Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros

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Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros
Portrait of Cardinal Cisneros in the Paraninfo of San Bernardo of the Complutense University of Madrid
80th Archbishop of Toledo
Primate of Spain
Grand Chancellor of Castile
Consecrated October 11, 1495 by Hernando de Talavera
In office
February 20, 1495 – November 8, 1517
Preceded byPedro González de Mendoza
Succeeded byGuillermo de Croy
Governor of the Kingdom of Castile
In office
January 23, 1516 – November 8, 1517
Preceded byFerdinand II of Aragon, Governor of the Kingdom
Succeeded byCharles I, King of Castile
President of the Regency Council of Castile
In office
September 25, 1506 – August 17, 1507
Preceded byPhilip I, King of Castile
Succeeded byFerdinand II of Aragon, Governor of the Kingdom
Inquisitor General of Castile
In office
1507–1517
Preceded byDiego de Deza
Succeeded byAdrian of Utrecht
Cardinal-Priest of Santa Balbina
In office
May 1507 (proclaimed by Julius II) – 1517
Personal details
BornGonzalo
1436
Torrelaguna
Crown of Castile[1]
DiedNovember 8, 1517
(aged 81)
Roa
Spain
Signature

Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros or Giménez de Cisneros,[2] better known as Cardinal Cisneros (Torrelaguna,[1] 1436 – Roa, November 8, 1517), was a cardinal, Archbishop of Toledo, regent of Castile, Primate of Spain and third Inquisitor General of Castile, belonging to the Franciscan Order (O.F.M. Obs.).

He governed the Crown of Castile on two occasions owing to the incapacity of Queen Joanna. Between 1506 and 1507 he presided over the Regency Council that took over the Castilian government after the death of King Philip the Handsome, pending the arrival of Ferdinand the Catholic. Between 1516 and 1517 he again took over the government after the death of King Ferdinand, pending the arrival of Charles I.

Biography

He was born in Torrelaguna (Madrid)[1] in 1436, the son of poor hidalgos from Cisneros (Palencia). He had two brothers, Juan and Bernardino; his cousin was the Benedictine reformer García Jiménez de Cisneros.[3] He began his studies in Roa and Cuéllar, later moving on to the classrooms of the Franciscan Estudio General in Alcalá de Henares, where he possibly studied grammar. He completed his studies in philosophy, theology, and civil and canon law at the Colegio Mayor de San Bartolomé in Salamanca. From there he went to Rome, where he was ordained a priest around 1460 and where he worked as a lawyer.

Religious figure

After the death of his father, he returned to Castile around 1466. He obtained the archpriesthood of Uceda, clashing with the Archbishop of Toledo, Alfonso Carrillo de Acuña, which meant imprisonment for some years, first in Uceda and later in the castle of Torremocha (Santorcaz). Despite his confinement, Cisneros did not renounce his post, in which he was upheld by Cardinal González de Mendoza, although the confinement would have lasted only a short time according to what can be inferred from some biographies, since shortly afterward, in 1478, Cisneros was chief chaplain of the Cathedral of Sigüenza and vicar general of the diocese.

He underwent a profound spiritual crisis that led him to enter the order of the Franciscans; it was then that he replaced his name Gonzalo with Francisco in honor of Saint Francis of Assisi. He moved from San Juan de los Reyes in Toledo to El Castañar and then to the Convent of La Salceda, where for seven years he led a monastic life.

He was taken from there by Queen Isabella the Catholic in 1492, after she convinced him to agree to be her confessor, following the advice of the then Archbishop of Toledo, Cardinal Pedro González de Mendoza, Cisneros's first protector.

In 1494 he was appointed provincial of the Franciscan order in Castile. He undertook a profound reform of it, following the spiritual movement of the strict observance of Pedro de Villacreces, to bring it into line with the strict observance of the Rule of Saint Francis.

