Ferdinand II of Aragon

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"Ferdinand the Catholic" redirects here. For other uses, see Ferdinand the Catholic (disambiguation).
Ferdinand II of Aragon
King of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca, Naples, Navarre, Sicily, Sardinia and Count of Barcelona
King of Castile iure uxoris
King of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca, and Sardinia and Count of Barcelona
ReignJanuary 20, 1479 – January 23, 1516[1]
PredecessorJohn II
SuccessorJoanna I and Charles I
King of Castile
iure uxoris, together with Isabella I
ReignJanuary 15, 1475[2] – November 26, 1504[3]
PredecessorIsabella I
SuccessorJoanna I
King of Sicily
Reign1468 – January 23, 1516
PredecessorJohn I
SuccessorJoanna I and Charles II
King of Naples
ReignMarch 31, 1504[4] – January 23, 1516
PredecessorLouis II
SuccessorJoanna III and Charles III
King of Navarre
ReignAugust 24, 1512[5] – June 7, 1515
PredecessorJohn III and Catherine I
SuccessorJoanna I
King consort of Castile
ReignDecember 13, 1474 – January 15, 1475[2]
PredecessorJoan of Portugal
SuccessorPhilip IV of Burgundy
Governor of the Kingdom of Castile
ReignAugust 17, 1507 – January 23, 1516
PredecessorCardinal Cisneros (President of the Council of Regency)
SuccessorCardinal Cisneros
Governor of the Kingdom of Castile
ReignNovember 26, 1504 – June 27, 1506
PredecessorIsabella I and himself (monarchs of Castile)
SuccessorPhilip I (King of Castile)
Duke of Montblanc and Count of Ribagorza
ReignJuly 25, 1458 – 1469
PredecessorJohn II
SuccessorAlfonso of Aragon and Escobar
BornMarch 10, 1452
Sos, Crown of Aragon
DiedJanuary 23[1], 1516
(aged 63)
Madrigalejo, Crown of Castile
Burial
Royal Chapel of Granada
SpouseIsabella I of Castile (1469-1504)
Germaine of Foix (1505-1516)
IssueSee Marriages and issue
HouseAragon[6]-Trastámara
FatherJohn II of Aragon
MotherJuana Enríquez
ReligionCatholic
SignatureFerdinand II of Aragon's signature
Coat of arms
Coat of arms of Ferdinand II as King of Aragon The yoke, Ferdinand's own device
Motto: Tanto monta[7][8]

Ferdinand II of Aragon, called "the Catholic" (Sos, March 10, 1452 – Madrigalejo, January 23, 1516),[9][10] was King of Aragon (1479-1516), of Castile (as Ferdinand V, 1474-1504),[11] of Sicily (as Ferdinand II, 1468-1516), of Naples (as Ferdinand III, 1504-1516), of Sardinia (as Ferdinand II, 1479-1516) and of Navarre (as Ferdinand I, 1512-1515). He was also Regent of the Castilian Crown between 1507 and 1516, owing to the incapacitation of his daughter Joanna I after the death of Philip the Handsome.

Biography

Early life

The son of John II the Great and his second wife Juana Enríquez, he was born in Aragonese territory at his mother's wish, since she was in Navarre on October 26, 1452 (during the succession disputes between her stepson Charles and her husband John II) and she traveled to the mansion of the Sada family, in the town of Sos, next to the border.

At only six years of age he received from his father John II the title of Duke of Montblanc and Count of Ribagorza with the lordship of the City of Balaguer, on July 25, 1458.[12]

Heir to the Crown of Aragon and marriage to Isabella of Castile

Statue of Ferdinand II of Aragon and V of Castile, the Catholic (1452–1516), in the Sabatini Gardens of Madrid (Spain). Sculpted in white stone by Juan de León between 1750 and 1753.

Recognized as heir to the Aragonese crown upon the death of his half-brother Charles, Prince of Viana (1461), he was crowned as heir king of Aragon in Calatayud; he was appointed lieutenant general of Catalonia (1462) and, in 1468, King of Sicily. During the Catalan Civil War (1462-1472), in which he took an active part, he became familiar with the administration of the state at the urging of his father.

