| Content from Wikipedia under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license ⇔ Maps from OpenStreetMap under the ODbL license |
San Juan, Puerto Rico
San Juan | |
|---|---|
| Municipio Autónomo de San Juan Bautista | |
| File:SanJuanPRC11.png | |
| Nickname: La Ciudad Amurallada (The Walled City) | |
| Commonwealth |  Puerto Rico |
| Senatorial District | San Juan/Guaynabo |
| Founded | 1521 |
| Area | |
| 199.31 km2 (76.95 sq mi) | |
| • Land | 123.92 km2 (47.85 sq mi) |
| • Water | 75.39 km2 (29.11 sq mi) 37.82% |
| Elevation | 20 m (66 ft) |
| Population (2010) | |
| 395,326 | |
| • Density | 1,983.45/km2 (5,137.1/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 2,478,905 |
| Demonym | Sanjuaneros |
| Time zone | UTC−4 (Atlantic) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−4 |
| ZIP Code | 00901–02, 00906–17, 00919–21, 00923–31, 00933–34, 00936, 00939–40 |
| Area code | +1 787, +1 939 |
| GNIS | 1804544[1] |
| Website | sanjuanciudadpatria |
San Juan (official name: Municipio Autónomo de San Juan Bautista) is the capital city of Puerto Rico and one of the 78 municipalities[2] into which the territory of the Puerto Rican Commonwealth is divided. In the 2010 Census it had a population of 442,447 inhabitants and a population density of 1,983.45 people per km².[3]
In economic terms, it is the most important economic and industrial center of Puerto Rico, and its metropolitan area concentrates most of the island's economic activity.[citation needed] It is the Latin American city with the second-highest per capita income (25,451 U.S. dollars in 2012), behind only Brasília.[4] It is the seventeenth city in Latin America by the size of its gross domestic product (some 34,460 million U.S. dollars), making it one of the most attractive for investment in Spanish-speaking America.[4] It is the most cosmopolitan city in the entire Caribbean, and the oldest City in the United States, with the largest historic quarter.
According to The Economist, it is among the twenty best cities for doing business in Latin America.[5]
It is classified as a global city according to the GaWC study,[6] which ranks it as a Beta − City.[6]
History
In 1493, on his second voyage to America, Christopher Columbus came upon the island known today as Puerto Rico and named it San Juan Bautista.
San Juan quickly became the most important Spanish military post in America. In 1508, Juan Ponce de León was appointed by the Spanish government as the first governor of the island. It was he who founded the original settlement, Caparra, to the west of the present-day metropolitan area. The city was built on an islet around 1521. To defend the island from attempts at conquest by the English and the Dutch, Spain built the military forts of San Felipe del Morro and San Cristóbal. Both structures are tourist attractions today. In 1595, the Englishman Francis Drake was defeated in the bay of San Juan by the cannons of El Morro, in the course of what would be his last expedition against America, dying shortly afterward after being defeated again by the Spaniards in Panama.
Over the centuries, Puerto Rico's military strength became an economic strength, resulting in the only island in the Caribbean where industry and commerce surpassed agricultural production.
In 1898, Puerto Rico became war booty of the United States during the Spanish–American War. Since then, Puerto Rico has been under the control of the United States. In 1917, the Jones Act granted Puerto Ricans an incomplete American citizenship[7] and the island became an official territory of the United States, with American governors appointed by the President.
In 1947, the first national elections were held and Puerto Ricans elected their first governor, and in 1952 Puerto Rico obtained its status as a Commonwealth (Estado Libre Asociado).
Old San Juan was built as a military emplacement of the Spanish military forces. The area covers seven square blocks of narrow streets paved with cobblestones and lined with old colonial houses with their balconies and patios. The fortresses and walls of Old San Juan are among the best preserved in the hemisphere. The area is filled with old houses, churches and plazas that represent the most highly valued architecture in the Caribbean.
La Garita, a sentry box at Castillo San Felipe del Morro, has come to symbolize Puerto Rico and Old San Juan. The name of the City of San Juan has undergone a curious change over time. When the Spaniards arrived in the country, on November 19, 1493, the Admiral Christopher Columbus named it San Juan Bautista. Years later, the conquistador Juan Ponce de León, while exploring the northern coast, discovered a wide bay which he described as «Puerto Rico» ("rich port"). As time passed the names were swapped: the island came to be called Puerto Rico, and the bay, the port and the city, San Juan.