On the death of Cardinal Mendoza in 1495, he was consecrated Archbishop of Toledo in the convent of San Francisco in Tarazona by the Archbishop of Granada and confessor of the Queen, Fray Hernando de Talavera, and in the presence of the Catholic Monarchs. During the Late Middle Ages, this meant holding the greatest power after the Crown, since he was Primate of Spain and Grand Chancellor of Castile.[4][5]

In 1497 he convened a synod in Alcalá de Henares, and a year later another in Talavera de la Reina, with the aim of promoting the reform of the diocesan clergy and the pastoral life of the Archdiocese of Toledo, as well as of other religious and monastic orders.

In 1499 he left for the Kingdom of Granada charged with undertaking its evangelization, in collaboration with Archbishop Fray Hernando de Talavera. In 1500 he began to send Castilian missionaries to the New World, especially from his own order, the Friars Minor. Among the Franciscan missionaries, he sent his secretary, Francisco Ruiz, and later three Hieronymite monks, Luis de Figueroa, Bernardino Manzanedo and Alonso de Santo Domingo, charged with preventing abuses of power.

Destruction of the Nasrid library

Between 1499 and 1500, he ordered the destruction of the Nasrid library in Granada. In his zeal to eliminate everything that might contribute to a perceived Mohammedan impiety, he ordered a book burning in the Plaza de Bib-Rambla, then known as the Puerta del Arenal, where the entire poetic, historical and patrimonial heritage of Nasrid culture was reduced to ashes, with only the books on medicine being saved.[6]

Recovery of the Mozarabic Rite or Hispanic liturgy

From his election as Archbishop of Toledo, Cisneros made a great effort to recover the texts of the office and mass of the Mozarabic or Hispanic Rite, a liturgy of the Catholic Church that was consolidated around the 6th century in the Iberian Peninsula, in the Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo, and that was practiced in the Hispanic territories until the 11th century, both in areas under Christian rule and under Muslim rule. In Cisneros's time it survived only in the city of Toledo and in the Basilica of San Isidoro in León, in rather precarious conditions. Thus, in the midst of the reforming process of the Church of the Crown of Castile, with the support of the Catholic Queen, Cisneros recognized the richness of the liturgy of the Mozarabs and in 1495 created a chapel in the Cathedral of Toledo—that of Corpus Christi—so that the ancient liturgy would be preserved, endowing it with an income for its upkeep and with priests from the Cathedral Chapter itself. He also undertook an important task of liturgical compilation and ordering—each parish celebrated the mass and the offices differently, and the oral tradition that sustained the chant was being lost—and gathered a large number of codices from all over the kingdom: he ordered a reconstruction of the texts and a study of the liturgical resources, which culminated in the printing of a new missal and a breviary. In them the melodies that still survived were transcribed into square notation: the ancient texts that had been preserved allowed an approximate reconstruction of the liturgy as it had been in the Visigothic period; however, the same could not be done with the chant.

Political figure

Coat of arms of Cisneros on the Town Hall of Torrelaguna.

Isabella the Catholic had in Cisneros not only a confessor but also an advisor. When the Queen died, Joanna I of Castile and her husband Philip of Habsburg were named monarchs of Castile. On September 24,[7] the eve of the death of Philip I, the nobles agreed to form an interim Regency Council to govern the kingdom provisionally[8] presided over by Cisneros and composed of the Admiral of Castile, the Constable of Castile, Pedro Manrique de Lara y Sandoval, Duke of Nájera, Diego Hurtado de Mendoza de la Vega y Luna, Duke of the Infantado, Andrés del Burgo, ambassador of the Emperor, and Filiberto de Vere, chief steward of King Philip.[9][10]

The nobility and the cities contended over who should hold the Regency: on one side were those who wanted Emperor Maximilian during the minority of Prince Charles, such as the Manrique, Pacheco and Pimentel families; and on the other, those who wanted the regency of Ferdinand the Catholic as established in the will of Isabella the Catholic and by the Cortes of Toro of 1505, such as the Velasco, Enríquez, Mendoza and Álvarez de Toledo families.[11][12] However, Queen Joanna tried to govern by herself, revoked and invalidated the grants bestowed by her husband, and to that end attempted to restore the Royal Council of her mother's time.[7][13]

