Juana I of Castile

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"Juana de Castilla" redirects here. For other uses, see Juana de Castilla (disambiguation).
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Juana I of Castile
Queen of Castile[lower-alpha 1]
Queen of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca, Navarre, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia and Countess of Barcelona
Titular Duchess consort of Burgundy
Archduchess of Austria
Queen of Castile
nominally from 1506
alongside Philip I in 1506 and Charles I from 1516
ReignNovember 26, 1504 – April 12, 1555
PredecessorIsabella I and Ferdinand V
SuccessorCharles I
Nominal Queen of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca, Sicily, Sardinia and Countess of Barcelona
alongside Charles I
ReignJanuary 23, 1516[lower-alpha 2] – April 12, 1555
PredecessorFerdinand II
SuccessorCharles I
Nominal Queen of Navarre
alongside Charles IV
ReignJanuary 23, 1516 – April 12, 1555
PredecessorFerdinand I
SuccessorCharles IV
Nominal Queen of Naples
alongside Charles IV
ReignJanuary 23, 1516 – July 24, 1554
PredecessorFerdinand III
SuccessorPhilip I
Titular Duchess consort of Burgundy
ReignOctober 20, 1496 – September 25, 1506
PredecessorMaximilian I of Austria [1]
SuccessorIsabella of Portugal
BornNovember 6, 1479
Toledo, Crown of Castile
DiedApril 12, 1555
(aged 75)
Tordesillas, Crown of Castile
Burial
Royal Chapel of Granada
SpousePhilip I of Castile (1496–1506)
IssueSee Issue
HouseTrastámara
FatherFerdinand II of Aragon
MotherIsabella I of Castile
ReligionCatholic

Juana I of Castile, known as "the Mad" (la Loca) (Toledo, November 6, 1479 – Tordesillas, April 12, 1555), was Queen of Castile from 1504 to 1555, and of Aragon and Navarre from 1516 to 1555, although from 1506 she exercised no effective power and from 1509 she lived confined in Tordesillas, first by order of her father, Ferdinand the Catholic, and later by order of her son, King Charles I.

By birth, she was Infanta of Castile and Aragon. From a young age she showed signs of religious indifference that her mother tried to keep secret.[2]

In 1496 she married her third cousin Philip the Handsome, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, Brabant and Count of Flanders, with whom she had six children.

Upon the deaths of her siblings John and Isabella and of her nephew Miguel de la Paz, she became heir to the crowns of Castile and of Aragon, as well as Lady of Biscay, a title that by then was already joined to the Crown of Castile and which Juana inherited from her mother Isabella I of Castile. Upon the death of her mother, Isabella the Catholic, in 1504, she was proclaimed Queen of Castile together with her husband; and upon that of her father, Ferdinand the Catholic, in 1516, she became the nominal Queen of Navarre and sovereign of the Crown of Aragon. Therefore, on January 25, 1516, she became (in theory) the first Queen of the crowns that made up present-day Spain. However, from 1506 her power was only nominal, since it was her son Charles who was the effective King of Castile and of Aragon.

The Comunero uprising of 1520 brought her out of her prison and asked her to lead the revolt, but she refused, and when her son Charles defeated the Comuneros he confined her again. Later Charles would order that she be forced to receive the sacraments, even if by means of torture.[3]

She was nicknamed "the Mad" because of an alleged mental illness claimed by her father and by her son in order to remove her from the throne and keep her confined in Tordesillas for life. It has been written that the illness could have been caused by jealousy toward her husband and by the grief she felt after his death. This view of her figure was popularized in Romanticism, in both painting and literature.

The acceptance of Doña Juana's "madness" was maintained to a greater or lesser extent during the 20th century, but it is being revised in the 21st century, above all as a result of the studies of the American researcher Bethany Aram and of the Spaniards Segura Graíño and Zalama, which have brought to light new data about her figure.[4]

Childhood and youth

Juana I of Castile by Juan de Flandes (Museum of Art History, Vienna).

Queen Juana was the third of the children of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. She was born in Toledo on November 6, 1479, and was baptized with the name of her family's patron saint, as was her older brother, John.

