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Francisco Pizarro
Francisco Pizarro | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | March 16, 1478[1] |
| Died | June 26, 1541 (aged 63) |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance | Spanish Empire |
Rank | Adelantado, conquistador and marquis |
Conflicts | Conquest of the Inca Empire and Civil wars between the conquistadors of Peru |
| Awards | Marquisate of the Atavillos (Marquisate of the Conquest) |
| Signature | |
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Francisco Pizarro González (Trujillo, Castile, March 16, 1478 – Lima, June 26, 1541)[1] was a Spanish conquistador who, at the beginning of the 16th century, led the expedition that would begin the conquest of Peru.[lower-alpha 1]
He would later be appointed Governor of New Castile, with its seat of government in the City of the Kings (known today as Lima). This appointment consolidated his position as a central figure in the Spanish colonization of the Americas and his influence on the shaping of the New World.
Pizarro was part of the expedition that discovered the South Sea (Pacific Ocean), an undertaking led by Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1513. In 1532, after capturing and executing the Sapa Inca Atahualpa, he was able to prevail over the Inca Empire with the help of various local chiefdoms, conquering that imperial state, whose center of government was located in present-day Cusco, Peru, and establishing a Spanish dependency over it.
Francisco Pizarro obtained the title of marquis, and his descendants held the title of Marquises of the Conquest, but under the name of Atavillos,[2] this being the title used by the chronicler don Francisco López de Gómara in his Historia General de las Indias, chapter CXXXII. He was also referred to as Marquis by Pedro Cieza de León in his book Chrónica del Perú. To his indigenous troops he was known as Apu ('chief', 'lord', 'general') or Machu Capitán ('old captain').[3]
Childhood and youth
Francisco Pizarro was born in the Extremaduran city of Trujillo, into a hidalgo family of secondary standing. There are doubts about the exact date of his birth since, according to some historians, it was March 16, 1476, while for others it was the same date but in the year 1478. Some authors even move his birth back to 1473.[4]
He was the son, with lordship of Spanish nature, of the hidalgo Gonzalo Pizarro Rodríguez de Aguilar (c. 1446–1522), called el largo ("the tall one," for his height) or el romano ("the Roman"), a prominent soldier of the time with notable local influence, who took part in the Italian campaigns under the command of Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, the Great Captain, and of Francisca González Mateos, a noble lady of the chamber to Beatriz Pizarro, Gonzalo's aunt, who was linked to the convent of San Francisco el Real, located next to the Puerta de la Coria. Although he belonged to a hidalgo family, Francisco Pizarro was born out of wedlock, a circumstance that conditioned his childhood and his prospects for social advancement within the estate-based society of the time.
His childhood was spent in Trujillo, an Extremaduran town marked by a modest agrarian economy, the presence of hidalgo lineages and a strong military tradition.
During his adolescence and early youth he is said to have performed humble work related to the countryside and domestic service, experiences which, according to some chroniclers, helped forge his tough, pragmatic character, resistant to adversity. From an early age he showed an inclination toward military life, a common choice among young Extremadurans, who were drawn to war as a means of obtaining honor, booty and recognition. According to the chronicle sources, he received a very limited education, lacking formal academic training during much of his youth.
At around the age of twenty he enlisted in the Spanish Tercios which, under the orders of Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, were fighting the French in what are known as the Naples campaigns. According to Francisco López de Gómara, he always served as a common soldier under the command of the Great Captain, taking part in operations in the south of the Italian peninsula, especially in Calabria and Sicily. These campaigns were a decisive military school, in which Pizarro gained combat experience, military discipline and knowledge of military organization, fundamental elements of his later career.
After his return from Italy, he moved to Seville, one of the main economic and maritime centers of the Crown of Castile, where he came into contact with the port and mercantile environment linked to overseas expansion. He would remain in this city until his departure for America, in a context marked by news of the first voyages and conquests in the New World, which offered young men with his experience an unprecedented opportunity for social advancement and fortune.
