libro de las odas. Buenos Aires, Losada, 1957.
• Estravagario. Buenos Aires, Editorial Losada, 1958.
• Navegaciones y regresos. Buenos Aires, Editorial Losada, 1959.
• Cien sonetos de amor. Santiago, Editorial Universitaria, 1959.
• Canción de gesta. Havana, Imprenta Nacional de Cuba, 1960.
• Poesías: Las piedras de Chile. Buenos Aires, Editorial Losada, 1960. Las Piedras de Pablo Neruda
• Cantos ceremoniales. Buenos Aires, Losada, 1961.
• Memorial de Isla Negra. Buenos Aires, Losada, 1964. 5 volumes.
• Arte de pájaros. Santiago, Ediciones Sociedad de Amigos del Arte Contemporáneo, 1966.
• Fulgor y muerte de Joaquín Murieta. Santiago, Zig-Zag, 1967. The work was written with the intention of serving as the libretto for an opera by Sergio Ortega.
• La Barcarola. Buenos Aires, Losada, 1967.
• Las manos del día. Buenos Aires, Losada, 1968.
• Comiendo en Hungría. Editorial Lumen, Barcelona, 1969. (Co-authored with Miguel Ángel Asturias)
• Fin del mundo. Santiago, Edición de la Sociedad de Arte Contemporáneo, 1969. With illustrations by Mario Carreño, Nemesio Antúnez, Pedro Millar, María Martner, Julio Escámez and Oswaldo Guayasamín.
• Aún. Editorial Nascimento, Santiago, 1969.
• Maremoto. Santiago, Sociedad de Arte Contemporáneo, 1970. With color woodcuts by Carin Oldfelt Hjertonsson.
• La espada encendida. Buenos Aires, Losada, 1970.
• Las piedras del cielo. Editorial Losada, Buenos Aires, 1970.
• Discurso de Estocolmo. Alpignano, Italy, A. Tallone, 1972.
• Geografía infructuosa. Buenos Aires, Editorial Losada, 1972.
• La rosa separada. Éditions du Dragon, Paris, 1972, with engravings by Enrique Zañartu.
• Incitación al Nixonicidio y alabanza de la revolución chilena. Santiago, Empresa Editora Nacional Quimantú, Santiago, 1973.
• Geografía de Pablo Neruda. Editorial Aymá, Barcelona, 1973. Autograph glosses by Neruda, photos by Sara Facio and Alicia D'Amico.
• Himno y regreso
• Que despierte el leñador
• Tentativa del hombre infinito

Discography

• Arte de pájaros (1966, with Ángel Parra)

Posthumous publications

• El mar y las campanas. Editorial Losada, Buenos Aires, 1973
• 2000. Editorial Losada, Buenos Aires, 1974
• Elegía. Editorial Losada, Buenos Aires, 1974.
• El corazón amarillo. Editorial Losada, Buenos Aires, 1974
• Jardín de invierno. Editorial Losada, Buenos Aires, 1974.
• Confieso que he vivido. Memoirs. Barcelona, Seix Barral, 1974. (autobiography)
• Libro de las preguntas. Editorial Losada, Buenos Aires, 1974.
• Cartas de amor de Pablo Neruda. Ediciones Rodas, Madrid, 1975.
• Para nacer he nacido. Editorial Seix Barral, Barcelona, 1978.
• Cartas a Laura. Centro Iberoamericano de Cooperación, Madrid, 1978.
• Poesías escogidas. Biblioteca Premios Nobel. Aguilar S.A. de ediciones, 1980.
• El río invisible. Editorial Seix Barral, Barcelona, 1980.
• Neruda/Eandi, Correspondencia durante Residencia en la tierra. Editorial Sudamericana, Buenos Aires, 1980.
• El fin del viaje. Editorial Seix Barral, Barcelona, 1982.
• Antología fundamental, prologue by Jaime Quezada and selection by Jorge Baroos, Andrés Bello, 1997
• Pablo Neruda, Discursos Parlamentarios. (1945-1948). Editorial Antártica, Santiago, 1997.
• Pablo Neruda, Cuadernos de Temuco. Seix Barral, Buenos Aires.
• Pablo Neruda, Prólogos. Editorial Sudamericana, Santiago, 2000.
• Pablo Neruda, Epistolario viajero. (1927-1973), Editorial RIL, Santiago, 2004.
• Pablo Neruda en O Cruzeiro Internacional. Editorial Puerto de Palos, Santiago, 2004.
• Pablo Neruda. Yo respondo con mi obra: Conferencias, Discursos, Cartas, Declaraciones. (1932 - 1959). Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain, 2004.
• Pablo Neruda, J.M. Coetzee, W. Faulkner, Doris Lessing, G.G. Márquez, Discursos, Alpha Decay, Barcelona, 2008.
• Antología General, Real Academia Española, Asociación Chilena del Libro and Hernán Loyola, Alfaguara, Santiago de Chile, 2010.
• La piel extensa, an anthology aimed at a young readership, bringing together fifty-five poems in seven thematic sections; compiled by Gerardo Beltrán and Abel Murcia with illustrations by Adolfo Serra; Edelvives, Madrid, 2013

Tributes

Bust of Neruda in Bremen.