Document signed by the Catholic Monarchs

When his second cousin, the Infante Alfonso of Castile, died (1468) and the latter's sister, the Infanta Isabella, half-sister of Henry IV of Castile, was recognized as heiress of Castile by most of the nobility, his father John II set his efforts on securing the marriage of Ferdinand to the Castilian Princess, which took place in October 1469 in the Palace of the Vivero in Valladolid. However, upon the death of Henry IV (1474) a civil war began between the supporters of Isabella and those of Henry's daughter, Joanna of Trastámara, nicknamed la Beltraneja, who was backed by the King of Portugal, Afonso V the African, who intended to marry her, uniting the crowns of Castile and Portugal. In this context of monarchical duplicity, Ferdinand of Aragon was made a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece by Duke Charles the Bold in 1473, the investiture ceremony being held on May 24, 1474 in the church of Santa María de la Asunción in Dueñas (Palencia) by the lord of Bièvres (Picardy), Jean de Rubempré.

Ferdinand, after arduous discussions with the suspicious Castilian nobility, succeeded in being proclaimed co-regent of Castile with the same rights as Isabella through the Concord of Segovia (1475). Ferdinand took an active part in the military direction of this war, to whose outcome he contributed decisively, above all in the indecisive Battle of Toro (1476),[13][14] which was turned into a strategic victory by Ferdinand's political genius, and in the submission of rebel cities. From 1476 to 1477 he was administrator of the Order of Santiago.

King of Aragon and Castile

Arms of Ferdinand II of Aragon and V of Castile in the Palace of the Catholic Monarchs of the Aljafería (1488-1492). It is a quartered shield with the arms of Castile, León, Aragon and Sicily, ensigned with the dragon crest, adopted by Peter IV the Ceremonious and later used as a symbol of the dignity of the King of Aragon.

The war ended with the defeat of Joanna. By the Treaty of Alcáçovas (1479), Joanna renounced the throne in favor of Isabella and withdrew to a convent in Coimbra, Isabella I becoming the undisputed Queen of Castile. That same year (January 20, 1479) Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon. But it was in the year 1475 that the union of both crowns can be dated, according to the terms of the Concord of Segovia (later corroborated in the Concord of Calatayud of 1481), by which Ferdinand was named King of Castile as Ferdinand V, reigning together with his wife Queen Isabella I, thus uniting both crowns. And even more important would be the Cortes of Toledo of 1480, where its law 111 states: «Since by the grace of God our Kingdoms of Castile and of León and of Aragon are united, and we have hope that by His mercy from here onward they will remain united, and will remain in one Royal crown: And so it is right that all the natives of them should deal and communicate in their dealings and doings».

However, Queen Isabella I of Castile could not be named de iure Queen of Aragon, since, there being a legitimate male (her husband), he would be the King and therefore Isabella would be queen consort. It is ahistorical to speak of a Salic law like the French one in the Crown of Aragon, which was absolutely nonexistent in any legal Code in any of the territories of the Crown. The system of designation was customary, enthroning the eldest legitimate male, and the essential document was the King's will. On the other hand there existed the so-called jure uxoris, by which the male consort of the Queen became king by the indispensable fact of military command. Nor did a Salic law exist in Castile and León, as proven by Urraca and Berengaria.

After decreeing the first measures for the internal organization of their kingdoms (from 1480 the figure of the Corregidor was extended; in 1481 the Inquisition was created in Castile; the rebel nobles were punished and the royal treasury was reorganized), the monarchs undertook in 1481 the conquest of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada. Through the difficulties of this war (1481-1492), fundamentally one of sieges, King Ferdinand gradually revealed his diplomatic and military gifts. The war ended with the capitulation of Granada on January 2, 1492. The conquest of the last Muslim stronghold on the peninsula granted the monarchs a prestige that helped consolidate royal authority. In the kingdoms of the Crown of Aragon, Ferdinand did not modify the traditional political system (which hindered the concentration of power in the hands of the King), and in his States he put an end to the problem of the Catalan remensas through the abolition of the bad customs and the consolidation of emphyteutic contracts (arbitral Sentence of Guadalupe, 1486). He introduced into Castile the Aragonese institutions of the consulates (such as the Consulate of the Sea of Burgos) and the guilds, thereby favoring Castilian economic development, especially the wool trade.