The Municipality of San Juan is located in the northeastern region of the coastal plains, north of Aguas Buenas and Caguas; east of Guaynabo and Bayamón; and west of Carolina and Trujillo Alto.
Old San Juan occupies the western shore of a rocky islet at the mouth of San Juan Bay. During the 19th century, the main population centers sprang up beyond the walls of the old city and on the main island, and merged with the already existing settlements to the south and east of Old San Juan. As a result, the city is now made up of a variety of neighborhoods or barrios.
East of Old San Juan lies the residential and tourist area of Condado, on land that used to be owned by Pablo Ubarri Capetillo, a Spanish railway builder and Count of San José de Santurce during the Spanish colonial period. Beaches such as Ocean Park are popular with swimmers, surfers and kitesurfers and are present along the district's Atlantic coastline.
Near Condado is the area of Santurce Centro and Miramar. Miramar is mainly a residential area located south of the Condado Lagoon. Adjoining Miramar is the old neighborhood of Miraflores, formerly a drained plantain field and a dump where the first airport of Puerto Rico was built, the Fernando Luis Ribas Dominicci Airport (Isla Grande Airport). Miramar is home to the Puerto Rico Convention Center as well as some of the ship docks of the Port of San Juan.
Santurce, originally called «San Mateo de Cangrejos», was the destination for freed African slaves during the city's early days. After Pablo Ubarri requested permission to connect Santurce with San Juan via streetcar in 1878, the municipality was split into three parts and its main town was joined with the city and renamed Santurce (Santurtzi in the Basque language). Santurce is home to the Puerto Rico Museum of Art, the Museum of Contemporary Art of Puerto Rico, the Luis A. Ferré Performing Arts Center and most of the city's theaters.
South of Santurce lies Hato Rey, which was land for raising the cattle of the Royal Government (hence its name, «el hato del rey», "the King's herd") around the 16th century. Hato Rey is currently the financial center of the island and of the Caribbean. A section of this district is referred to as the Golden Mile (actually 0.47 miles in length), due to the large number of national and international banks and companies located there.
In the southern part of the city lies the mostly residential area of Río Piedras. Río Piedras used to be a separate municipality, founded in the mid-1850s, where there were sugarcane plantations and properties of some of the wealthiest inhabitants of San Juan (as well as of their working-class staff). The Spanish colonial governors also had their summer houses there, on the land that eventually gave way to the main campus of the University of Puerto Rico. In 1951, the municipalities of San Juan and Río Piedras were merged to delimit the present-day perimeter of San Juan. Today, Río Piedras is home to the traditional, renowned Plaza del Mercado and the San Juan Botanical Garden, and it comprises the largest area of the Municipality of San Juan.
Cityscape
Barrios
At present, the Municipality of San Juan is made up of eighteen barrios (districts), the barrio of San Juan Antiguo, formed by the San Juan Islet, being the first to be constituted within this municipality, in the year 1521. At that time the municipality had a land area of approximately 2.6 km². Later, in 1863, the first suburb of the capital, known as Santurce, was annexed, causing the territory of the capital city to grow by more than 600% to 16.2 km². This barrio was part of the then-dissolved Municipality of San Mateo de Cangrejos. The other barrios of San Mateo, namely Cangrejos and Hato Rey, were divided between the municipalities of Carolina and Río Piedras respectively. Hato Rey is the financial district of the City of San Juan.
The last great expansion of the Municipality of San Juan took place in 1951 through Legislative Bill 177, whereby, as a result of the referendum promoted by the then governor, Luis Muñoz Marín, the Municipality of Río Piedras was annexed to the Municipality of San Juan. In this way, the territory of the capital grew by about 107.6 km² to its current size of 123.9 km², which is equivalent to a growth of 765%.