From childhood, she received the education proper to an Infanta and an unlikely heir to the throne, based on obedience rather than on government, unlike the public exposure and the teachings of government required in the instruction of a Crown Prince. In the strict and itinerant environment of the Castilian-Aragonese court of her time, Juana studied religious conduct, civility and the good manners proper to the court, without neglecting arts such as dance and music, training as a horsewoman, and knowledge of the Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula, in addition to French and Latin. Among her principal tutors were the Dominican priest Andrés de Miranda, Beatriz Galindo and her mother, the Queen, who tried to shape her to her "devotional mold".[5]

The management of the Infanta's household and, therefore, of her immediate surroundings was entirely dominated by her parents. The household included religious personnel, administrative officials, staff in charge of food, maids and female slaves,[6] all selected by her parents without any involvement on her part. Unlike Juana, her brother John, Prince of Asturias and of Girona, began to take charge of his household and of territorial possessions as training in the rule of his future kingdoms.

As early as 1495 Juana showed signs of religious skepticism and little devotion to Christian worship and rites. This alarmed her mother, who ordered that it be kept secret.[7][8]

Marriage and the Flanders Fleet

As was customary in the Europe of those centuries, Isabella and Ferdinand negotiated the marriages of all their children in order to secure diplomatic and strategic objectives. In order to strengthen ties with the Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg against the French monarchs of the Valois dynasty, they offered Juana in marriage to his son, Philip, archduke of Austria. In exchange for this union, the Catholic Monarchs asked for the hand of Maximilian's daughter, Margaret of Austria, as a wife for Prince John. Previously, Juana had been considered for the Dauphin Charles, heir to the French throne, and in 1489 her hand had been requested by King James IV of Scotland, of the Stuart dynasty.

In August 1496, the future Archduchess set sail from Laredo in one of the Genoese carracks under the command of Captain Juan Pérez. To demonstrate the splendor of the Castilian-Aragonese crown to the northern lands and its might to the hostile French King, the fleet also included another nineteen vessels, from naos to caravels, with a crew of 3,500 men, under the command of Admiral Fadrique Enríquez de Velasco,[9] and piloted by Sancho de Bazán. They were also joined by some sixty merchant ships carrying the wool exported each year from Castile. It was the largest fleet on a peace mission assembled in Castile up to that time.[10] Juana was seen off by her mother and siblings, and set course for Flanders, the home of her future husband.

The crossing suffered some setbacks which, first, forced her to take refuge in Portland, England, on August 31. When the fleet was finally able to approach Middelburg, Zeeland, a Genoese carrack carrying 700 men, Juana's garments and many of her personal effects ran aground on a bank of rocks and sand and had to be abandoned.[11][10]

Juana, at last in the northern lands, was not received by her betrothed. This was due to the opposition of Philip's Francophile advisers to the marriage alliances agreed by his father the Emperor. Even in 1496, the advisers still harbored the possibility of convincing Maximilian of the inadvisability of an alliance with the Catholic Monarchs and of the virtues of an alliance with France.

Marriage contract between Juana and Philip the Handsome (1495). General Archive of Simancas.

The wedding was at last formally celebrated on October 20, 1496, in the collegiate church of Saint Gummarus in the small city of Lier, thanks to the influence of the Berghes family. The Bishop of Cambrai, Henry of Bergen, who would later be the leader of the pro-Spanish faction, performed the official wedding ceremony. The court environment that Juana encountered was radically opposite to the one she had lived in in her native Spain. On the one hand, the sober, religious and family-centered court of Ferdinand and Isabella contrasted with the uninhibited and highly individualistic Burgundian-Flemish court, very festive and opulent thanks to the textile trade that its markets had dominated for a century and a half. Indeed, upon the death of Mary of Burgundy, the household of the four-year-old Philip had quickly been dominated by the great Burgundian nobles, mainly through advisers devoted and loyal to their interests.

Although the future spouses did not know each other, they fell in love on seeing each other. However, Philip soon lost interest in the relationship, which gave rise in Juana to a jealousy that several authors have considered pathological.