Early years in America
In 1502 he arrived in America on the expedition of Nicolás de Ovando, the new Governor of Hispaniola. Very little is known of his first years in America. He probably spent some time on the island of Hispaniola.[5]
Two new governorates were created in the lands lying between Cabo de la Vela (Colombia) and Cape Gracias a Dios (on the border between present-day Honduras and Nicaragua). In this way the Gulf of Urabá was taken as the boundary between the two governorates: the Governorate of New Andalusia and Urabá to the east, governed by Alonso de Ojeda, and the Governorate of Veragua to the west, governed by Diego de Nicuesa.
Discovery of the South Sea (Pacific Ocean)
In 1509 there was an expedition commanded by the bachelor and Alcalde Mayor of New Andalusia Martín Fernández de Enciso, which set out to relieve his hierarchical superior, Governor Alonso de Ojeda. Ojeda, together with seventy men, had founded the settlement of San Sebastián de Urabá in New Andalusia, the place where the city of Cartagena de Indias would later be built; however, near the settlement there were many warlike natives who used poisoned weapons, and Ojeda had been wounded in one leg.
Shortly afterward, Ojeda withdrew by ship to Hispaniola, leaving the settlement in the charge of Francisco Pizarro, who at that time was no more than a soldier awaiting the arrival of Enciso's expedition. Ojeda asked Pizarro to hold out with a few men for fifty days in the settlement, or otherwise to use every means to return to Hispaniola.
A man of strong character and little inclined to sedentary activity, he took part in the expedition of Alonso de Ojeda that explored Central America and Colombia (1510), and then in that of Vasco Núñez de Balboa, which culminated in the discovery of the South Sea (later known as the Pacific Ocean) in 1513.
In January 1519, Francisco Pizarro arrested Vasco Núñez de Balboa on the orders of Pedro Arias de Ávila, Governor of Castilla de Oro. From 1519 to 1523 he was an encomendero and Alcalde of Panama. There are discrepancies regarding the state of Pizarro's fortune during his stay in Panama. In this respect, Horacio Urteaga stated that:
This is the only chronicler who asserts that the economic situation of Pizarro and Almagro was comfortable. Quintana and Mendiburu, who investigated a great deal about the lives of the conquistadors, assert that Pizarro was one of the least wealthy inhabitants of Panama, and when the time came for the famous contract to discover Peru, the two partners could contribute nothing other than their personal industry and their experience.
The partners of the conquest
In 1524 Pizarro joined with Diego de Almagro and Hernando de Luque, an influential man and priest of Panama, to conquer "Birú" or "El Birú" (the Inca Empire of Peru), of which they had vague reports, dividing among themselves the responsibilities of the expedition. Pizarro would captain it, Almagro would be in charge of supplies, and Luque would be in charge of finances and the provision of aid. There are reports of a fourth partner, the licentiate Espinosa, who did not wish to appear officially and who is said to have been the main financier of the expeditions toward Peru.
Famous Thirteen
At the end of September 1526, when two years had passed in voyages southward facing all kinds of hardships and calamities, they arrived exhausted at Gallo Island, in the Bay of Tumaco, in what is now southern Colombia on the Pacific coast. Discontent among the soldiers was very great; they had spent several years enduring calamities without achieving any result. Pizarro tried to convince his men to press on; however, most of his troops wanted to desert and return.
There Pizarro's extreme action took place: he drew a line on the ground of the island, forcing his men to decide whether or not to continue in the expedition of discovery. Only thirteen men crossed the line. The Famous Thirteen, or the Thirteen knights of Gallo Island, were: Bartolomé Ruiz, Pedro Alcón, Alonso Briceño, Pedro de Candia, Antonio Carrión, Francisco de Cuéllar, García Jerén, Alonso de Molina, Martín Paz, Cristóbal de Peralta, Nicolás de Rivera (the elder), Domingo de Soraluce and Juan de la Torre.
The scene that took place on Gallo Island, after Juan Tafur conveyed to him the order of Governor Pedro de los Ríos, is recounted by the historian José Antonio del Busto:
The man from Trujillo did not let himself be carried away by passion and, drawing his sword, advanced with it bare toward his men. He stopped in front of them, looked at them all and, avoiding a long harangue, limited himself to saying, while, according to later testimonies, he drew a line on the sand with the weapon:
This way leads to Panama, to be poor; that way to Peru, to be rich; let whoever is a good Castilian choose what suits him best.