The following table shows information on the eighteen barrios of San Juan:[8]
| Barrio | Population 2000 |
Total area km² |
Land area km² |
Population density inhab/km² (2000) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 - Caimito | 20,832 | 14.06 | 14.06 | 1,481.65 |
| 2 - Cupey | 36,659 | 19.55 | 19.40 | 1,889.64 |
| 3 - El Cinco | 7,149 | 3.57 | 3.55 | 2,013.80 |
| 4 - Gobernador Piñero | 47,779 | 12.20 | 11.50 | 4,154.70 |
| 5 - Hato Rey Central | 20,867 | 2.69 | 2.67 | 7,815.35 |
| 6 - Hato Rey Norte | 16,461 | 11.19 | 9.14 | 1,800.98 |
| 7 - Hato Rey Sur | 10,868 | 2.12 | 2.12 | 5,126.42 |
| 8 - Monacillo | 12,425 | 2.98 | 2.98 | 4,169.46 |
| 9 - Monacillo Urbano | 29,309 | 8.68 | 8.68 | 3,376.61 |
| 10 - Oriente | 34,799 | 5.65 | 4.50 | 7,733.11 |
| 11 - Pueblo | 9,391 | 1.86 | 1.86 | 5,048.92 |
| 12 - Quebrada Arenas | 2,753 | 6.32 | 6.32 | 435.60 |
| 13 - Sabana Llana Norte | 32,361 | 6.97 | 6.19 | 5,227.95 |
| 14 - Sabana Llana Sur | 43,839 | 10.80 | 10.80 | 4,059.17 |
| 15 - San Juan Antiguo | 7,963 | 6.81 | 2.64 | 3,016.29 |
| 16 - Santurce | 94,067 | 22.53 | 13.57 | 6,931.98 |
| 17 - Tortugo | 4,351 | 2.23 | 2.23 | 1,951.12 |
| 18 - Universidad | 2,501 | 1.61 | 1.61 | 1,553.42 |
Old San Juan
Old San Juan is the name by which the historic district of San Juan is known. It is located on the San Juan Islet, which is connected to the main island of Puerto Rico by bridges. The city is characterized by its cobblestone streets and colorful buildings dating back to the 16th and 17th centuries, when the island was a Spanish colony. The small island, which comprises an area of 47 square miles (120 km²), is also home to the working-class neighborhood of Puerta de Tierra and most of the central government buildings of Puerto Rico, including the Capitol of the Commonwealth. The main central part of the city is characterized by narrow streets made of blue cobblestones and picturesque colonial buildings, some of which date from the 16th and 17th centuries. Sections of the old city are surrounded by massive walls and several notable defensive structures and fortresses. These include the 16th-century Fort San Felipe del Morro and the 17th-century Fort San Cristóbal, both part of the San Juan National Historic Site, and the 16th-century Palace of Santa Catalina, also known as La Fortaleza, which serves as the governor's mansion.[9] These fortifications, as well as the defensive wall of Old San Juan, were designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1983.[10]
Climate
San Juan enjoys an average annual temperature of 26 °C (79 °F); although temperatures of 32 °C (90 °F) or more are not rare during the summer, especially if the winds come from the south. The temperature can drop as low as 18 °C (64 °F) during the winter, although the average winter temperature is 19 °C (66 °F). Since 1950, the lowest temperature recorded was 7 °C (45 °F) in 1995.[11] Rainfall is fairly well distributed throughout the year, but the months of January, February and March tend to be the driest.
| Climate data for San Juan, Puerto Rico | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 34 (93) |
34 (93) |
35 (95) |
36 (97) |
36 (97) |
36 (97) |
35 (95) |
37 (99) |
36 (97) |
37 (99) |
35 (95) |
33 (91) |
37 (99) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29 (84) |
29 (84) |
30 (86) |
31 (88) |
31 (88) |
32 (90) |
32 (90) |
32 (90) |
32 (90) |
32 (90) |
31 (88) |
29 (84) |
31 (88) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 19 (66) |
19 (66) |
19 (66) |
21 (70) |
22 (72) |
23 (73) |
23 (73) |
23 (73) |
23 (73) |
23 (73) |
22 (72) |
20 (68) |
21 (70) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 10 (50) |
7 (45) |
7 (45) |
16 (61) |
16 (61) |
19 (66) |
20 (68) |
20 (68) |
17 (63) |
16 (61) |
13 (55) |
10 (50) |
7 (45) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 121.7 (4.79) |
83.8 (3.30) |
89.4 (3.52) |
147.3 (5.80) |
182.1 (7.17) |
115.3 (4.54) |
170.2 (6.70) |
163.6 (6.44) |
187.7 (7.39) |
172.5 (6.79) |
204.7 (8.06) |
162.3 (6.39) |
1,800.6 (70.89) |
| Source: Weather Channel[11] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
According to the 2010 census,[3] 395,326 people lived in San Juan. The population density was 1,983.45 inhabitants/km². Of the 395,326 inhabitants, San Juan was made up of 72.7% white, 11.9% African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 9% some other race, and 5.3% belonged to two or more races. Of the total population, 98.19% were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[3].