Children soon followed, with periods of conjugal abstinence that sharpened Juana's jealousy. On November 15, 1498, in the city of Leuven (near Brussels), her firstborn, Eleanor, was born, named in honor of Philip's paternal grandmother, Eleanor of Portugal. Juana watched over her husband all the time and, despite the advanced state of her second pregnancy, from which Charles would be born (named in honor of Philip's maternal grandfather, Charles the Bold), on February 24, 1500, she attended a party at the palace of Ghent. That same day she gave birth to her son, it is said, in a privy of the palace. The following year, on July 18, 1501, in Brussels, a daughter was born, named Isabella in honor of Juana's mother, Isabella the Catholic.

Several priests sent to Flanders by the Catholic Monarchs reported during this time that Juana continued to resist going to confession and attending Mass.[12]

Queen of Castile

With the deaths of her siblings John (1497) and Isabella (1498), as well as that of the latter's son, the Portuguese Infante Miguel de Paz (1500), Juana became heir to Castile and Aragon. In November 1501 Philip and Juana, leaving their children in Flanders, set out for Castile by land from Brussels. It took them six months to reach Toledo,[10] where they swore the oath as heirs before the Castilian Cortes in the Cathedral of Toledo on May 22, 1502.[13]

Philip and Juana, c. 1500.

In 1503 Juana's husband, Philip, returned to Flanders in order to settle some matters, while Juana, who was pregnant, remained in Spain at the request of her parents, who wished her to get to know her future subjects. Being separated from her husband and children plunged her into deep sadness.[10] On March 10, 1503, in the city of Alcalá de Henares, she gave birth to a son whom she named Ferdinand in honor of his maternal grandfather, Ferdinand the Catholic. After the birth, and with her three eldest children in Brussels, Juana again asked for permission to return to Flanders, but her mother opposed it. The war with France made the overland route unfeasible. In the face of Juana's insistence, Isabella ordered Bishop Fonseca to confine her daughter in the Castle of La Mota. Mother and daughter ended up quarreling and, in the end, Isabella consented to Juana's return to Flanders, where she arrived in June 1504.[10] The episode of the Castle of La Mota, in which the daughter had been insubordinate, had caused the Queen so much displeasure that she was obliged to justify her before various personages. She begged her husband that, when Juana arrived in Flanders, people of his trust should watch over her to prevent further insubordination, although she hoped that the reunion with her husband would have a beneficial effect on her daughter's character.[4]

Queen Isabella died on November 26, 1504, which raised the problem of the succession in Castile. According to the historian Gustav Bergenroth, her mother disinherited Juana in her will because she did not go to Mass and did not wish to go to confession.[2] However, her father, Ferdinand, proclaimed her Queen of Castile and continued governing the kingdom himself.

Juana and her husband with people of the court

But Juana's husband, Archduke Philip, was not willing to give up power, and in the Concord of Salamanca (1505) the joint government of Philip, Ferdinand the Catholic and Juana herself was agreed. In the meantime, Philip and Juana remained at the court of Brussels, where on September 15, 1505, she gave birth to her fifth child, a girl named Mary (named in honor of her paternal grandmother, Mary of Burgundy). Meanwhile, a great fleet was prepared to carry the new Castilian royal family to its kingdom.

At the end of 1505, Philip was impatient to reach Castile and therefore ordered the fleet to sail as soon as possible, despite the risk of sailing in winter. They departed on January 10, 1506, with 40 ships. In the English Channel, a violent storm sank several vessels and scattered the rest. There were fears for the lives of the monarchs, who finally put in at Portland. The fleet had to remain in England for three months. In London, Juana was able to spend a day visiting her sister Catherine, whom she had not seen for ten years.[10] They set sail again in April 1506 and, instead of heading for Laredo, where they were expected, they set course for La Coruña, probably to gain time and be able to meet with Castilian nobles before presenting themselves before Ferdinand.[10] Philip won the support of most of the Castilian nobility, so Ferdinand had to sign the Concord of Villafáfila (June 27, 1506) and withdraw to Aragon with a series of economic compensations.[10] Philip was proclaimed King of Castile at the Cortes of Valladolid with the name of Philip I.

Juana la Loca (1836), by Charles de Steuben. Palais des Beaux-Arts (Lille).