In the religious sphere, he created the Spanish Inquisition in 1478 (not a direct heir of the one that had existed in the Crown of Aragon since 1249), decreed the expulsion of the Jews on March 3, 1492 (unless baptized) and the Pragmatic of February 14, 1502, which ordered the conversion or expulsion of all the Muslims of the Kingdom of Granada. This Pragmatic meant a breach of the commitments signed by the Catholic Monarchs with King Boabdil in the Capitulations for the surrender of Granada, in which the victors guaranteed the Granadan Muslims the preservation of their language, religion and customs.

In Italy

Arms adopted by Ferdinand II of Aragon as King of Naples in 1504, which were used until 1512, when the arms of Navarre were incorporated. In the second quarter one can see, next to the Bars of Aragon, the arms of the Kingdom of Naples formed by the arms of the kingdoms of Jerusalem and of Hungary.[15]

From 1492, after suffering an assassination attempt in Barcelona, Ferdinand focused his activity on the traditional Aragonese expansion toward the East, across the Mediterranean Sea, mainly toward Italy and North Africa. Through the Treaty of Barcelona (1493), he recovered Roussillon and Cerdanya (occupied by France since 1463). In Italy, to oppose the French attempt to annex the Kingdom of Naples, he organized the Holy League (1495), his first great international diplomatic success. The successes in the military campaigns (in which the King's army was led by Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, the Great Captain) and the King's cunning made it possible to expel the reigning dynasty of the Kingdom of Naples and, in 1504, the French, whereby Naples was added to the possessions of the Crown of Aragon. Pope Alexander VI, who, despite being a native of the territories of the Crown of Aragon, did not have good relations with him because he feared that in his territorial ambitions he might wish to include part of the Papal States, granted the title of Catholic Monarchs to Ferdinand and his wife, Queen Isabella I of Castile, through the papal bull Si Convenit of December 19, 1496.

Another of his diplomatic fronts against France rested on a wise policy of marriage alliances, through which the monarchs established alliances with other European countries (the marriage of their daughters Isabella and, upon her death, Maria, with King Manuel I of Portugal; of John, with Margaret of Austria; of Joanna with Philip the Handsome, and of Catherine with Arthur, Prince of Wales and, after his early death, with his brother, the future Henry VIII of England), isolating France, which he repeatedly caused to fail in its interventions in Italy.

Expansionism and succession

In North Africa, he was opposed to large-scale occupations and restricted his actions to the occupation of some coastal strongholds on the Mediterranean, such as Oran (See Capture of Oran). While all this was happening in Europe, the discovery of America and the rapid occupation and exploitation of the American lands were strengthening the international position of the Catholic Monarchs.[16]

Upon Isabella's death (1504), Ferdinand proclaimed his daughter Queen of Castile and took the reins of the government of the kingdom in accordance with the last will of Isabella the Catholic. But Joanna's husband, Archduke Philip, was not willing to renounce power, and in the Concord of Salamanca (November 1505) the joint government of Philip and Joanna herself was agreed, as monarchs, with Ferdinand acting as governor. Previously, Ferdinand had neutralized French support for his son-in-law Philip by the Treaty of Blois, and had married his grandniece Germaine of Foix, niece of King Louis XII.

On October 19, 1505, at 18 years of age, Germaine married by proxy Ferdinand II of Aragon, aged 53, who had been the widower of Isabella the Catholic for almost a year; the nuptial blessings of that marriage were celebrated in the Palencian town of Dueñas on March 18, 1506, in the palace of the Counts of Buendía, property of his cousin Juan de Acuña, III Count of Buendía. In the agreements, the King of France ceded to his niece the dynastic rights to the Kingdom of Naples and granted Ferdinand the title of King of Jerusalem, rights that would return to France in the event that the marriage had no issue. In exchange, the Catholic King undertook to name as heir any son of the marriage. The marriage aroused the anger of the nobles of Castile, since they saw it as a maneuver by Ferdinand the Catholic to prevent Philip the Handsome and Joanna I from inheriting the Crown of Aragon. With her he had, in 1509, another son, John, who, had he not died a few hours after birth, would have become King of Aragon.