San Juan is the most populous city, and the one with the highest population density, in the Metropolitan Area and in all of Puerto Rico. The population, however, has declined in recent decades as a result of migration to the adjacent municipalities. The following comparative table shows the population evolution of the municipality according to data provided by the U.S. Census Bureau:
| Year | Population of the Municipality of San Juan |
Land area km² |
Population density inhab/km² |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1899* | 32,048 | 16.21 | 1,977.05 |
| 1910* | 48,716 | 16.21 | 3,005.31 |
| 1920* | 69,733 | 16.21 | 4,301.85 |
| 1930* | 114,715 | 16.21 | 7,076.80 |
| 1940* | 169,247 | 16.21 | 10,440.90 |
| 1950* | 224,767 | 16.21 | 13,865.95 |
| 1960 | 451,658 | 123.85 | 3,646.81 |
| 1970 | 463,242 | 123.85 | 3,740.35 |
| 1980 | 434,849 | 123.85 | 3,511.09 |
| 1990 | 437,745 | 123.85 | 3,534.48 |
| 2000 | 434,374 | 123.85 | 3,507.26 |
| 2010 | 395,326 | 1,983.45 |
From 1899 to 1950 the Municipality of San Juan excluded what until then made up the Municipality of Río Piedras. For this reason, during this period the population, land area and population density data refer only to the barrios of San Juan Antiguo and Santurce.
The former Municipality of Río Piedras, incorporated into San Juan in 1951, was the third most populous city in Puerto Rico at the time of the annexation. Its strategic location south of the capital made it the meeting point of all the main transportation routes on the Island and the geographic gateway to San Juan. This was just one of the factors that drove its dramatic urban development during the 20th century, reflected in the largest population increase observed in any region of Puerto Rico during this period. The population of this former municipality prior to the annexation, and according to the latest, is shown in the following comparative table.
| Year | Population of the Municipality of Río Piedras |
Land area km² |
Population density inhab/km² |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1899 | 13,760 | 107.64 | 127.83 |
| 1910 | 18,880 | 107.64 | 175.40 |
| 1920 | 24,745 | 107.64 | 229.89 |
| 1930 | 40,853 | 107.64 | 379.53 |
| 1940 | 68,290 | 107.64 | 634.43 |
| 1950 | 143,989 | 107.64 | 1,337.69 |
| 2000 | 332,344 | 107.64 | 3,087.55 |
Economy
San Juan had significant economic growth after World War II, a period in which the city underwent an industrial revolution. The economy is based mainly on companies engaged in the manufacture of various products, among them: chemicals (chlorine and household cleaning products), medicines, rum and other alcoholic beverages, fertilizers, power tools, electronic devices, plastics, textiles and food products. Tourism is also a key industry that benefits from San Juan's proximity to the main airport of Puerto Rico, Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport. The city's main tourist center is in the Condado district, where there are numerous luxury hotels.[12]
The walled city is home to cafés, art galleries, museums, beautifully restored homes and unique shops.
The new part of the city is the headquarters of prestigious banks such as Banco Popular de Puerto Rico, Oriental Bank, Firstbank, Banco Santander, Scotiabank and others.
In addition, Plaza Las Américas, the largest shopping center in the Caribbean, is located here.