On September 25 of that year Philip I the Handsome died in the Palace of the Constables of Castile; according to some, he was poisoned, and rumors then circulated about an alleged madness of Juana. At that moment she decided to move her husband's body from Burgos, where he had died and where he had already been buried, to Granada, as he himself had arranged when he saw that he was dying (except for his heart, which he wished to be sent to Brussels, as was done), always traveling by night. But her father was reluctant to allow his son-in-law to be buried in Granada before himself,[14] and the journeys were limited to a small area of Castile.[15] Queen Juana would not leave the coffin for a moment, and this transfer would drag on for eight cold months across Castilian lands. A great number of people accompanied the coffin, among them clergy, nobles, ladies-in-waiting, soldiers and various servants. As a result, the murmurs about the Queen's madness grew every day among the inhabitants of the towns they passed through. After some months, the nobles, "obliged" by their position to follow the Queen, complained that they were wasting their time on that "madness" instead of attending, as they should, to their lands. In the town of Torquemada (Palencia), on January 14, 1507, Juana gave birth to her sixth child, born after her husband's death, a girl baptized with the name of Catherine (named in honor of her younger sister, Catherine of Aragon).

As for the government of the kingdom, on September 24,[16] the eve of the death of Philip I, the nobles agreed to form an interim Regency Council to govern the kingdom provisionally,[17] presided over by Cisneros and made up of the Admiral of Castile; the Constable of Castile; Pedro Manrique de Lara y Sandoval, Duke of Nájera; Diego Hurtado de Mendoza y Luna, Duke of the Infantado; Andrés del Burgo, ambassador of the Emperor; and Filiberto de Vere, chief steward of King Philip.[18][19] The nobility and the cities contended over who should exercise the Regency: on one side were those who wanted Emperor Maximilian during the minority of Prince Charles, such as the Manrique, Pacheco and Pimentel families; and on the other, those who wanted the regency of Ferdinand the Catholic as established in the will of Isabella the Catholic and by the Cortes of Toro of 1505, such as the Velasco, Enríquez, Mendoza and Álvarez de Toledo families.[20][21] However, Queen Juana tried to govern by herself and revoked and invalidated the grants made by her husband, for which purpose she tried to restore the Royal Council of her mother's time.[16][22]

Juana with two of her children (one of them Charles I of Spain).

Without consulting Juana, Cisneros turned to Ferdinand the Catholic to have him return to Castile.[23] But despite the efforts of Cisneros, nobles and prelates, the Queen did not call on her father to govern[24] and in fact went so far as to forbid the Archbishop entry to the palace.[25] To give legality to the appointment of Ferdinand the Catholic as regent, the Royal Council and Cisneros sought to fill the power vacuum by convening the Cortes, but the Queen refused to convene them, and the procuradores left Burgos without having been constituted as such.[26]

After returning from taking possession of the Kingdom of Naples, Ferdinand the Catholic met with his daughter on August 28, 1507,[23] and again took over the government of Castile. In February 1509, Ferdinand ordered Juana to be confined in Tordesillas to prevent a noble party from forming around his daughter,[27] a confinement that her son Charles I would later maintain. Juana's confinement was also intended to thwart the designs of the King of England and of the Emperor on the government of Castile. King Henry VII of England expressed his interest in marrying Juana, and Ferdinand had to resolve the matter diplomatically by presenting his grandson Charles, Prince of Asturias, as his son and successor, and proposing the marriage of the Prince to Mary Tudor, daughter of the English King; Henry VII died in 1509 and his successor Henry VIII married Ferdinand's daughter, Catherine of Aragon, putting an end to English opposition to Ferdinand's regency.[28] There remained only the opposition of Emperor Maximilian I, who threatened to bring his grandson, the Prince of Asturias, to Castile and govern in his name, fearing that Ferdinand's second marriage might produce a male heir who could endanger the succession of his grandson, Prince Charles.[29] Ferdinand took advantage of the Emperor's weakness in Italy against Venice to secure a favorable agreement at Blois in December 1509, which respected the will of Isabella the Catholic in exchange for modest economic compensations,[30] whereby the Emperor renounced his claims to the regency in Castile, and the Cortes of 1510 ratified Ferdinand as Regent.[24]

Real coined in Mexico with the legend "Charles and Juana, of the Spains and the Indies".