Without consulting Joanna, Cisneros appealed to Ferdinand the Catholic to return to Castile.[14] But despite the efforts of Cisneros, nobles and prelates, the Queen did not call upon her father to govern[15] and in fact went so far as to forbid the Archbishop entry to the palace.[16] To give legality to the appointment of Ferdinand the Catholic as Regent, the Royal Council and Cisneros sought to resolve the power vacuum by convening the Cortes, but the Queen refused to convene them, and the procuradores left Burgos without having constituted themselves as an assembly.[17]

After returning from taking possession of the Kingdom of Naples, Ferdinand the Catholic met with his daughter on August 28, 1507,[18] and once again assumed the government of Castile. In gratitude to Cisneros, the Catholic King obtained for him the cardinal's hat with the title of Santa Balbina. In December 1509 the King reached an agreement with the Emperor whereby the latter renounced the imperial claims to the regency in Castile, and the Cortes of 1510 ratified him as Regent.[19]

Between 1507 and 1516, even amid extreme difficulties, Cisneros and King Ferdinand managed to restore somewhat the prestige that the monarchy had lost.[20] In 1507 Cisneros was appointed Inquisitor General of Castile. The enthusiasm for conquest was renewed, with Cisneros playing an important role in the conquest of Oran, just as in the time of Isabella the Catholic he had taken an active part in the conquest of Granada. He organized the conquered territories ecclesiastically and gave his name to Villa Cisneros. Despite his rank of cardinal, he did not take part in the conclave of 1513 in which Leo X was elected.

Cultural work

Façade of the Colegio Mayor de San Ildefonso of the University of Alcalá, founded by Cisneros. Photograph from 1891.

University of Alcalá

During his life he took part, to a greater or lesser degree, in everything that was done during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs and contributed decisively to the shaping of the new State. He reformed religious life, which had fallen into great moral laxity and intellectual precariousness [citation needed]. He understood that all renewal began with education and, without being a scholar himself, founded in Alcalá de Henares one of the institutions that has most influenced Spanish culture: the Cisnerian University.

The university was founded in 1499 on the basis of the old Studium Generale of Alcalá de Henares, of which Cisneros had been a student. The University of Alcalá was the first Renaissance, humanist and universal university. Cisneros was aware of the significance of his foundation and spared no effort to provide his College with a suitable urban setting, good financing and the best teachers of the age, so that the town of Alcalá de Henares benefited enormously from it. Cisneros laid the first stone of the building that would house it on March 14, 1501; classes began in 1508, and in 1510 he gave his foundation a set of Constitutions. Cisneros endowed the new University of Alcalá with a magnificent library, in which a high percentage of the books dealt with the natural sciences.[21]

Magistral Church of Alcalá

Cisneros, founder of the Hospital de la Caridad of Illescas, by Alejandro Ferrant (1892).

He also replaced the deteriorated medieval church of San Justo with a beautiful Gothic building. This is the Magistral Church of Alcalá de Henares (today the Magistral Cathedral), located in the very center of the city, where his tomb was to be placed. However, the sepulcher, the work of Domenico Fancelli and Bartolomé Ordóñez, is today in the chapel of San Ildefonso, attached to the old Colegio Mayor of the same name.[22]

The granting of the title of magistral church meant that an important part of the Chapter of the church had to be made up of masters (magister) of the University. With this provision, the cardinal resolved another of his concerns: providing a «retirement» for his emeritus professors, since on becoming members of the Chapter they would receive a lifelong pension from ecclesiastical revenues. Otherwise, on ceasing their teaching duties at the university because of age, they would have no other means of support than what they might have been able to save during their working lives.

