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Pancho Villa

From Hispanopedia
"Francisco Villa" redirects here. For Francisco Villa (disambiguation), see Francisco Villa (disambiguation).

Francisco Villa
Pancho Villa on his horse
Military career
AllegianceAnti-reelectionism, 1911–1912
División del Norte, 1913–1920
Rank
 Divisional general
NicknameThe Centaur of the North
CommandsGeneral in Chief of the División del Norte
Conflicts
Mexican Revolution:


Pancho Villa
Governor of Chihuahua
In office
December 8, 1913 – January 1914
Preceded bySalvador Mercado
Succeeded byManuel Chao
Personal details
BornJune 5 (or July 5), 1878[1]
Mexico La Coyotada, Durango, Mexico[2]
DiedJuly 20, 1923[3] (July 20, 1923(1923-07-20) (aged 45))
Mexico Chihuahua, Mexico
Resting placeMonument to the Revolution
Height1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)
Signature

José Doroteo Arango Arámbula (San Juan del Río, Durango, Mexico; June 5, 1878 – Hidalgo del Parral, Chihuahua, Mexico; July 20, 1923),[4] better known by his pseudonym Francisco Villa or its hypocorism, Pancho Villa, was one of the leaders of the Mexican Revolution,[5] whose military action was decisive in the defeat of the regime of then-president Victoriano Huerta.[5]

A native of the State of Durango,[2] he was born at the hacienda of Río Grande, today La Coyotada, San Juan del Río,[2] on June 5, 1878,[1] and was assassinated in an ambush in Hidalgo del Parral (Chihuahua) on July 20, 1923.[3] During the revolution he was known as the Centaur of the North.[6]

Commander of the División del Norte,[7] he was the caudillo of the northern state of Chihuahua, which, given its size, mineral wealth, and also its proximity to the United States of America, provided him with abundant resources. Villa was provisional governor of Chihuahua in 1913 and 1914. Although he was not accepted into the pantheon of national heroes until twenty years after his death, his memory is honored today by Mexicans, Americans, and people all over the world.[8] In addition, numerous streets and neighborhoods in Mexico and other countries have been named in his honor.

Villa and his followers, known as Villistas, seized the lands of the hacendados to distribute them to peasants and soldiers. He seized trains and, like several revolutionary generals, used printed fiat money to pay for his cause.

Villa's dominance of northern Mexico was broken in 1915,[9] through a series of defeats he suffered at Celaya and Agua Prieta at the hands of Álvaro Obregón and Plutarco Elías Calles. After Villa's attack on Columbus in 1916, General John J. Pershing tried unsuccessfully for a year to capture Villa. As the popular corrido says, in remembrance of Villa's tacit victory over the man who a little later would be the Commander of the American troops in the First World War:

In Columbus he burns and plunders
Pershing comes looking for him
the Tiger turns into a squirrel
and he cannot find him...
My general Pancho Villa, we have come to sing to you...[10]

Biographical data

Among the versions of Pancho Villa's origin are the following:

  • Doroteo Arango was a fugitive from the law because of an event that took place in 1894. One of the sons of Laureano López Negrete, owner of the Hacienda Sombreretillo where he worked, raped his older sister. In retaliation, Doroteo[11] took a revolver and shot the landowner, fleeing to the mountains, where he spent most of his time until 1910, surviving at first alone, and later being rescued by a gang of bandits led by a man named Francisco Villa, who took him in and fed him. Having nowhere to go, Arango began operating with this gang, raiding towns and committing crimes in other areas. Through his loyalty he won the trust of the gang's leader. On one occasion Francisco Villa (the gang's leader) suffered a gunshot wound, and so, while dying, he named Arango leader of the gang of bandits. It was then that Arango changed his name to «Francisco Villa», at the request of the gang that he would now lead. They continued committing acts of vandalism, returning to the hacienda where Arango had killed Agustín López Negrete, where the dead man's brother-in-law was looking for him to kill him. Doroteo Arango (now under the name Francisco Villa) ended the life of his rival and of his rival's men, and began to follow a cause in defense of the common people, who were heavily exploited, to the point of comparison with slavery.[12][13]
  • Another version holds that his real father was actually Luis Ferman Gurrola, since his mother had been his servant, and because that man did not acknowledge his son, he was baptized by Agustín Arango, who was the natural son of Don Jesús Villa, the boy's paternal grandfather; it was from him that he adopted his surname, calling himself Francisco Villa.[12][13]
  • And finally there is another version that says that a woman with the surname Arango had a love affair with Jesús Villa, who had moved from San Gabriel, Jalisco, to San Juan del Río in the State of Durango, and that Agustín Arango was born of them. Although he should have been named Agustín Villa Arango, the reasons why Jesús Villa did not give his name to his son, and why the son received his mother's surname, are unknown. Agustín Arango married Micaela Arámbula, and Doroteo Arango was born of them. Finally, Doroteo Arango took up what his father told him was his legitimate surname and so called himself Francisco Villa as a measure to conceal his identity.[13][12]

Villa's revolutionary activity during his first years took place mainly in the State of Chihuahua, in northern Mexico, where his ideal consisted of stopping the abuse that the hacendados inflicted on the peasants and of overthrowing the groups established in public power.