In 1515 Ferdinand incorporated into the Crown of Castile the Kingdom of Navarre, which he had conquered three years earlier. In 1516 the King died and, by his will, Juana also became nominal Queen of Aragon. However, several institutions of the Aragonese Crown did not recognize her as such, owing to the institutional complexity of the fueros. The regency of Aragon was exercised by the Archbishop of Zaragoza, Alonso of Aragon, natural son of Ferdinand the Catholic, and that of Castile by Cardinal Cisneros, until the arrival of Prince Charles from Flanders.

Charles took advantage of Juana's incapacity to proclaim himself King, thereby appropriating the royal titles that belonged to his mother. Thus, officially, both Juana and Charles co-reigned in Castile and Aragon. In fact, Juana was never declared incapable by the Cortes of Castile, nor was the title of Queen ever withdrawn from her. As long as she lived, Queen Juana's name had to appear first in official documents. But in practice Juana had no real power, because Charles kept his mother confined. Indeed, he ordered that she be forced to attend Mass and go to confession, using torture if necessary.[3]

Confinement in Tordesillas

Francisco Pradilla, Queen Juana the Mad, Confined in Tordesillas with Her Daughter, the Infanta Catalina, 1906.

From the time her father confined her, in 1509, Queen Juana remained for forty-six years in a manor-palace-prison in Tordesillas, always dressed in black and with no company but that of her last daughter, Catherine, until the latter left in 1525 to marry John III of Portugal. She died on April 12, 1555. According to some authors, Juana and her daughter were slighted and physically and psychologically mistreated by their jailers. Especially harsh were the long years of service of the second Marquises of Denia, Bernardo de Sandoval y Rojas and his wife, Francisca Enríquez. The Marquis performed his function with great zeal, as he seemed to boast in a letter addressed to the Emperor in which he assured him that, although Doña Juana constantly lamented, saying that he kept her shut up "like a prisoner" and that she wanted to see the grandees, "because she wants to complain about how they keep her", the King should rest easy, because he had the situation under control and knew how to put off those requests. The confinement of Doña Juana, on account of her alleged mental incapacity, was essential to the legitimacy on the Castilian throne first of her father, Ferdinand, and later of her son, Charles I. At any suspicion that the Queen was in reality mentally stable, the new king's adversaries could overthrow him as a usurper. Hence the figure of Doña Juana became a key piece in legitimizing the movement of the Comunidades.

Kings Ferdinand and Charles tried to erase every documentary trace of Queen Juana's confinement. No trace remains of the correspondence exchanged between Ferdinand and Luis Ferrer; Charles V seems to have taken the same care. Philip II even ordered certain papers relating to his grandmother to be burned.[31] In the surviving documentation on her Royal Household, such as the accounts kept by her treasurer, Ochoa de Landa of Vitoria, valuable information on the matter can be found.[32]

Comunero movement

The Comunero uprising (1520) recognized her as sovereign in its struggle against Charles I. After the burning of Medina del Campo, the government of Cardinal Adrian of Utrecht faltered. Many cities and towns joined the Comunero cause, and the inhabitants of Tordesillas stormed the Queen's palace, forcing the Marquis of Denia to accept that a commission of the assailants should speak with Doña Juana. It was then that the Queen learned of her father's death and of the events that had taken place in Castile since then. Days later Juan de Padilla met with her, explaining that the Junta of Ávila intended to put an end to the abuses committed by the Flemish and to protect the Queen of Castile, restoring to her the power that had been taken from her, if she so wished. To which Doña Juana replied: "Yes, yes, stay here at my service and keep me informed of everything and punish the wicked". After those words, Comunero enthusiasm was enormous. Their cause seemed legitimized by the Queen's support.

La Demencia de Doña Juana (The Dementia of Doña Juana, 1867), by Lorenzo Vallés. Museo del Prado (Madrid).