Arts and culture
These are some of the cultural events that can be found in San Juan:
- International Folkloric Festival - January
- Musical Theater Festival - January
- San Sebastián Street Festival - January
- Casals Festival - February
- Puerto Rican Theater Festival - March
- Puerto Rican Music Festival - May
- National Troubadours Contest - May
- Patron Saint Festivities of San Juan Bautista - June
- Summer Festival - June
- Bay Festivities - July
- Ceramics Festival - September
- Children's Cultural Festival - September
- National Cuatro Contest - December
Education
Universities
San Juan hosts many of Puerto Rico's institutions of higher education, such as the Río Piedras and Medical Sciences campuses of the University of Puerto Rico. Other institutions located in San Juan are the University of the Sacred Heart, the Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico, the Metropolitan University, the metropolitan campus of the Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Carlos Albizu University, the Evangelical Seminary of Puerto Rico and the Center for Advanced Studies on Puerto Rico and the Caribbean. There are numerous smaller centers in the city, such as ICPR Junior College, the Instituto de Banca y Comercio and the International Junior College of Santurce.[13] There are also several technical schools, including the Technological College of San Juan, the Liceo de Artes y Ciencias, the Ramírez College of Business and Technology, and the Puerto Rico Technical Junior College. In the field of arts education, the Conservatory of Music of Puerto Rico and the School of Plastic Arts of Puerto Rico are worth mentioning.[13]
Tourism
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
|---|---|
 The defensive walls of Old San Juan, together with other fortifications, were declared a World Heritage Site | |
| Location |  United States Puerto Rico |
| Criteria | Cultural: vi |
| Inscription | 1983 (7th Session) |
Technological advances after World War II in the development of aircraft, together with the island's climate and natural environment, have led San Juan to become the tourist center of the island, indirectly promoting the rest of the Caribbean becoming known throughout the world over the last sixty years.[14] Today San Juan has numerous hotels, museums, historic buildings, restaurants, beaches and shopping centers, with numerous places of tourist interest both inside and outside Old San Juan.
Places of tourist interest in Old San Juan:
- Parque de las Palomas
- Capilla del Cristo
- Castillo San Felipe del Morro
- Fort San Cristóbal
- La Fortaleza (Palace of Santa Catalina)
- Casa Alcaldía (City Hall)
- Plaza de Armas of San Juan
- The Capitol
- Cathedral of San Juan Bautista
- Primate Archdiocese of San Juan
- Pablo Casals Museum
- Museum of Art of History of San Juan
- Casa Blanca (house of the first Spanish governor of Puerto Rico, Juan Ponce de León, when the island was a Spanish possession)
- Tótem Telúrico
- Cuartel de Ballajá
- Colegio de Párvulos (first Catholic school for primary education in Puerto Rico; still operating)
- Santa María Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery
- Plaza de la Uvas, Paseo de los Enamorados, near the Capitol of San Juan
Outside Old San Juan:
- El Cañuelo
- Club Gallístico (cockfighting club)
- Condado Lagoon
- San Juan Botanical Garden
- José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum
- Hato Rey
- Condado
- Isla Verde
- Río Piedras
Transportation
With 4,300 vehicles per paved mile, San Juan is by far the city with the highest vehicle density in the world.[15] The city is served by five expressways and numerous arterial avenues and boulevards, but it continues to suffer major traffic congestion problems.[16]
Bus
The Metropolitan Bus Authority (AMA) provides daily transportation to residents of San Juan, Guaynabo, Bayamón, Toa Baja, Trujillo Alto, Cataño and Carolina through 30 fixed routes. Its fleet consists of 277 regular buses and 35 adapted for people with disabilities. It is estimated that these buses are used by some 112,000 passengers from Monday to Friday.[17] There is also a daily ferry service, known as the Lancha de Cataño, which operates between Old San Juan and the City of Cataño.[18]
Metro
.jpg)
In an attempt to reduce dependence on vehicles and road congestion, the city built a metro system called «Tren Urbano». The metro line is 17.2 km long and connects 16 stations.[19] The project was inaugurated at the end of 2004 and cost 2.25 billion dollars, more than one billion over the budget of four years later. The Tren Urbano has received fewer passengers than originally projected and has not significantly reduced automobile traffic in the city, despite a 7.5% increase in passengers in 2006 compared with 2005. There is a project for the construction of an «interurban light rail system» connecting the cities of San Juan and Caguas.[20]
The increased investment in public transportation has not changed the fact that San Juan is an automobile-dependent city, and its rapid growth has caused a great deal of urban sprawl. In mid-2010, the Government approved plans for a new design of the city of Puerto Rico, with a new mass transit system, new roads and intersections, and more beach access points. Automobile access to Old San Juan, the oldest part of the city, will not be allowed. The redevelopment plans also hope to make the city more attractive in order to draw new residents,[21] since San Juan has been suffering a decline in its population over the last 60 years.[22]
Maritime
The port of San Juan is the fourth busiest port in the Western Hemisphere, ranked among the 17 largest in the world in terms of container traffic. It is also the port that serves as home base for the largest number of cruise ships in the world, with more than a dozen vessels. It is the second port with the most cruise ship activity, behind only Miami.[citation needed]
Air
The metropolitan area is served by two airports. Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport, the main commercial airport of San Juan, is located 12.7 km from the city's historic quarter in the neighboring municipality of Carolina. The airport has capacity for more than 30 national and international airlines and is the busiest airport in the Caribbean. It is often called «The gateway to the Caribbean», since it serves as the main connection to the island and the rest of the Caribbean for the United States and vice versa. It handles more than 500 operations (takeoffs and landings) daily, with international flights to Europe, North America, South America, Central America and the entire Caribbean Region.