Banditry

There was a period in which Villa practiced banditry. He joined the group of bandits led by Ignacio Parra and operated with them until José Solís, a member of the gang, murdered an old man; Villa then broke away from the group and worked in the El Verde mine and as a bricklayer in the City of Chihuahua. The police resumed their pursuit of him, so Villa went back to the sierra as a cattle rustler.[14]

Entry into the Revolution

Pancho Villa wearing bandoliers.
Main article: Mexican Revolution

In 1910 he joined the Maderista movement,[15] first through his compadre Eleuterio Soto, and later through Abraham González, with whom he had business ties. At that time Pancho Villa was nothing more than a cattle rustler and, at best, a guerrilla fighter without a cause; however, upon meeting Abraham González, political representative of Francisco I. Madero in Chihuahua, he received from him the basic education that opened his eyes to the political world and changed his view of his own life and of his relationship with those in power. On November 17, 1910, he attacked the Hacienda de Cavaría; from that very day he devoted himself to recruiting people for his troops.

In the Maderista armed struggle he distinguished himself by his boldness and organization. The Maderista revolution began to reveal Pancho Villa's military ingenuity and strategic capacity. At El Tecolote, he deceived the forces of General Navarro by placing hats on stakes to simulate a larger contingent, forcing General Navarro to retreat.[15]

He stood out as commander in the battles of San Andrés, Santa Isabel, Ciudad Camargo, Las Escobas, and Estación Bauche, against the federal general Manuel García Pueblita. In addition, he took part in the greatest triumph alongside Pascual Orozco:[15] the Battle of Ciudad Juárez against General Juan N. Navarro, whom he tried to have shot, even against the wishes of Francisco I. Madero.[16] After taking Torreón for a short while, Villa acquired the first trains of his forces, which would later serve to transport large contingents of the División del Norte.[16]

First stage

After trying and failing to take Chihuahua, he achieved his first victory: the capture of Ciudad Juárez. At the end of 1910, he showed his loyalty to Francisco I. Madero by rejecting Pascual Orozco's invitation to rebel.[17] Moreover, he took up arms again to defend the Maderista government.[16][14] He fought in Chihuahua and Durango, and in Torreón he joined the ranks of the Federal División del Norte, commanded by Victoriano Huerta.[14][18] At his side he took part in the battles of Tlahualilo, Sierra de Banderas, Conejos, and Rellano. For his military performance he was promoted to honorary brigadier general, after he adhered to the Plan of Guadalupe, with leaders such as Tomás Urbina, Rosalío Hernández, Toribio Ortega Ramírez, and Manuel Chao forming part of his army.[17] Victoriano Huerta, suspicious of his brilliance despite his not being a career soldier and annoyed by his independence, used the pretext of the theft of a mare to try him for insubordination and ordered him shot. Madero saved his life through the intervention of his brother Raúl and of Guillermo Rubio Navarrete. As an alternative, he was sent to Mexico City and imprisoned in Santiago Tlatelolco.[18]

Escape from prison

During his stay in prison he met Gildardo Magaña Cerda, who instructed him and helped him develop his education and informed him of the aims and ideals of agrarianism.[18] At the end of 1912, Pancho Villa managed to escape from prison with the help of Carlos Jáuregui, a clerk of the prison court.[19] He headed toward Guadalajara and Manzanillo and managed to reach El Paso, Texas. Along the way, the governor of Sonora, José María Maytorena, helped him with money to continue his flight.[17] In the face of the assassinations of Francisco I. Madero and Abraham González in February and March 1913,[20] he decided to take up arms again against the government of Victoriano Huerta in response to the calls of the military leaders of the north, headed by the governor of Coahuila, Venustiano Carranza, who were calling for an uprising against the usurper.[21] Helped once again by Maytorena, he crossed the border and went into Chihuahua. With a force of barely nine men he began his participation in the Constitutionalist movement.[18]

Second stage

General Pancho Villa at the entrance to Ojinaga.