Polyglot Bible

One of his greatest cultural endeavors was the edition of a Bible that would bring together the versions in their original languages, Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek, alongside their Latin translation: this is the so-called Complutensian Polyglot Bible. Diego López de Zúñiga or Jacobus Stunica († 1531), who directed the edition, spoke Aramaic and Arabic; Hernán Núñez de Toledo (1475-1553) was a Latinist and Alfonso de Zamora (1476-1544) a Hebraist. The work consists of 6 volumes, 4 of them containing the Old Testament, in which each page is divided into three parallel columns of text: the Hebrew on the outside, the Latin Vulgate in the middle and the Greek Septuagint on the inside. On each page of the Pentateuch, the Aramaic text (the Targum Onkelos) and its own Latin translation are added at the bottom of the page. Volume 5 contains the New Testament, divided into two columns, with the first printed version in Greek, in very beautiful type, and in the other column the Latin version known as the Vulgate. Volume 6 contains dictionaries of Hebrew and Aramaic, interpretations of names in those languages and in Greek, and a Hebrew grammar, among other subjects. Cardinal Cisneros died in November 1517, five months after the Bible was completed, and never saw it published. Pope Leo X authorized the Bible in 1520, and it was distributed from 1522 onward. Of the 600 copies published, it is estimated that some 120 survive.[23]

Last years and death

Tomb of Cardinal Cisneros, the work of Domenico Fancelli and Bartolomé Ordóñez, in the chapel of San Ildefonso (although it is empty, since the cardinal is buried in the Magistral Cathedral) in Alcalá de Henares.

Until his last days Cisneros continued to work on the reform of the Church. To the Fifth Lateran Council (1512-1517) he contributed by sending a program of reforms: decentralization of the Curia, total absence of simony in the papal election, the holding of a general council every five years, examinations of candidates for ecclesiastical benefices, and an ecclesiological clarification of the conciliarist doctrines.

On January 23, 1516, Ferdinand the Catholic died. By testamentary provision, Cisneros was once again established as Regent of the Kingdom of Castile until the young Prince Charles, who was then in Flanders, should come to Spain to occupy the throne. In this period of almost two years, Cisneros, who was by then eighty years old, displayed extraordinary political gifts and skill in governing. He was able to confront an extremely unstable internal climate, with the Castilian nobles eager to recover the power they had lost. He likewise managed to foil the intrigues of those who sought to replace Charles on the Spanish throne with his brother Ferdinand, who had been brought up in Spain by Ferdinand the Catholic, dismissing the Infante's entire entourage and appointing, on September 17, 1517, the Marquis of Aguilar de Campoo as «governor of his person and household». Events spiraled out of control and Charles was proclaimed King of Castile and Aragon in Brussels, in an act that might be likened to a coup d'état, since the legitimate Queen was Joanna and no one had declared her deposition. However, Cisneros accepted the events in Brussels and sent emissaries to Flanders urging Charles's immediate presence as the only means of halting the stirrings of rebellion that were spreading through the kingdom. Thus, de facto there were two governments, that of the court in Brussels and that of Cisneros in Castile.[24]

On September 8, 1517, Charles set out with his fleet from Flushing at five in the morning, bound for Santander. But a strong storm diverted the ships from their course, and in the early hours of September 19, 1517, the forty ships that made up the fleet found themselves off the beach of Tazones on the coast of Villaviciosa. When the error in course was discovered, Charles and his advisors deliberated over whether to continue the journey by sea or to land right there. The insecurity of the sea route, «because of the changeability of the wind, which can turn bad just as easily as good», tipped the decision toward landing, according to Laurent Vital, the Flemish chronicler who was traveling with the King.

Cisneros longed for the King's arrival [citation needed] so as to have an interview with him, and was preparing everything for the enthronement. However, the royal retinue moved slowly, without setting a date and place for an interview, so Cisneros set out to meet the Monarch. The young king's attitude was regarded as an act of contempt toward the elderly cardinal. However, this deliberate delay in the meeting of the two was promoted by the King's advisor Guillermo de Croy, who distrusted Cisneros's loyalty to the King. Finally, the date for the meeting was set for November 5. Cisneros, very ill, was unable to continue the journey and ended up dying in Roa (Burgos) on November 8, 1517.

