Template:On this day - October 23

Ignatius of Loyola

• 1086 – At the Battle of Sagrajas, fought near Badajoz (present-day Spain), the army of Yusuf ibn Tasufin defeats that of King Alfonso VI of León.
• 1255 – Birth of Fernando de la Cerda, Infante of Castile, eldest son of King Alfonso X the Wise (d. 1275).
• 1491 – Birth of Ignatius of Loyola, Spanish soldier and religious, founder of the Society of Jesus (d. 1556).
• 1702 – In the ría of Vigo (Galicia, Spain), the Battle of Rande takes place between the fleets of the Anglo-Dutch and Hispano-French coalitions.
• 1730 – 50 km west of Buenos Aires (Viceroyalty of Peru, present-day Argentina), the city of San Antonio de Areco is founded.
• 1730 – In Paraná (Viceroyalty of Peru, present-day Argentina), the Ecclesiastical Cabildo makes it a parish, a date considered its foundation.
• 1780 – Death of María Andrea Casamayor y de la Coma, Spanish mathematician, writer and teacher (b. 1720).
• 1818 – In Santiago de Chile, Bernardo O'Higgins promulgates the Constitución Provisoria para el Estado de Chile.
• 1835 – In Mexico, the system of government is changed from federalist to centralist by means of a provisional act.
• 1859 – The Battle of Cepeda takes place between the forces of the State of Buenos Aires, separated from the rest of the country, and the Argentine Confederation.
• 1894 – Death of Cirilo Villaverde, Cuban narrator and writer (b. 1812).
• 1913 – Death of Miguel Navarro Cañizares, Spanish painter (b. 1834).
• 1914 – Death of José Evaristo de Uriburu, lawyer and politician, President of the Argentine Nation between 1895 and 1898.
• 1931 – In Paraguay, a massacre is perpetrated by the government of José Patricio Guggiari against the student movement that was demanding the defense of Paraguayan territory in view of the imminent Chaco War.
• 1940 – Francisco Franco and Adolf Hitler meet at Hendaye, Spain.
• 1980 – At the Marcelino Ugalde school in Ortuella (Basque Country, Spain), 48 children and 3 adults die in a gas explosion.
• 1989 – In Madrid (Spain), the newspaper El Mundo del Siglo XXI is founded.
• 2004 – In Shanghai (China), the first bullfight in that country's history is held.
• 2006 – In Panama, 18 people die and another 27 are injured when a public transport bus catches fire in the city center.
• 2010 – In Ciudad Juárez (Mexico), an armed commando murders 15 teenagers attending a party.
• 2021 – Death of Alfredo Diez Nieto, Cuban composer, conductor and educator (b. 1918).