A deathly silence sealed the hero's words, but once the first moments of doubt had passed, the wet sand was heard crunching beneath the boots and sandals of the brave men who, thirteen in number, crossed the line. Pizarro, when he saw them cross the line, rejoiced not a little, giving thanks to God for it, for He had been pleased to put in their hearts the resolve to stay. Their names have remained in History.
— José Antonio del Busto
Pizarro and the Famous Thirteen waited five months on Gallo Island for reinforcements, which arrived from Panama sent by Diego de Almagro and Hernando de Luque, under the command of Bartolomé Ruiz. The ship found Pizarro and his men on Gorgona Island, starving and harassed by the natives. That same day, Pizarro ordered them to set sail southward. Pizarro was neither the first nor the only one to attempt the conquest of Peru. Two years earlier, in 1522, Pascual de Andagoya had attempted the venture: his expedition ended in a resounding failure. However, the reports of the existence of "Birú" and of its enormous riches in gold and silver undoubtedly influenced the spirits of the partners and may have been decisive in the decision to undertake the enterprise.
The conquest of Peru
With the Capitulation of Toledo of 1529, signed by Isabella of Portugal with the authority of King Charles I, rights of dominion were granted over the area of Peru explored up to that time. The territory corresponding to Pizarro extended from the Santiago River (Tempula or Cayapas River) in northern Ecuador to Cusco.[6] In 1532 Pizarro set sail from the city of Panama with 180 soldiers, landing near Tumbes, in what is now the northern border of Peru; it was then part of the Inca Empire called Tahuantinsuyo, which stretched from Colombia to Chile with a population of approximately 12 million people.
The Incas had a legend that one day the god Viracocha would return from the land of the setting sun, a deity who, according to them, was dressed in gold and silver, with a white beard and green eyes, and who had gone away across the Pacific Ocean to return in times of great need. The northern natives saw the arrival of the Spaniards, who had characteristics similar to those of Viracocha described in their legend. The Tallán natives told Atahualpa that the Spaniards were gods, given their white skin, their beards, their shining armor, and that they had come in great ships from the Pacific Ocean.[7]
Atahualpa believed in the mythological origin of the conquistadors and took it as a good omen in his desire to end the civil war in which the Tahuantinsuyo was plunged over the succession of the Inca Emperor Huayna Capac, who had died of smallpox. The princes Huáscar and Atahualpa were fighting for the seizure of Cusco (capital of the empire).
The capture of Atahualpa
He was invited by Atahualpa to meet at the Inca fortress of Cajamarca, through an emissary very close to him. The emissary met the Spaniards at Cajas and, besides bringing them gifts (skinned ducks, vessels in the shape of a fortress, etc.), gauged the strength of the Spaniards and invited him to continue his march through the Chancay valley, near the town of Chongoyape, to Cajamarca to meet with Atahualpa. Pizarro accepted and sent the Inca a fine Holland shirt and two glass cups as a gift. Thus he entered Inca territory with 168 soldiers and 37 horses and headed for Cajamarca.