Canonization process

"Arquetipo de virtudes" (Pedro de Quintanilla y Mendoza, 1653).
Cardinal Cisneros by Eugenio Cajés, 1604. Oil on canvas, 201 x 145 cm, Historical and Artistic Heritage of the Complutense University of Madrid.[25]

Shortly after his death his canonization process was begun. The first attempt began in the middle of the 16th century at the Convent of San Francisco in Torrelaguna. However, the War of the Communities of Castile (1520-1522) and the Protestant Reformation brought the process to a halt. In 1569 a biography written by Alvar Gómez de Castro was published, which allowed his life and work to become known throughout Europe.

The process began officially in 1626 under the patronage of Cardinal Antonio Zapata y Cisneros, administrator of Toledo and great-grandnephew of Cisneros. The University of Alcalá financed the entire process and several of its members served as postulators. Witness testimony was gathered in Alcalá de Henares, Torrelaguna, Madrid, Toledo and Oran. The process was transferred to Rome to be handled by the Congregation of Rites and the College of Cardinals, but it was never completed. The Franciscan Pedro de Quintanilla y Mendoza, who lived in Rome for more than ten years to follow the process, obtained from the Holy See the reactivation of the cause.

Finally, in the 18th century it came to a definitive halt, owing to the scant financing from the University of Alcalá and to the clash of interests it represented between the Observant Franciscan order (to which Cisneros belonged) and the Conventual one. Cisneros's reforms had contributed to their separation in 1517. Clement XIV (a Conventual Franciscan) put an end to the canonization process.

Artistic representations

Felipe Bigarny, bust portrait of Cardinal Cisneros. Polychromed alabaster relief, Complutense University of Madrid.

Relief by Felipe Bigarny

The first portraits of the cardinal are found in the frescoes painted while the prelate was still alive by Juan de Borgoña in the Chapter House and, showing him directing the campaign of Oran, in the Mozarabic Chapel of the Cathedral of Toledo. Shortly after the cardinal's death may date the alabaster relief attributed to the Burgundian sculptor Felipe Bigarny, who is considered, together with Alonso Berruguete and Diego de Siloé, one of the foremost representatives of Castilian Renaissance art (although with Flemish and Burgundian features of the late Gothic), and who received commissions from Cisneros for works for the Cathedral of Toledo and the Collegiate Church of the Holy Children in Alcalá de Henares.

It is a polychromed alabaster portrait (possibly by the Castilian painter Fernando del Rincón), in profile, against a blue background. Cisneros appears dressed in a cope with motifs alluding to his status as cardinal (crossed keys on the border) and Archbishop of Toledo (the miraculous imposition of the chasuble on Saint Ildefonsus in the medallion). Since neither the commission of the work nor its authorship has been documented, its dating has been debated, with dates proposed ranging from 1502 to 1515 and 1518, the latter being the year in which Domenico Fancelli received the commission for the sepulcher and Fernando del Rincón was paid 500 maravedís for «a certain painting giving luster to the medallion of the cardinal».[26]

Toward the second half of the 18th century, Antonio Ponz described this relief, which was then in the sacristy of the Main Chapel of San Ildefonso. In 1787 it was moved to the Colegio Mayor de San Ildefonso, and it is currently at the Complutense University of Madrid.

Medal of 1508

On the occasion of the opening of the first academic year of the University of Alcalá, a medal was struck with the effigy of Cisneros and the inscription:[26]

F. F. X. CARLIS. HISP. ARCHI. TOL. COMPL. ACADEMIA FVNDATOR
(Fray Francisco Ximénez, Cardinal of Spain, Archbishop of Toledo, Founder of the Complutensian Academy)

Lost painting of the Magistral Cathedral

Until the fire at the Magistral Cathedral of Alcalá de Henares (then the Magistral Collegiate Church) in July 1936, the building housed a panel painting depicting Saint Eugenius and Saint Ildefonsus of Toledo, and beneath them a polychromed medallion with the effigy of Cisneros.