From then on, the objective of the Comuneros would be, first, to demonstrate that Doña Juana was not mad and that everything had been a plot, begun in 1506, to remove her from power; and then, that the Queen should endorse with her signature, in addition to her words, the agreements that were being adopted. To that end, the Junta of Ávila moved to Tordesillas, which for some time would become the center of the Comuneros' operations. After these changes, everyone, even the Cardinal, affirmed that Doña Juana "seems a different person", because she took an interest in things, went out, conversed, looked after her staff and, as if that were not enough, delivered some apt and eloquent words before the procuradores of the Junta; words that notaries recorded and that began to be circulated. But the Junta needed more than the Queen's words: it needed documents, it needed the royal signature to validate its actions. A signature that could mean the end of Charles's reign, as Cardinal Adrian reminded him: "should her highness sign, without any doubt the whole Kingdom will be lost". But in this the Comuneros, like the King's supporters before them, ran up against Doña Juana's iron refusal; neither pleas nor threats made her sign any paper.

At the end of 1520, the imperial army entered Tordesillas, restoring the Marquis of Denia to his post. Juana once again became a captive Queen, as her daughter Catherine affirmed when she informed the Emperor that her mother was not even allowed to walk along the corridor overlooking the river: "and they shut her up in her chamber, which has no light at all".

Final years

Statue of Juana I in Tordesillas, the place where she was held captive in her final years.

Doña Juana's life deteriorated progressively, as the few who managed to visit her testified. Above all when her youngest daughter, who tried to protect her from the despotic treatment of the Marquis of Denia, had to leave her in 1525 to marry the King of Portugal. From that moment on, depressive episodes followed one another with ever greater intensity.

In her final years, the alleged mental illness was joined by a physical one, which was entirely real. She had great difficulty with her legs, which eventually became paralyzed. Her religious indifference then once again became a subject of discussion, with some clergy suggesting that she might be possessed by the devil. For this reason, her grandson, Philip II, asked a Jesuit, the future Saint Francis Borgia, to visit her and find out how much truth there was in all this. After speaking with her, the Jesuit asserted that the accusations were unfounded and that, given her mental state, perhaps the Queen had not been treated properly. However, on her deathbed she refused to make her confession when she was administered extreme unction.[5]

Controversy over her mental health

The official version in the 16th century was that Queen Juana had been removed from the throne because of her incapacity owing to a mental illness. It has been written that she may have suffered from melancholia,[33] severe depressive disorder,[33][34] psychosis,[34] inherited schizophrenia[33][34] or, more recently, a schizoaffective disorder.[35] There is debate over the diagnosis of her mental illness, considering that her symptoms were aggravated by forced confinement and subjection to other people. It has also been speculated that she may have inherited some mental illness from the family of her mother, since her maternal grandmother, Isabella of Portugal, Queen of Castile, suffered from the same during her widowhood after her stepson exiled her to Arévalo, in Ávila.[33][36]

Gustav Bergenroth was the first, in the 1860s, to find documents in Simancas and in other archives showing that the woman until then called Juana "the Mad" had in reality been the victim of a conspiracy hatched by her father, Ferdinand the Catholic, and later confirmed by her son, Charles I.[2]

Queen Juana in art

In Romanticism

Doña Juana "la Loca" (1877), by Francisco Pradilla. Museo del Prado (Madrid).

The memory of Juana faded with the passage of time,[31] but her figure proved very attractive to Romanticism, because it combined a series of traits that movement highly prized: the overwhelming passion of an unrequited love, madness from heartbreak and boundless jealousy. In 1836, the French painter Charles de Steuben captured in a painting all the commonplaces of the legend about the Queen, and later in Spain imagination was given free rein and the image of Juana's madness for love became fixed.[31]

Numerous artists devoted one of their works to the figure: Eusebio Asquerino and Gregorio Romero de Larrañaga (Felipe el Hermoso), Manuel Tamayo y Baus (Locura de amor), Emilio Serrano (Doña Juana la Loca), Lorenzo Vallés (La demencia de doña Juana de Castilla), Santiago Sevilla (Juana la Loca Tragedia en Cuatro Actos). But without doubt the most famous work inspired by the Queen was the painting Doña Juana "la Loca" (1877), by Francisco Pradilla y Ortiz, now in the Museo del Prado.

Theater

The actress Margarita Xirgu in costume as Queen Juana at the premiere of the play Santa Juana de Castilla

The last months of the Queen's life are recreated in the play Santa Juana de Castilla, by Benito Pérez Galdós, premiered at the Teatro María Guerrero in Madrid on May 8, 1918, with a cast headed by the actress Margarita Xirgu.

