Template:On this day - July 23

Salvador de Madariaga

• 1010 – Death of Muhammad II al-Mahdi, fourth Umayyad caliph of the Caliphate of Córdoba (b. 980).
• 1508 – The Spanish soldier Pedro Navarro takes the Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, an important base of pirates in the Mediterranean Sea.
• 1684 – Death of Manuel de Solórzano, Spanish Jesuit missionary (b. 1649).
• 1746 – Birth of Bernardo de Gálvez, Spanish soldier and politician (d. 1786).
• 1781 – A Spanish squadron sails from Cádiz to recover the part of Menorca that had been in British hands for almost twenty years.
• 1864 – Birth of Apolinario Mabini, Filipino politician, Prime Minister of the Philippines (d. 1903).
• 1876 – Birth of Rafael Benjumea y Burín, Spanish politician, aristocrat and engineer (d. 1952).
• 1876 – Birth of Ricardo Verde Rubio, Spanish painter and engraver.
• 1881 – The Boundary Treaty between Argentina and Chile is signed, granting the former full legal sovereignty over eastern Patagonia, about 1,000,000 km².
• 1886 – Birth of Salvador de Madariaga, Spanish diplomat, writer and historian (d. 1978).
• 1908 – In Spain, the Government approves the Law for the Repression of Usury, also known as the Azcárate Law.
• 1921 – In the course of the Disaster of Annual, the «Cazadores de Alcántara» Regiment covers the retreat of troops across the Igán River, thanks to which many soldiers were able to reach safety, but at the cost of the deaths of 471 of the 691 horsemen that made up the Regiment.
• 1959 – In León (Nicaragua), the July 23 massacre takes place, in which soldiers of the National Guard fire on students of the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua (UNAN), leaving 4 dead and hundreds injured.
• 1961 – The Sandinista National Liberation Front is founded in Nicaragua.
• 1983 – King Juan Carlos I of Spain signs the Declaration of Caracas in Venezuela on the occasion of the bicentenary of the birth of Simón Bolívar.
• 2000 – Death of Carmen Martín Gaite, Spanish writer (b. 1925).
• 2011 – Death of Joan Vernet, Spanish Arabist and historian (b. 1923).