The inscription on the frame read:

HORVM SANCTORVM VESTIGIA EST SECVTVS CARLIS D F FRANCISCVS XIMENEZ
(Cardinal D. Fray Francisco Ximénez followed in the footsteps of these saints)

The painting, from the middle of the 16th century, is attributed to Pedro de Castañeda, documented in Alcalá de Henares between 1540 and 1557. The painting may have been commissioned on the occasion of the conflict with Cardinal Juan Martínez Silíceo, who went so far as to imprison the abbot-chancellor, Luis de la Cadena, and three canons of the Magistral Collegiate Church, and who sought to subject the University of Alcalá to the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Toledo.

Bust by Juan Alonso de Villabrille

The sculptor Juan Alonso de Villabrille y Ron sculpted in the 18th century a bust of Cisneros measuring 78 x 60 centimeters. The 1846 Inventory of the property of the Complutense University contains a description:[27]

[...] of plaster, with a red cardinal's hat and the hood of a Franciscan friar [...]

— Inventory of the property of the Complutense University
1846

In 2015 it was displayed at the exhibition Las Edades del Hombre in Ávila.[28]

Biographies

Works

Original frontispiece of the Complutensian Polyglot Bible, bearing the coats of arms of Cisneros.

Recognition

In Alcalá de Henares he has dedicated to him a public school (CEIP Cardenal Cisneros), a public high school (IES Cardenal Cisneros), a private university center (CU Cardenal Cisneros) and the building of the CRAI of the University of Alcalá. Also the Cardenal Cisneros Municipal Library, the Centro Internacional de Estudios Históricos Cisneros, the Museo Cisneriano in the Church of the Convent of San Juan de la Penitencia, a street in the historic quarter, and three full-length sculptures.