In the mural Presencia de América Latina, a work by Jorge González Camarena located in the entrance hall of the Casa del Arte of the University of Concepción, "Pablo Neruda" can be read on the tip of Quetzalcoatl's tail, closing the excerpt from his poem.

• 1965 - Jorge González Camarena - A section of his verses appears in the mural Presencia de América Latina; they belong to the poem América, from the book Canción de fiesta.
• 1986 - Alberto Cortez - "Perdí tu dirección", tribute song on the album Sueños y Quimeras.
• 2011 - Rayden - "Si vas", tribute song.

Albums

• 1969 - Istros (Danai canta a Neruda) (by Danai Stratigopoulou)
• 1974 - Historia Natural de Pablo Neruda by Vinicius de Moraes, Quarteto Em Cy & Toquinho, a show recorded live at the Teatro Tuca in São Paulo.
• 1977 - Paco Ibáñez canta a Pablo Neruda
• 1980 - Canto general, conducted by Mikis Theodorakis (double album, with Maria Farantouri and Petros Pendis)
• 1981 - Alturas de Machu Picchu by Los Jaivas
• 1999 - Marinero en Tierra Vol. 1. Tributo a Pablo Neruda (Collective work by various artists)
• 2004 - Marinero en Tierra Vol. 2. Tributo a Pablo Neruda (Collective work by various artists)
• 2004 - Neruda en el corazón (CD and DVD, various artists)
• 2004 - Sólo el amor (by Ángel Parra)

Performing arts

• Pablo Neruda was played by Roberto Parada in the film Ardiente paciencia (1983), a work that depicts the relationship between the poet and his postman in the last years of his life (1969–1973), a fiction created by Antonio Skármeta. In the stage adaptation, he was played by Julio Jung; in the Italian version Il Postino: The Postman (1994), he was played by the French actor Philippe Noiret; and in the opera Il postino, premiered in Los Angeles, California in 2010, he was played by Plácido Domingo.
• In the Televisión Nacional de Chile series De Neftalí a Pablo (2004), Neruda was played as a child by Diego Gamboa; as a teenager by Danny Foix; as a university student by Juan Pablo Ogalde; and as an adult by Diego Ruiz.
• In the film Neruda, diario de un fugitivo (2014), a work dealing with the poet's flight in 1948 and the persecution of the Communists decreed by the government of Gabriel González Videla, by Manuel Basoalto, he was played by José Secall.
• In the film Neruda (2016), by Pablo Larraín, he was played by Luis Gnecco.

Other

• Throughout Chile there are 39 educational establishments bearing his name; the one in Temuco is the largest municipal high school in the Araucanía Region.
• In 2004 the former engine house (railroad workshop) of Temuco was transformed into the Pablo Neruda National Railway Museum, in honor of the fondness the poet always showed for the world of railroads.
• Numerous streets bear his name: 20 in Santiago de Chile; in Temuco, one of the city's main avenues; 1 in Buenos Aires; 3 in Mexico and 57 in France.
• On the occasion of the 110th anniversary of the poet's birth, the Ministry of National Assets launched the Pablo Neruda Footprints Heritage Route in Temuco.

Bibliography

• Aguirre, Margarita (1964). Genio y figura de Pablo Neruda. Colección Genio y Figura (in español). biografía, ensayo. Buenos Aires: Eudeba.
• Bianchi, Víctor. Cuaderno de viaje (in español).
• Bloom, Harold (2005). El canon occidental (in español). Madrid: Anagrama. ISBN 978-84-339-6684-1.
• Fernández Cozman, Camilo (2008). La poesía hispanoamericana y sus metáforas (in español). Murcia: Universidad de Murcia.
• Schidlowsky, David (2008). Pablo Neruda y su tiempo. Las furias y las penas (in español). Santiago de Chile: Ril. ISBN 978-956-284-629-5.
• Westermeyer Izquierdo, Roberto (July 2007). Informe sobre la ruta de Neruda (in español).

External links

• Works by Pablo Neruda on Spanish Wikisource
• Quotations by Pablo Neruda on Spanish Wikiquote
• Neruda on the Memoria Chilena portal, with a profile, chronology, photos, articles and downloadable books
• Pablo Neruda Collection of the Cineteca of the University of Chile
• Pablo Neruda Foundation
• Pablo Neruda. The Nobel Prize in Literature 1971.
• Pablo Neruda at the Centro Virtual Cervantes
• Pablo Neruda Author Library at the Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library
• Audio documentary on RNE about Neruda's death
• Inés María Cardone. «El secreto mejor guardado de Neruda», article published in El Cultural in 2004 when the first photos appeared of Malva Marina, Neruda's daughter who suffered from hydrocephalus
• Pablo Neruda at NNDB
• Matilde Urrutia talks about Neruda, on October 24, 1976, on the La 2 (TVE) program A fondo, with Joaquín Soler Serrano.
• About Neruda, in a 1980 edition of A fondo.