In 1506, the couple Joanna and Philip arrived on the peninsula, and the bad relations between the son-in-law (supported by the Castilian nobility, who formed the Philippist group) and the father-in-law (supported by the representatives of the cities, who formed the Aragonese group) soon became evident, so that by the Concord of Villafáfila (1506), Ferdinand withdrew to Aragon and Philip was proclaimed King of Castile in the Cortes of Valladolid, with the name of Philip I. But on September 25 of that year Philip I the Handsome died, and in view of the incapacity of Queen Joanna, Cardinal Cisneros temporarily took on the responsibility of power as President of the Council of Regency of Castile until Ferdinand's return. When the latter returned, he confined his daughter for life in Tordesillas and governed as Regent in Castile, although he nevertheless focused on the affairs of Italy (taking part in the League of Cambrai against Venice in 1511) and left the government of Castile to Cardinal Cisneros (Concord of Burgos of 1507).

Arms after 1512 following the incorporation of Navarre. Originally Ferdinand the Catholic had intended to add Navarre to the Crown of Aragon, which explains why the Navarrese emblem appears impaled with the Pales of Aragon.[17][18]

As the son of John II he intervened actively in the Navarrese Civil War, introducing Castilian troops into the interior of the Kingdom of Navarre, until in 1512, and in support of the Beaumontese faction, he openly carried out the definitive incorporation or conquest of Navarre with Basque, Aragonese and Castilian troops, under the command of the II Duke of Alba de Tormes, Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y Enríquez. To control the kingdom, and as part of the diplomatic measures, the Cortes of Navarre met on March 23, 1513, in an assembly attended only by Beaumontese, so that they might give him their support, which he obtained after promising to respect all the rights of the Kingdom. After this, the procurators swore obedience to him as «Catholic King Don Fernando, King of Navarre, our lord from here onward...».[19]

On June 7, 1515, the Castilian Cortes assembled in Burgos, without the presence of Navarrese, accepted that upon the death of Ferdinand II the Catholic the Kingdom of Navarre would be incorporated into the kingdoms of his daughter Joanna I, then Queen of Castile, which had been proposed to them by King Ferdinand himself.[19][20] Nevertheless, the war to control the kingdom would last until 1524, during the reign of his grandson, Charles I.


Will and death

In his legacy, he assigned all his possessions to his daughter, and in her place his grandson Charles of Ghent, the future Charles I, was to assume the government and regency of the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon; until his arrival, he appointed his natural son Alonso of Aragon regent of the kingdoms of the Crown of Aragon and Cardinal Cisneros Regent of Castile. He died on January 23[1], 1516 in Madrigalejo (Province of Cáceres), when he was on his way to attend the chapter of the orders of Calatrava and Alcántara at the Monastery of Guadalupe.

Afflicted by dropsy during a retreat in the town of Aranda de Duero, he made a will on April 26, 1515; although later he would draw up another on the eve of his death in Madrigalejo; in it he left bequests to certain servants, to his natural son Alfonso of Aragon, to his grandson Ferdinand and to his wife Germaine of Foix. He likewise expressed his wish to be buried in the Royal Chapel of Granada, next to his first wife, Isabella of Castile.[21]

His death may have been caused by an abuse of Spanish fly,[22] which in those times was used as an aphrodisiac, in an attempt to obtain a male heir with his wife Germaine of Foix.

Marriages and issue

“In Dei nomine. Amen. Let it be manifest to those who see the present document how, in the very noble town of Valladolid, on Thursday the eighteenth day of the month of October in the year of the birth of our Savior Jesus Christ one thousand four hundred and sixty-nine, there being present the very illustrious and excellent lords, the very excellent and illustrious lord Don Fernando, King of Sicily, heir prince of the kingdoms of Aragon, and the very excellent and illustrious lady Doña Ysabel, daughter of the very high and mighty lord King Don Juan of glorious memory, heiress princess of these kingdoms of Castile and of León... they were unanimously agreed to contract matrimony together, as Holy Mother Church commands”.

His father negotiated in secret the marriage of Ferdinand to Isabella, recently proclaimed Princess of Asturias and therefore heiress to the throne of Castile and León. The talks were secret because Ferdinand was betrothed to the daughter of Don Juan Pacheco, favorite of the Castilian King Henry IV.[citation needed] Isabella wanted this marriage, but there was a canonical problem: the couple were cousins (their grandfathers were brothers). They therefore needed a papal bull authorizing the betrothal. The Pope, however, did not sign this document, fearful of the possible negative consequences this act might bring him (by attracting the antipathy of the kingdoms of Castile, Portugal and France, all of them interested in marrying Princess Isabella to another suitor).