In the city of Madrid a roundabout in the Ciudad Universitaria, where the Avenida Complutense begins, is dedicated to him. The coat of arms of that University (the largest in Spain) is that of the cardinal himself. Previously, the San Pablo-CEU University Foundation also used it.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 In 2010 a Venezuelan historian claimed to have found a document showing that the cardinal was born in Cisneros (Palencia): «Un documento afirma que el Cardenal Cisneros nació en la villa palentina». Diariopalentino.es (14/09/2010).
  2. ↑ Thomas, Hugh (2004). El imperio español: de Colón a Magallanes (in español). Barcelona, España: Editorial Planeta. p. 840. ISBN 9789504911876.
  3. ↑ Gómez Álvarez, Bernardo: Jímenez de Cisneros, Francisco (1436-1517)
  4. ↑ Fléchier, Esprit; traductor: Franco de Villalva, Dr. Miguel (1773). "Libro quarto". In Imprenta de Pedro Marin (ed.). Historia del Señor Cardenal D. Francisco Ximenez de Cisneros (in español). Madrid. p. 308.
  5. ↑ García López A. Bula de Alejandro VI nombrando a Cisneros arzobispo de Toledo. 20/02/1495. Original in the Archivo Histórico Nacional, Universidades, folder 1, document 2.
  6. ↑ Vallejo, Juan de. Memorial de la vida de Fr. Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros. De la Torre y del Cerro, Antonio (ed.). Madrid, 1913, p. 35.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Aram, Bethany (2001). La reina Juana: gobierno, piedad y dinastía, Marcial Pons Historia, pp. 158–160.
  8. ↑ Suárez Fernández, Luis (1990). Los reyes católicos: el camino hacia Europa Archived 2013-10-19 at the Wayback Machine, Ediciones Rialp, p. 349.
  9. ↑ Von Hefele, Karl Joseph (1869). El Cardenal Jiménez de Cisneros y la Iglesia española a fines del siglo XV y principios del XVI: para ilustrar la historia de la Inquisición, Imprenta del Diario de Barcelona, pp. 144–146.
  10. ↑ Quintanilla Raso, M. C. (2006). Títulos, grandes del reino y grandeza en la sociedad política: fundamentos en la Castilla Medieval, Silex Ediciones, p. 171.
  11. ↑ Quintanilla Raso, M. C. (2006). Títulos, grandes del reino y grandeza en la sociedad política: fundamentos en la Castilla Medieval, Silex Ediciones, pp. 171-172.
  12. ↑ Suárez Fernández, Luis (1990). Los reyes católicos: el camino hacia Europa Luis Suárez Fernández (in español). Vol. 5. Ediciones Rialp. pp. 349–350. ISBN 9788432125898. Archived from the original on March 26, 2015. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
  13. ↑ Nieto Soria, José Manuel (2008). Gobernar en tiempos de crisis: las quiebras dinásticas en el ámbito hispánico, 1250–1808, Silex Ediciones, p. 39.
  14. ↑ Aram, Bethany (2001). La reina Juana: gobierno, piedad y dinastía, Marcial Pons Historia, p. 167.
  15. ↑ Aram, Bethany (2001). La reina Juana: gobierno, piedad y dinastía, Marcial Pons Historia, p. 159.
  16. ↑ Von Hefele, Karl Joseph (1869). El Cardenal Jiménez de Cisneros y la Iglesia española a fines del siglo XV y principios del XVI: para ilustrar la historia de la Inquisición, Imprenta del Diario de Barcelona, p. 150.
  17. ↑ Carretero Zamora, Juan Manuel (1988). Cortes, monarquía, ciudades: las Cortes de Castilla a comienzos de la época moderna (1475–1515), Siglo XXI de España Editores, pp. 213–215.
  18. ↑ Aram, Bethany (2001). La reina Juana: gobierno, piedad y dinastía, Marcial Pons Historia, p. 167.
  19. ↑ Aram, Bethany (2001). La reina Juana: gobierno, piedad y dinastía, Marcial Pons Historia, p. 159.
  20. ↑ VV. AA. Historia de España, vol. 6, La España de los Austrias I, Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 2004, pp. 44–45.
  21. ↑ Aguadé Nieto S (transcription). Carta bulada de Alejandro VI. Madrid: Centro Internacional de Estudios Históricos Cisneros; 1999. ISBN 978-84-8138-330-0
  22. ↑ Álvarez A, Amador de los Ríos J. Sepulcros del Cardenal Cisneros y del Arzobispo don Alonso Carrillo de Acuña. El Laberinto. 06/10/1845; 2(34): p.373–5.
  23. ↑ Meseguer Fernández J. El Cardenal Cisneros y su Villa de Alcalá de Henares. Alcalá de Henares: Institución de Estudios Complutenses; 1982. ISBN 978-84-500-8038-4
  24. ↑ VV. AA. Historia de España, vol. 6, La España de los Austrias I, Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 2004, pp. 48–50.
  25. ↑ «Retrato del cerdenal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros», UCM, Biblioteca Histórica Marqués de Valdecilla.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 del Río de la Hoz, Isabel. "El Cardenal Cisneros ca. 1518. Felipe Bigarny y Fernando del Rincón. Universidad Complutense de Madrid" (PDF). Universidad de Alcalá (in español). Retrieved November 16, 2017.
  27. ↑ Mendoza, J. Carlos Vizuete; Llamazares, Fernando; Sánchez, Julio Martín; Mancha, Universidad de Castilla-La (2002). Los arzobispos de Toledo y la universidad española: 5 de marzo-3 de junio, Iglesia de San Pedro Mártir, Toledo (in español). Univ de Castilla La Mancha. ISBN 9788484271819. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
  28. ↑ "Exposición las Edades del Hombre 2015". Revista Atticus (in español). April 1, 2015. Retrieved November 16, 2017.

Bibliography

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