The Spaniards, on reaching the Inca centers, saw that it was an advanced civilization, with irrigation systems, a rich culture and a powerful army. On reaching the fortress of Cajamarca they found it almost empty, and they explored it uneasily, fearing an ambush. However, Atahualpa was at a nearby spring with his sister, not at all concerned about the presence of the Spaniards. Pizarro wished to speak with Atahualpa, so he sent emissaries. The meeting that took place between the King and Pizarro's envoys was very tense. Atahualpa and his men wore their finest attire for the reception, and he held a very serious pose. The Incas had never seen horses, so the Spaniards decided to remain on their mounts and make them rear and neigh in the presence of the Inca Monarch. Atahualpa responded by drinking from the skull of an executed prisoner. Afterward, he offered gold cups to the Spaniards, from which they drank. Finally, he promised to go to Cajamarca the following day to meet with Pizarro.[6]
The scouts had counted at least 30,000 Inca warriors, so launching a military conquest would be impossible. On the night of November 16, 1532, the Spaniards prayed, thinking it would be the last time. The next morning the Spaniards prepared for battle and hid in a courtyard to wait. Later, thousands of unarmed Inca soldiers came and surrounded them. Then came a procession of hundreds of servants clearing the road for the passage of King Atahualpa, who was carried on a golden throne surrounded by his leaders. Then the Spaniards' chaplain approached the throne with a cross and a Bible and asked the king to renounce his pagan beliefs and accept baptism and the authority of the King of Spain, Charles I. Atahualpa took the Bible, examined it without understanding anything of what it said, and threw it to the ground, which the Spaniards interpreted as blasphemy, and Pizarro ordered them to open fire. The Spaniards then drew their swords, began a slaughter and took Atahualpa prisoner (November 16, 1532).
He was confined in a room in Cajamarca with his three wives and was allowed to continue conducting his affairs of government. Pizarro, moreover, had the Inca Atahualpa learn the Spanish language and taught him to read and write. In this way it was possible to communicate with the Inca king, who informed him of places where there was gold. He also played board games with the indigenous king. Pizarro undertook explorations with his men in search of the precious metal. On one of them they came upon the fortress of Sacsayhuamán, where groups of Incas were resisting the Spaniards. The Spaniards attacked the fortress and conquered it. On their expeditions the Spaniards found deserts, salt flats and, toward the east, they even explored the Amazon jungle.
To create a closer bond, Atahualpa offered Pizarro his favorite sister in marriage. Quispe Sisa (Inés Huaylas Yupanqui) was the daughter of the Inca emperor Huayna Capac. The conquistador had her baptized as Inés Huaylas and had two children with her: a first daughter whom he named after her father, Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui, and Gonzalo, who died young.
Pizarro maintained a close alliance with the nobility of Cusco, supporters of Huáscar, which allowed him to complete the conquest of Peru. After naming Túpac Huallpa, a brother of Atahualpa, as Inca, he marched to Cusco (capital of the Inca Empire), which he occupied in November 1533. His brother Juan was appointed regidor of the city.
Atahualpa proposed to Pizarro that he fill the room where he was held prisoner, known as the Ransom Room, twice, once with gold and once with silver, in exchange for his freedom, which Pizarro accepted. His subjects brought gold on llamas for three months to Cajamarca from all parts of the kingdom to save his life. In the end, 84 tons of gold and 164 of silver were gathered.[8]
Francisco Pizarro ordered the execution of Atahualpa while he was held prisoner. Despite having received the highest ransom in history, he had him executed on the night of July 26, 1533, for the crimes of uprising, polygamy, worship of false idols and for having ordered the execution of Huáscar. In addition, it was believed that he had sent an army to fight the Spaniards from the south toward the north, commanded by General Calcuchimac. He was offered to be burned alive or to convert to Christianity and be strangled, and he chose strangulation. He was strangled at the post, after the priest baptized him, giving him the Christian name Francisco.[6] That night thousands of Atahualpa's subjects committed suicide in order to follow their lord into the other world.[6]
On January 18, 1535, he founded on the coast the City of the Kings, soon known as Lima, and Trujillo, thus beginning the effective colonization of the conquered territories. Meanwhile, his brother Hernando, who had left for Spain to deliver the King's Fifth to the Crown, returned bearing the title of marquis for his brother Francisco, and that of adelantado for Almagro, who had been granted 200 leagues south of the territory assigned to Pizarro.
Civil war between conquistadors
Diego de Almagro, considering that Cusco lay within his jurisdiction, removed Juan Pizarro from office and imprisoned him together with his brother Gonzalo. Francisco came from Lima and signed an agreement with Almagro in Cusco, after which Almagro left for Chile. On returning from his fruitless expedition, Almagro tried to occupy Cusco again, which, defended by its regidor Hernando Pizarro, was resisting a long siege by the rebellious Incas under the command of Manco Inca, who had managed to escape from the Spaniards.