The character is also recreated in the play El Cardenal de España (1960), by the Frenchman Henry de Montherlant, centered on the last months of the life of Cardinal Cisneros. At the world premiere, in Paris, the role was played by the French actress Louise Conte, and in the Spanish adaptation of 1962 by Luisa Sala. In the play Los Comuneros (1974), by Ana Diosdado, Queen Juana appears as one of the main characters. The role was played by Irene Gutiérrez Caba. Curiously, three years later the character would be played by her sister Julia and forty years later by her granddaughter Irene Escolar, in both cases for television.

In 2012, with her work Juana la loca, María Jesús Romero delved into the reflections of Doña Juana, whom she depicts trapped in a deep identity crisis. It is a monologue for a single actress, which has not been staged. In 2013 Juana, la reina que no quiso reinar, by Jesús Carazo, premiered, a work presenting a Juana close to the Romantic myth: married as an adolescent against her will and then confined for forty-six years for the sole madness of being a woman before a queen and of placing love above power. In this case, Doña Juana is played by Gema Matarranz.

In 2016 the historical figure was played by Concha Velasco in a monologue titled Reina Juana, written by Ernesto Caballero and directed by Gerardo Vera, premiered on April 28, 2016, at the Teatro de La Abadía in Madrid. The plot begins with the confession of Juana I of Castile before Father Francis Borgia on the night before her death. From there the Queen recounts the most important moments of her life, while in her wanderings she leads the spectator through a good part of the history of Spain. In this great flashback Doña Juana lucidly raises her voice against all those who drove her into exile, turning her into a shadow: first her husband, Philip the Handsome; then her father, Ferdinand the Catholic, who confines her in Tordesillas; and finally her son Charles V, who ignores her. In the author's view, all of them made her out to be insane in order to strip her of her functions and give free rein to their ambitions.

Film

Year Film Director Actress
1948 Locura de amor Juan de Orduña Aurora Bautista
1982 Cristóbal Colón, de oficio... descubridor Mariano Ozores Beatriz Elorrieta
1983 Juana la loca... de vez en cuando José Ramón Larraz Beatriz Elorrieta
2001 Juana la Loca Vicente Aranda Pilar López de Ayala
2016 La corona partida Jordi Frades Irene Escolar

Television

Year Series Episode Director Actress
1977 Mujeres insólitas La reina loca de amor Cayetano Luca de Tena Julia Gutiérrez Caba
1978 Estudio 1 Los Comuneros José Antonio Páramo Lola Herrera
2014 Borgia Season 3, Episode 13 Tom Fontana Miriam Stein
2014 Isabel Season 3 Jordi Frades Irene Escolar
2015 Carlos, Rey Emperador Season 1 Oriol Ferrer Laia Marull
2019 The Spanish Princess A Polite Kidnapping Lisa Clarke Alba Galocha

Operas

  • Gian Carlo Menotti. La Loca (The Madwoman), 1979. Composed for the soprano Beverly Sills, premiered at the San Diego Opera.
  • Enric Palomar, music, Rebecca Simpson, libretto: Juana, world premiere at the Halle Opera, Germany, 2005, publisher Mondigromax

Novels

Poetry

Songs

Art

  • In 1984 the German artist Wolf Vostell created a cycle of paintings titled Homenaje a Juana La Loca.[39]

Tributes

Since 2014, Leopoldo de Castro Street in Valladolid has been renamed Calle de Juana de Castilla.[40]

Ancestry

Ancestors of Juana I of Castile

Issue

With her husband Philip I the Handsome she had six children:

Titles

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The full title was: Queen of Castile, of Toledo, of León, of Galicia, of Seville, of Córdoba, of Murcia, of Jaén, of the Algarve, of Algeciras, of Gibraltar, of the Canary Islands, of the Indies (from 1505), of the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea (from 1505) and Lady of Biscay and of Molina
  2. ↑ By the will of her father, Ferdinand II of Aragon, Juana became nominal queen, but several institutions of the Crown did not recognize her as such. The situation remained at a standstill until her son, Charles I, swore in his own name and in that of his mother the fueros of Aragon (July 19, 1518), Catalonia (April 16, 1519) and Valencia (May 16, 1528)