The second airport is Fernando Luis Ribas Dominicci Airport, which is located facing the San Antonio stream, or Caño San Antonio, of Old San Juan, in the Isla Grande district.[23] It is used mainly by general aviation aircraft, charter flights, and some domestic commercial flights. It was the main airport before the opening of the new one. Today it is also used extensively by the Isla Grande Flight School and the Caribbean Flight Center, the only aviation school on the island.
Sports
In San Juan, as in the rest of Puerto Rico, the most popular sports are basketball and baseball, with football or soccer being a sport with much less following among Puerto Ricans. Teams based in the city have had notable success in the various competitions. In basketball, the Cangrejeros de Santurce stand out, having won the Baloncesto Superior Nacional championship in the 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2003 seasons. In baseball, the Cangrejeros section also stands out, together with the Senadores de San Juan team, which together have won the championship of the Roberto Clemente Professional Baseball League a total of seventeen times. The Cangrejeros rank third among the teams with the most Caribbean Series championships, having in their trophy cases the editions of the tournament of 1951, 1953, 1955, 1993 and 2000.
The city has also hosted numerous events within the sporting community, such as the 10th Central American and Caribbean Games, the 1974 FIBA World Championship, the 1979 Pan American Games and two rounds of the 2006 World Baseball Classic.[24][25][26][27] It has also hosted the Caribbean Series on nine occasions, and the FIBA Americas Championship on five.[28]
The Montreal Expos of Major League Baseball played 22 home games at Hiram Bithorn Stadium between 2003 and 2004, considering the possibility of establishing a franchise in the city, although they later moved to Washington, D.C. to become the present-day Washington Nationals.[29]
The recently built San Juan Natatorium, at a cost of 28 million dollars, is beginning to awaken interest in swimming on the island; it also serves as a winter training center for the best schools and universities of the continental United States, including the United States Military Academy at West Point and the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis.
In July 2007, the San Juan Golf Academy and its golf driving range built the city's first and only 9-hole golf course in the Puerto Nuevo area.
Professional teams
| Club | Sport | League | Stadium |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cangrejeros de Santurce | Baseball | Puerto Rico Baseball League | Hiram Bithorn Stadium |
| Cangrejeros de Santurce | Basketball | Baloncesto Superior Nacional | Roberto Clemente Coliseum.[30] |
| Atléticos de San Juan | Soccer | Puerto Rico Soccer League | Hiram Bithorn Stadium.[31] |
| Academia Quintana | Soccer | Puerto Rico Soccer League | Hiram Bithorn Stadium.[32] |
| San Juan United | Soccer | Puerto Rico Soccer League Second Division | Sixto Escobar Stadium.[33] |
Twin towns
- Guatemala City, Guatemala
Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico- San Juan del Río, Querétaro, Mexico
Dubai, United Arab Emirates- Honolulu, Hawaii
Havana, Cuba
Madrid, Spain[34]
Quito, Ecuador
San Felipe de Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic- Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
- Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic
| Northwest: Bermuda | North: Bermuda | Northeast: United States |
| West: Puerto Rico | San Juan | East: Puerto Rico |
| Southwest: Puerto Rico | South: Puerto Rico | Southeast: Puerto Rico |
See also
Notes and references
- ↑ Geographic Names Information System (GNIS), feature ID 1804544.