Meanwhile, Pizarro in Lima also endured the siege of that city by Quizu Yupanqui, a general and relative of Manco Inca, who, after coming close to taking the capital, perished in battle. Pizarro's victory in Lima was due to his strategic alliance with the ethnic lords who were enemies of the Incas. In this particular case, the alliance with the female cacique of Huaylas stood out. They came to Lima with five thousand men, who fought alongside the Spaniards in the defense of Lima against the siege and attack of Quizu Yupanqui. After Almagro's arrival in Cusco, Manco Inca lifted the siege, which Almagro took advantage of to imprison Hernando and Gonzalo Pizarro. After defeating Pizarro's lieutenant, Alonso de Alvarado, at the Rout of Abancay, he reached a new agreement with Pizarro at Mala (1537), by which Hernando was set free.
The peace was short-lived, and both sides clashed again at the Battle of Las Salinas (1538), near Cusco. The Almagrists were defeated and Diego de Almagro imprisoned; some time later he was sentenced to death and executed by Hernando Pizarro, without the authorization of his brother Francisco, in the Plaza Mayor of Cusco (July 8, 1538). After Almagro's death, Pizarro devoted himself to consolidating the colony and promoting colonizing activities (he sent his brother Gonzalo to Quito and Pedro de Valdivia to Chile).
Death
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The supporters of Almagro rallied around his son Almagro the Younger, with the aim of ending Pizarro's government, threatening to kill him. The twelve Almagrists, led by Juan de Rada, began a plot through which they supplied themselves with weapons.
On the morning of Sunday, June 26, 1541, having learned that his life was in danger, Pizarro did not go out to Sunday Mass at the Cathedral and heard it at home. After Mass, the Almagrists looked for him in the cathedral, and then crossed the square toward the palace of the Marquis Governor shouting: "Long live the King, death to the tyrant." Pizarro, who was having lunch with a group of friends, was warned with little time to spare that the group was at the doors of his residence, so he left the dining room and went to his bedroom to arm himself. When he returned to the dining room, his guests had already fled and only his half-brother, Francisco Martín de Alcántara, Gómez de Luna and the pages Tordoya and Vargas remained.
The historian José Antonio del Busto recounts the scene of Pizarro's assassination:
The assassins, headed by Juan de Rada, climbed the stairs and found at his open door Francisco de Chaves, who had orders to keep it closed. Dispensing with all dialogue, they killed him with a sword thrust and entered the dining room. The old Marquis, who had gone back to his bedroom to finish fastening his cuirass, came out to meet the intruders with his sword drawn, joining his four loyal companions and addressing his brother in particular to say: At them, brother, for we are enough for these traitors! The twelve Almagrists merely stayed on guard, shouting at him with anger and hatred: Traitor!
The fight began with no advantage for the men of Chile. As he fought, Pizarro reproached his attackers. He had taken the first place in the fight, and so great was his vigor that no adversary dared to step past the door. At that moment Francisco Martín fell with a sword thrust to the chest, as did the two pages and Gómez de Luna. Alone, he then set about defending the threshold, driving to despair his opponents who, cowed, called for lances to kill him from a distance. The Marquis did not shrink back for that; rather, seeking to dishearten his enemies, he went on fighting with more intensity than before.
He showed himself so spirited that Juan de Rada understood that they would never defeat him this way and, resorting to a treacherous ruse, took one of his own men, surnamed Narváez, and pushed him toward Pizarro; the Marquis received him with his sword, but the weight of the body made him step back, and the Almagrists then took the opportunity to rush through the threshold and surround him. Pizarro continued the fight; he no longer attacked, he defended himself. The ring of assassins turned with a frenzy of hatred, then closed with intent to kill. When the ring opened, the Marquis was covered with wounds, one of them in the neck. Pizarro, fallen on his right arm, had an injured elbow; his clothes were stained with blood, which gushed from him, but without showing weakness or lack of spirit, he tried to get up to keep fighting. However, his strength failed him and, still conscious, he collapsed onto the bloodstained floor.