References

  1. ↑ After the death without male issue of Charles the Bold, last Duke of Burgundy, the duchy reverted to the French crown. But Mary, wife of Maximilian and only daughter of the duke, did not accept the loss of the duchy, thus maintaining the title of "titular duke of Burgundy", as her descendants also did.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Cartwright 1870, pp. 171–172.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cartright 1870, pp. 173–174.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Varona, Mery (2017). Juana I de España. La reina cautiva (in español). pp. 6–10, 66–68. ISBN 978-1544817736.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 González García 2010, Saturno….
  6. ↑ Cortés López, José Luis (1989). La esclavitud negra en la España peninsular del siglo XVI (in español). Universidad de Salamanca. ISBN 8474815444., p. 64
  7. ↑ Zalama 2000.
  8. ↑ Boada González 2010.
  9. ↑ Armada y provisiones para llevar a Flandes a doña Juana, in the Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España, vol. VIII, pp. 548–550.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 Zalama 2009.
  11. ↑ D'Huylst, H. Le mariage de Philippe le Beau avec Jeanne de Castille à Lierre le 20 octobre 1496. Antwerp, 1958
  12. ↑ González García 2010.
  13. ↑ Mariana, Juan de: Historia general de España, pp. 54–56.
  14. ↑ Aram, Jákfalvi-Leiva & Cantera Montenegro 2001, p. 174.
  15. ↑ Pfandl, Ludwig (1999). Juana la Loca, madre del Emperador Carlos V: su vida, su tiempo, su culpa (in español). Palabra. p. 87. ISBN 9788482393735.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Aram, Jákfalvi-Leiva & Cantera Montenegro 2001, pp. 158–160.
  17. ↑ Suárez Fernández 1990, p. 349.
  18. ↑ Von Hefele 1869, pp. 144–146.
  19. ↑ Quintanilla Raso & Morán Martín 2006, p. 171.
  20. ↑ Quintanilla Raso & Morán Martín 2006, pp. 171–172.
  21. ↑ Suárez Fernández 1990, pp. 349–350.
  22. ↑ Nieto Soria, José Manuel (2008). Gobernar en tiempos de crisis: las quiebras dinásticas en el ámbito hispánico, 1250–1808, Sílex Ediciones, p. 39.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Aram, Jákfalvi-Leiva & Cantera Montenegro 2001, p. 167.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Aram, Jákfalvi-Leiva & Cantera Montenegro 2001, p. 159.
  25. ↑ Von Hefele 1869, p. 150.
  26. ↑ Carretero Zamora 1988, pp. 213–215.
  27. ↑ Carlos V - Cultura - Notas históricas
  28. ↑ Aram, Jákfalvi-Leiva & Cantera Montenegro 2001, pp. 179–181.
  29. ↑ Aram, Jákfalvi-Leiva & Cantera Montenegro 2001, p. 181.
  30. ↑ Carretero Zamora 1988, pp. 228–230.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Zalama 2010.
  32. ↑ Martinez Hernández 2020.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 Gómez, Juan Navarro & Zatlin 2008, pp. 9, 12–13, 85.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Rubin Stuart 2004, p. 404.
  35. ↑ Torras, Francisco Javier; Mínguez Martín, Luis (October 22, 2014). "Hay pruebas de que Juana la Loca estaba psicótica" (in español). Retrieved December 2, 2014.
  36. ↑ Louda, Jirí and MacLagan, Michael. Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe, 2nd edition. London, U.K.: Little, Brown and Company, 1999 (in English).
  37. ↑ ""Elegía a Doña Juana la Loca"" (in español). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
  38. ↑ "Antología de la Copla, Vol. 2 - Antonio Amaya | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
  39. ↑ Wolf Vostell, Homenaje a Juana La Loca. Editorial Libros Boabab, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 1984.
  40. ↑ Vela, Víctor (November 11, 2018). "Un paseo por las (pocas) calles vallisoletanas dedicadas a mujeres". El Norte de Castilla (in español). Retrieved May 19, 2020.

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