However, the Pope was inclined toward this conjugal union, because of the benefits that being on good terms with Princess Isabella could bring him.[citation needed] For that reason, he ordered Cardinal Rodrigo de Borja to go to Spain as papal legate to facilitate this marriage.

Ferdinand, Isabella and their advisers hesitated to marry without papal authorization. Finally, with the connivance of Cardinal Borja, they presented a false bull, supposedly issued in June 1464 by the previous pope, Pius II, in favor of Ferdinand, in which he was permitted to marry any princess to whom he was bound by a tie of consanguinity up to the third degree.

Isabella accepted, and the marriage capitulations of Cervera were signed on March 5, 1469. Fearing that Henry IV would thwart these plans, in May 1469, with the excuse of visiting the tomb of her brother Alfonso, who lay in Ávila, Isabella escaped from Ocaña, where she was closely guarded by Don Juan Pacheco. For his part, Ferdinand crossed Castile in secret, disguised as a mule boy for some merchants.

Isabella of Aragon, firstborn of the Catholic Monarchs and Queen of Portugal.

Finally, on October 19, 1469, Isabella married Ferdinand, King of Sicily and Prince of Girona, in the Palace of the Vivero in Valladolid. This led to a confrontation with her half-brother, who went so far as to block the papal bull of dispensation for kinship between Isabella and Ferdinand. Finally, on December 1, 1471, Sixtus IV issued the bull that dispensed the marriage from its ties of consanguinity.

Married on October 19, 1469, with Isabella he had 7 documented children:

  • Isabella (October 1 or 2, 1470-1498), Princess of Asturias (1476-1480; 1498), married the Infante Afonso, but upon his death she married in 1495 the uncle of the deceased, Manuel, who was King of Portugal with the name of Manuel I, the Fortunate. She was Queen of Portugal between 1495 and 1498, and died giving birth to her first child Miguel da Paz.
  • Miscarriage of a boy (May 31, 1475), which occurred in the town of Cebreros.
  • John (June 30, 1478-1497), Prince of Asturias (1480-1497). In 1497, he married Margaret of Austria (daughter of the Germanic Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg); he died of tuberculosis shortly afterward. He had a posthumous daughter who was stillborn. Margaret left Spain and for a time took charge of her nephew Charles, the future Emperor Charles V.
  • Joanna I of Castile (November 6, 1479-1555), Princess of Asturias (1502-1504), Queen of Castile (1504-1555) with the name of Joanna I, and popularly known as Joanna the Mad (Juana la Loca). In 1496, she married Philip the Handsome of Habsburg (also a son of Emperor Maximilian I). With him a new dynasty entered Spain, that of the Habsburgs, who formed the House of Austria. Her firstborn was Eleanor of Austria (1498-1558). In 1500 Joanna became a mother for the second time, this time of her first son, the future Charles I, who would succeed her and would also be Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire as Charles V. In 1503, she gave birth to Ferdinand, Charles's successor in the Holy Roman Empire as Ferdinand I, and he restored the Austrian imperial branch of the House of Austria. Mentally affected by the death of her husband, she was confined by her father Ferdinand in Tordesillas, where she died.
  • Maria (June 29, 1482-1517), married in 1500 the widower of her sister Isabella, Manuel I of Portugal, the Fortunate. She was the mother of ten children, among them: John III, Henry I of Portugal and Empress Isabella, wife of Charles V.
  • Stillborn baby (June 29, 1482), twin of Maria; the sources are not unanimous regarding its sex.[23][24][25][26]
  • Catherine (December 16, 1485-1536), married Prince Arthur of Wales in 1502, who died a few months after the wedding. In 1509 she married the brother of her late husband, who would become Henry VIII. She thus became Queen of England; she was the mother of Queen Mary I of England, Mary Tudor.
Signature of Ferdinand II of Aragon.

With his second wife Germaine of Foix, niece of Louis XII of France, married on October 19, 1505 in Dueñas (Second Treaty of Blois):

  • John (May 3, 1509 - died a few hours after birth).