Feeling the throes of death, he raised his right hand to his throat and, wetting his fingers in the blood, made the sign of the cross with them; then he stammered the name of Christ and bowed his head to kiss the cross... Then one of the assassins gave him a sword thrust in the neck, another wanted to finish him off and, taking an alcarraza, smashed it on his face. The Marquis collapsed heavily and lay still on the floor. Thus, while the assassins went out shouting: Long live the King, the tyrant is dead!, and the stragglers wearily went down the stairs remarking what a brave man the marquis was!, upstairs —with his face sunk in his warrior's blood— lay the Conqueror of Peru.
Forensic analysis of his bones
His bones, which lie in Lima Cathedral, were studied by the forensic anthropologist Edwin Greenwich Centeno in 2007, who concluded that Pizarro died with at least twenty sword wounds; he recounts in detail the sequence of events according to the marks left by the weapons on the bones. Greenwich states that, from the evidence, "Pizarro defended himself bravely," since he received a thrust indicating the gouging of the left eye and another straight cut on the right cheekbone. Part of the bone of one elbow was also sliced clean off. There are also cuts on the sixth thoracic vertebra, on the chest, on the first lumbar vertebra and on the stomach.[9]
Among the most serious wounds are two that were necessarily fatal: in the throat area, between the fourth and fifth cervical vertebrae, the imprint of a sword can be seen, which enters, cuts and fractures the bone. The other perimortem or post-mortem injury is an attempted decapitation located on the first cervical vertebra; the cut came from the right side and approached an artery that carries blood to the brain. Finally, there are the fractures in the skull, which are from the jug with which he was struck at the end.[9]
Physical condition on the day of his death
Francisco Pizarro died past the age of sixty, a survivor for those times and under those circumstances. Pizarro was of robust build and exceeded 1.74 m in height, well above the average of the time, something he must have inherited from his father Gonzalo, who had been nicknamed El Largo ("the Tall One") in allusion to his height.[10]
It is also known that he suffered from osteoarthritis and arthritis, with problems in his joints. He had spinal disc hernias that caused him a great deal of pain, and he walked with difficulty. He also had bone growths on his heels, indicating that he walked a great deal in his life. By the end of his days he could no longer ride, and he followed a vegetarian diet.[9]
Legacy
After its return from Peru, a notably enriched Pizarro family erected, at the southeast corner of the Plaza Mayor of Trujillo and beside the Town Hall, in the conquistador's hometown, a 16th-century Plateresque-style palace commissioned by his daughter, Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui.
Known as the Palace of the Conquest, this opulent palace is laid out over four floors, the coat of arms of the Pizarro family on the corner balcony being significant for its iconographic content. On one of its sides is Francisco Pizarro and on the other, his wife, the Inca princess Inés Huaylas, his daughter Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui and her husband Hernando Pizarro. The building is crowned by twelve elegant sculptures representing allegories of the vices and virtues. Its chimneys, windows and artistic wrought-iron grilles are notable.
The American sculptor Charles Cary Rumsey (1879–1922) made an equestrian statue of the conquistador, of which three copies exist, located in the cities of Trujillo (Spain), Lima (Peru) and Buffalo (United States).
In Peru there was a Plaza Pizarro at one corner of the Plaza Mayor of Lima, where the equestrian statue of Pizarro was installed, inaugurated on January 18, 1935, on the occasion of the celebration of the 400th anniversary of the founding of the city.[11][12]
The statue was moved in 1952 to Plaza Pizarro, located at the intersection of Jirón de la Unión and Jirón Conde de Superunda, on the left side of the Government Palace and next to the Municipal Palace of Lima, at one corner of the Plaza de Armas of Lima.[11][13][14]
The equestrian statue stood in the square of the same name until the early hours of April 28, 2003, when Mayor Luis Castañeda Lossio ordered the removal of the statue.[11][15][13] The small square was remodeled, and in its place a fountain and a flagpole on which the Flag of Peru is raised were installed. Likewise, the square was renamed Plaza Perú.[11] Finally, in 2004, the mayor of the Lima municipality ordered its relocation from the Plaza Mayor to the Parque de la Muralla,[13] without the pedestal with which it was inaugurated and which it had throughout its history, being placed on a cement base.