- ↑ CIA World Factbook: Puerto Rico. Administrative divisions
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Centro de Pensamiento en Estrategias Competitivas CEPEC e Inteligencia de Negocios IdN (May 2012). "Ranking de ciudades latinoamericanas para la atracción de inversiones" (PDF) (in español). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
- ↑ "Ranking 2011: Especial ciudades 2011". AméricaEconomía (in español). 2011. Retrieved May 21, 2012.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 The World According to GaWC 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
- ↑ de Jong, Lammert; Kruijt, Dirk (2005). Extended Statehood in the Caribbean: paradoxes of quasi colonialism, local autonomy, and extended statehood in the USA, French, Dutch, and British Caribbean. Amsterdam: Rozenberg. p. 40. ISBN 90-5170-686-3. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
- ↑ U.S. Census Bureau. "San Juan y sus barrios". Archived from the original on March 10, 2007.
- ↑ "Los Castillos del Viejo San Juan" (in español). Servicio de Parques Nacionales. Retrieved May 6, 2007.
- ↑ "La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site in Puerto Rico". UNESCO.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Weather Channel: Historical Weather for San Juan, Puerto Rico". Retrieved February 24, 2012.
- ↑ Microsoft Corporation, ed. (2006). Encarta (in español).
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Puerto Rico Colleges and Universities". Infoplease. 2006. Archived from the original on November 3, 2011. Retrieved June 25, 2007.
- ↑ Roger A. LaBrucherie (1992). "Imágenes Press". Puerto Rico, Borinquen Querida (in español). ISBN 0-939302-26-8.
- ↑ "Highest auto density in the world". Archived from the original on January 1, 2010. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
- ↑ "About Puerto Rico...San Juan". Dollarman.com. Retrieved May 11, 2007.
- ↑ "AMA:Descripción" (in español). Departamento de Transporte. 2006. Archived from the original on May 2, 2007. Retrieved May 25, 2006.
- ↑ "Government's page on Lancha de Cataño's economical impact". Gobierno de Puerto Rico. 2007. Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. Retrieved May 8, 2007.
- ↑ "Alternativa de Transporte Integrado" (in español). Departamento de Transportación Pública. 2006. Archived from the original on May 5, 2007. Retrieved May 8, 2007.
- ↑ "De Caguas a San Juan en 15 minutos" (in español). Puerto Rico Herald. 2007. Retrieved May 8, 2007.
- ↑ www.culturacomun.com Archived July 14, 2016, at the Wayback Machine LA CIUDAD HABITABLE: Entrevista a Don Hermenegildo Ortiz - Retrieved 2016-010-12
- ↑ "Walkable City San Juan". Issuu. 2010. Retrieved August 10, 2010.
- ↑ "Sitio oficial de la Autoridad de puertos de Puerto Rico" (in español). Autoridad de Puertos de Puerto Rico. Archived from the original on May 10, 2007. Retrieved May 8, 2007.
- ↑ "Historia de los Juegos Centro Americanos y del Caribe" (in español). Unión Pan Americana de Judo. 1998. Archived from the original on April 21, 2007. Retrieved May 6, 2007.
- ↑ "VIII Juegos Pan Americanos" (in español). LA84 Foundation. Archived from the original on June 2, 2008. Retrieved May 6, 2007.
- ↑ "Official site of the World Baseball Classic". World Baseball Classic. 2006. Archived from the original on April 8, 2007. Retrieved May 6, 2007.
- ↑ "Campeones año por año" (in español). Fiba. Retrieved May 6, 2007.
- ↑ "Histórico de estadísticas de las Series del Caribe de 2005" (in español). Latino Baseball. 2005. Archived from the original on February 13, 2007. Retrieved May 6, 2007.
- ↑ Josh Dubow (2003). "Expos odyssey takes them back to Puerto Rico". SingOnSanDiego.com. Retrieved May 6, 2007.
- ↑ "Coliseo de Puerto Rico Official website". SMG. Retrieved May 8, 2007.
- ↑ "Afiliados: Atlético San Juan Fútbol Club" (in español). Federación Puertorriqueña de Fútbol. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved February 10, 2010.
- ↑ "Afiliados: Professional Team Academia Quintana FC" (in español). Federación Puertorriqueña de Fútbol. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
- ↑ "Afiliados: San Juan United Soccer Club, Corp" (in español). Federación Puertorriqueña de Fútbol. Archived from the original on July 27, 2009. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
- ↑ Declaración de hermanamiento múltiple y solidario de todas las capitales de Iberoamérica: 12 de octubre de 1982