With Aldonza Ruiz de Ivorra, a Catalan noblewoman from Cervera, he had a natural son:

With Juana Nicolás, a commoner with whom he had a fleeting encounter in the town of Tàrrega, he had a natural daughter:

  • Juana María (1471-1510),[28][29] second wife of Bernardino Fernández de Velasco, III Count of Haro and VII Constable of Castile. They were the parents of Juliana Ángela de Velasco y Aragón, I Countess of Castilnovo, married to her first cousin, Pedro Fernández de Velasco y Tovar, Count of Haro.[30] Juana María appears referred to, in several non-historical sources, as a possible daughter of Aldonza de Ivorra, probably in an attempt to ennoble her ancestry, given the plebeian origin of her mother. However, in the will that Ferdinand drew up in Tordesillas in July 1475, the different maternity of Juana and Alonso is made very clear, since he entrusted his father, his wife and his daughter Isabella with the care of these illegitimate children and of their respective mothers.[31]

With Toda Larrea, a Biscayan noblewoman:

With Juana Pereira, a Portuguese noblewoman:

  • María Blanca (1483-1550), Abbess of Nuestra Señora de Gracia el Real de Madrigal, where she professed and where her sister María was also Abbess.[32]

After the death of his son John and that of Isabella the Catholic, the nobles of Aragon pressured him to have a male son (Salic law), which led him to have to marry Germaine of Foix, niece of Louis XII of France. He told her that if they did not manage to have a male heir, the much-coveted Naples would go to him (Louis XII).

Ancestors

Ancestors of Ferdinand II of Aragon

Titles and offices

Filmography

Film

Year Film Director Actor
1945 La carabela de la ilusión Benito Perojo
1949 Christopher Columbus David MacDonald
1951 Alba de América Juan de Orduña José Suárez
1951 Hare We Go Robert McKimson
1976 La espada negra Francisco Rovira Beleta Juan Ribó
1982 Cristóbal Colón, de oficio... descubridor Mariano Ozores Luis Varela
1983 Juana la loca... de vez en cuando José Ramón Larraz José Luis López Vázquez
1992 1492: Conquest of Paradise Ridley Scott Fernando García Rimada
1992 Christopher Columbus: The Discovery John Glenn Tom Selleck
1992 Carry On Columbus Gerald Thomas Leslie Phillips
2000 Isabel of Castille: The Royal Diaries William Freud
2001 Juana la Loca Vicente Aranda Héctor Colomé
2006 La reina Isabel en persona Rafael Gordon
2016 La corona partida Jordi Frades Rodolfo Sancho
2016 Assassin's Creed Justin Kurzel Thomas Camilleri

TV series

Year Series Channel Actor
1990 Requiem por Granada TVE Pedro Díez del Corral
2012-2014 Isabel La 1 Rodolfo Sancho
2017 The White Princess Starz Juan Echenique
2020 The Spanish Princess Starz Antonio de la Torre