After two decades relegated to the Parque de la Muralla, in December 2024 the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima, ahead of the celebration on January 18, 2025, of the 490th anniversary of the Spanish founding of the city, announced the return of the statue of Francisco Pizarro to the historic center of the Peruvian capital.[16] Accordingly, the Management of Planning, Administration and Recovery of the Historic Center of Lima (PROLIMA) announced that the sculpture would be installed in the Pasaje Santa Rosa, located between the Plaza Mayor and the Municipal Palace, thus sharing space with the monument to the curaca Taulichusco, as a tribute to and recognition of the mestizo character and the Hispanic reality of Peruvian identity.[17]
In fiction
- Francisco Pizarro appears in Peter Shaffer's play The Royal Hunt of the Sun (1964), which depicts the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire.
- Robert Shaw plays Francisco Pizarro in The Royal Hunt of the Sun (1969), the film adaptation of Peter Shaffer's play directed by Irving Lerner.
- The historical novel Inés of My Soul (2006) by the author Isabel Allende tells the life of Inés de Suárez, lover of Pedro de Valdivia and the first Spanish woman to travel to Chile. Francisco Pizarro is an important and well-developed character in it.
- In the miniseries Gabriel, amor inmortal (2008), the character of Pizarro appears as the main villain, played by José Luis Rodríguez.
See also
- Bartolomé Ruiz
- Demographic catastrophe in America after the arrival of the Europeans
- Conquest of Peru
- Diego de Almagro
- Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui
- Hernando de Luque
- Peru
- Famous Thirteen
Notes
- ↑ He was already known as the Conqueror of Peru during his lifetime. It is important to remember that at that time, the term "Peru" referred to the western region of South America as a whole.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Pizarro, Francisco". ArteHistoria (in español).
- ↑ Francisca Pìzarro/ una ilustre mestiza, María Rostworowski Tovar de Diez Canseco. Lima, IEP.
- ↑ Cúneo-Vidal, R.: «Los hijos americanos de los Pizarros de la conquista.»
- ↑ "Pizarro, Francisco". ArteHistoria (in español).
- ↑ MCNBiografías.com Rene Salinas Meza. Alberto Harambour. "Pizarro, Francisco [conquistador español] (1475-1541)" (in español).
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Discovery Channel (2002). "The Blood of the Sun God. Pizarro y los Incas".
- ↑ Multikultura. Universidad de Cambridge. Reino Unido. "Cosmogonías precolombinas - El dios creador de los incas" (in español). Archived from the original on June 27, 2012. Retrieved February 2, 2013.
- ↑ Lizette Paternina. Lingoro.info. "El rescate de Atahualpa, pagado con Oro" (in español).
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Conoce al arqueólogo que estudió los huesos de Francisco Pizarro". El Comercio (in español). Retrieved July 10, 2014.
- ↑ La oscura infancia de un bastardo (1478 [?-1501)] Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 "Francisco Pizarro cabalga hacia el olvido en Lima, la ciudad que fundó". RPP (in español). January 18, 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
- ↑ "Parque de la Muralla: así luce tras ser reabierto para el público". Peru.com (in español). February 15, 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "Remueven estatua ecuestre de Pizarro". agenciaperu.com (in español). April 27, 2003. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved July 31, 2007.
- ↑ "La figura de Colón, en un mar de polémicas". www.lanacion.com.ar (in español). June 9, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
- ↑ "Las dudas sobre la leyenda negra de Pizarro, conquistador de Perú". ELMUNDO (in español). 2015-03-10. Retrieved 2023-08-02.
- ↑ Cayetano Chávez, José (2024-12-30). "El regreso de la escultura de Francisco Pizarro al centro de Lima: un debate que reaviva la historia". El Comercio (in español). ISSN 1605-3052. Retrieved 2025-01-19.
- ↑ "Monumento de Francisco Pizarro vuelve al Centro Histórico de Lima" (in español). El Comercio. Lima. December 30, 2024.
External links
- Portrait of Francisco Pizarro with an epitome of his life included in the book Retratos de Españoles ilustres, published in 1791.