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Fueros, observancias y actos de corte del reino de Aragón. Authors: Penén y Debesa, Santiago; Savall y Dronda, Pascual; Clemente, Miguel (1866), p. 63.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 By the Concord of Segovia, Ferdinand II of Aragon acquired powers as co-sovereign in Castile.
  3. ↑ Owing to the death of Queen Isabella I.
  4. ↑ Treaty of Lyon.
  5. ↑ Saltus y Ager Vasconum. Cultura y política en Navarra (1870-1960). Author: Iriarte López, Iñaki, ch. 7: pp. 27-28 Doctoral thesis, Universidad Pública de Navarra
  6. ↑ See J. A. Sesma Muñoz, El Interregno (1410-1412). Concordia y compromiso político en la Corona de Aragón, Zaragoza, Institución «Fernando el Católico» (CSIC), 2011, p. 224 and Manuel Fuertes de Gilbert Rojo, «La Casa de Aragón: Genealogía de una monarquía mediterránea. (Sinopsis)», I Colloquio Internacionale de Genealogia, Rome, Senate of the Republic, October 7-11, 2003.
  7. ↑ VV. AA., Isabel la Católica en la Real Academia de la Historia, Real Academia de la Historia, 2004. ISBN 978-84-95983-54-1. Cf. for the motto or mote p. 73.
  8. ↑ Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, «“Tanto monta”. El escudo de los Reyes Católicos», in Luis Suárez Fernández, Isabel la Católica vista desde la Academia, Real Academia de la Historia de España, (Estudios, 16), 2005, pp. 99-138. ISBN 978-84-95983-65-7
  9. ↑ Luis Suárez Fernández, Fernando el Católico, Barcelona, Ariel, 2004, p. 18. ISBN 978-84-344-6761-3
  10. ↑ Edwards, John. La España de los Reyes Católicos, 1474-1520, Barcelona, Crítica, 2001, p. 9 (Historia de España, 9). ISBN 978-84-8432-266-5
  11. ↑ Biografía de Fernando V de Castilla y II de Aragón, también llamado el Católico.
  12. ↑ Iglesias Costa, Manuel (2001). "Historia del condado de Ribagorza" (PDF) (in español). Huesca: Instituto de Estudios Altoaragoneses. p. 274. ISBN 84-8127-121-7. Archived from the original (pdf) on January 11, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2011. This first caused King John II to refuse to recognize the rights of his son Charles, Prince of Viana, to the inheritance and caused the latter to rise up in arms against his father; and, second, the King, on the same day that he swore, as was customary, the fueros and privileges of the Kingdom of Aragon (July 25, 1458) in the church of El Salvador in Zaragoza, «gave to the Infante Don Hernando his son the title of Duke of Montblanc and Count of Ribagorza with the lordship of the city of Balaguer»; the latter was only 6 years old.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
  13. ↑ “His moment is the indecisive Battle of Toro. Both sides claimed the victorious outcome of the day… The letters written by the sovereign to the important cities of his Kingdom are a model of skill… What a portentous description of the battle! The haze turns into light, the doubtful takes on the contours of certain triumph. The politician obtained the fruits of a disputed victory”, the historian Antonio Ballesteros Berreta- Fernando el Católico, el mejor Rey de España, Ejército, no. 16, pp. 54-66, Ministerio del Ejército, Madrid, May 1941.
  14. ↑ “… in the … Battle of Toro, which, although of uncertain outcome, Ferdinand skillfully knew how to exploit for propaganda.” in Juan BATISTA GONZÁLEZ- España Estratégica, guerra y diplomacia en la historia de España, Sílex ediciones, Madrid, 2007, p.222.
  15. ↑ La moneda napolitana de Fernando el Católico, documento porpagandístico de la unidad de las coronas; De Francisco Olmos, José María. Universidad Complutense de Madrid (2001), pp. 156-158.
  16. ↑ * Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Gonzalo (1854). Historia General y Natural de las Indias, Islas y Tierra Firme del Mar Océano (in español). Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia.
  17. ↑ Faustino Menéndez Pidal y Navascués and Javier Martínez de Aguirre, El escudo de armas de Navarra, Gobierno de Navarra, 2001. ISBN 84-235-2016-1.
  18. ↑ Cf. the description of this emblem in Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, «“Tanto monta”. El escudo de los Reyes Católicos», in Luis Suárez Fernández, Isabel la Católica vista desde la Academia, Real Academia de la Historia de España, (Estudios, 16), 2005, p. 123.

    In these territories [the Crown of Aragon], armorial compositions were more flexible. In Aragon and Catalonia Ferdinand the Catholic used, in addition to the arms described above, the pales of Aragon alone, the quartered arms of Castile-León impaled with Aragon, sometimes in the reverse order, and in the last period a tierced shield: 1. Aragon-Sicily; 2, Aragon; 3, also tierced of Hungary, Anjou-Naples and Jerusalem. Finally, in Naples he first used, while Doña Isabel was alive, a quartered shield: 1,4, counter-quartered of Castile and León; 2, Aragon impaling Jerusalem impaling Hungary; 3, Aragon impaling Aragon-Sicily (there are variants of these arms). Later, now a widower, he simply quarters Aragon and the tierced arms of Hungary, Anjou and Jerusalem, sometimes ensigning them with the crowned helm and the Aragonese crest. The annexations of Naples and of Navarre had brought the last modification to the arms of the Catholic King. Keeping quarters 1, 3 and 4 and the enté en pointe of Granada, the 2nd is changed to an impaled one: 1, Aragon per fess with Navarre; 2, Jerusalem impaling Hungary. Thus it appears, supported by two griffins, an Aragonese supporter, and ensigned by a crown, on a tympanum of the castle of the Aljafería.

    — Menéndez Pidal de Navascués, art. cit., 2005, page 123.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 García-Mercadal, Fernando: Los títulos y la Heráldica de los Reyes de España: Estudios de derecho dinástico, Editorial Bosch, 1995.
  20. ↑ Colmeiro, Manuel (1883). Cortes de los antiguos Reinos de León y de Castilla.
  21. ↑ Fernando el Católico. Ernest Belenguer. Península, 1999. ISBN 978-84-8307-183-0.
  22. ↑ Gargantilla Madera, Pedro: Enfermedades de los Reyes de España, Editorial La esfera de los libros, 2005. ISBN 84-9734-338-7, 9788497343381.
  23. ↑ http://www.rtve.es/television/20131028/mas-isabel-tuvo-gemelos-isabel-catolica/778966.shtml
  24. ↑ Isabel La Católica en la producción teatral española del siglo XVII. Maria Yaquelin Caba. P. 98.
  25. ↑ Breve historia de Isabel la Católica. Sandra Ferrer Valero. 2017. ISBN: 9788499678382
  26. ↑ Biografía Histórico-Médica de Isabel la Católica. Julio Cruz Y Hermida. P. 127.
  27. ↑ Ricardo del Arco, «El monasterio de Montearagón», Argensola: Revista de Ciencias Sociales del Instituto de Estudios Altoaragoneses, no. 53-54, 1963, pp. 1-50. Cf. p. 10. ISSN 0518-4088.
  28. ↑ Cadiñanos Bradeci, Inocencio. Arquitectura de Medina de Pomar (Burgos). CORE. Accessed April 30, 2018.
  29. ↑ https://www.elnortedecastilla.es/segovia/vende-castillo-vivio-20180813211459-nt.html
  30. ↑ José Fernández de Velasco y Sforza, Duke of Frías, el condestable don Íñigo Fernández de Velasco, gobernador de los reinos, y su mujer María de Tovar. Inaugural address at the Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid 1975, p. 17, ISBN 84-85133-04-8. The author recounts that after being widowed by Juana of Aragon, Bernardino intended to marry a daughter of Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, the Great Captain. Queen Germaine of Foix, the second wife of King Ferdinand, reproached him that, having been the husband of a lady of royal blood, he should think of marrying again a private person, to which Bernardino replied that in this he was only imitating his king, who had done the same. He died shortly afterward and some attributed his death to poison administered by the ladies of the angered queen.
  31. ↑ Sesma Muñoz,, J.A. (1992). Fernando de Aragon Hispaniarum Rex (in español). Zaragoza: Gobierno de Aragón. p. 260-263.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  32. ↑ Jesús Miguel Benítez, «Agustinas de Madrigal de las Altas Torres del siglo XIV al XVII», La clausura femenina en España: actas del simposium, September 1 to 4, 2004, Real Centro Universitario Escorial-María Cristina, vol. 1, pp. 374 and 376-384.
  33. ↑ Jaime de Salazar y Acha. "Consideraciones sobre algunos aspectos genealógicos y heráldicos del Almirantazgo de Castilla" (Lecture) (in español). pp. 90–91. Retrieved April 11, 2010.

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Egido, Aurora; Laplana, José Enrique (2014). La imagen de Fernando el Católico en la Historia, la Literatura y el Arte (in español). Zaragoza: Institución Fernando el Católico. ISBN 978-84-9911-309-8.
  • Grimaldo, Polo de (1999). Elegía sobre la muerte del muy alto et muy Catholico príncipe et rey nuestro señor Don Fernando (1516) (in español). G. Mazzochi (ed., introd. and notes). Zaragoza: Institución Fernando el Católico. ISBN 84-7820-480-6.
  • Pardo Canalís, Enrique (1963). Iconografía de Fernando el Católico (in español). Zaragoza: Institución Fernando el Católico.
  • Vicens Vives, Jaime (2006). Historia crítica de la vida y reinado de Fernando II de Aragón (in español). Zaragoza: Institución Fernando el Católico. ISBN 84-7820-882-8.
  • Zurita, Jerónimo (2005). Historia del rey Don Fernando el Católico. De las empresas, y ligas de Italia (in español). Zaragoza: Institución Fernando el Católico.
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