On the night of November 15, 1913, while the federal soldiers and officers slept in their barracks or relaxed in the gambling houses, a tiny signal announced the assault of the Villista troops, who took the barracks, the military headquarters, the international bridges, the racetrack, and the gambling houses.[22] Because of what had happened, he met with Madero at the Hacienda de Bustillos, where he received the rank of colonel.[23][24]

He attacked Casas Grandes and Ciudad Juárez in the state of Chihuahua in November 1913;[25] in September the famous División del Norte of the Constitutionalist Army had been constituted, in which Toribio Ortega Ramírez, Felipe Ángeles, Rodolfo Fierro, Juan Medina, Maclovio Herrera, Tomás Urbina, and Manuel Chao, Felipe Ángeles, among others, figured, and of which Pancho Villa was named General in Chief.[26] On January 10, 1914, he took the city of Ojinaga,[27] thus gaining control of the northwestern zone of the state.

Villa as governor

10-peso bill issued in Chihuahua in 1914, known as the «dos caritas» ("two little faces"), with the portraits of Francisco I. Madero and Abraham González.

For a very short time he was named provisional governor of Chihuahua,[28] although he exercised power for a longer period, since he dictated orders to Governor Manuel Chao, who had been appointed by Venustiano Carranza.[29][30]

As governor, Villa ordered the printing of various bills, such as the «dos caritas» and the «sábanas» ("bedsheets"); he seized stores and replaced venal merchants with honorable administrators; he filled the market with cattle from the haciendas he intervened; he lowered the prices of corn, beans, and meat;[31][32] he assumed federal functions in matters of telegraphs and railroads;[27] he expelled many Spaniards from the state, accused of having helped Victoriano Huerta; he reopened the Scientific and Literary Institute, decreed the establishment of the state bank, and founded more than fifty schools. In his free time he himself attended classes and learned to read and write. The inhabitants of Chihuahua still remember Villa's weeks as governor; to this day he is considered the best governor the State of Chihuahua has ever had.

Third stage

Manifesto to the Mexican People by General Francisco Villa, Chihuahua, September 1914

On June 23, disobeying the orders of the First Chief, he moved the División del Norte into the Battle of Zacatecas, defeating the federal general Luis Medina Barrón.[33][34]

The disagreements had a temporary pause with the Pact of Torreón of July 8, 1914,[35] concluded between the División del Norte and the Army Corps of the Northeast. Pancho Villa was represented by Miguel Silva, Manuel Bonilla, and José Isabel Robles; Pablo González Garza by Antonio I. Villarreal, Cesáreo L. Castro, and Luis Caballero. It was agreed that Villa would present apologies to Venustiano Carranza, who would continue as First Chief; Pancho Villa would be granted the rank of Divisional General, although independently of Álvaro Obregón and Pablo González Garza. Villa recognized Venustiano Carranza, but imposed limitations on him, such as assuming the interim presidency and convening a Convention of revolutionary generals and governors to set the holding of elections and formulate a program of government.[36]

The agreements were not fully accepted by either of the two parties. The revolutionary armies defeated Huerta, who signed his letter of resignation on July 15, 1914.[37] Despite the victory, Villa was angry with Venustiano Carranza, who despised him for his reputation as a bandit, since he never granted the División del Norte the rank of Army nor Villa the rank of Divisional General.[38][29][36]

Obregón went to confer with Pancho Villa, but, as Obregón was trying to attack the Villista troops on one side while achieving an alliance on the other, he was found out by Villa, who ordered him shot;[39] but Serrano and Raúl Madero prevented Álvaro Obregón from being shot by accepting Villa's conditions, and they signed an agreement, managing to escape to Chihuahua. Halfway through the Obregonista flight, Villa received a telegram from Venustiano Carranza in which the latter rejected the agreement, causing Villa to pursue Obregón without managing to catch him, which led him to break definitively with Carranza.[40]

Convention of Aguascalientes

Main article: Convention of Aguascalientes

In 1914, Venustiano Carranza called a convention of the revolutionary forces to smooth over the rough edges between them, without achieving his aim, since Villa grew stronger in the Convention of Aguascalientes.[36] As a result, Venustiano Carranza and Obregón broke with the Convention. Villa took Mexico City, in the name of the government of the Convention, together with his ally Emiliano Zapata, in December 1914.[41] He installed himself in the Convention in Mexico City, and on the 10th he moved to Aguascalientes. The Pact of Xochimilco then took place, in which Pancho Villa accepted the Plan of Ayala with regard to the land problem and in which they agreed to bring a civilian identified with the Revolution to the presidency.

Struggle against Venustiano Carranza and Álvaro Obregón

Carranza did not submit to the Villista dictates of the Convention and fled to Veracruz to lead his counterattack from there.[42] For this he had General Álvaro Obregón as his ally. During 1915 Villa was defeated by Álvaro Obregón and the Constitutionalists in the famous Battle of Celaya, in which Obregón managed to defeat the División del Norte in the Bajío. The power of Villa's cavalry was not effective in defeating the trenches, the loberas (barbed wire), the artillery, and the machine guns of Obregón's army.[33][34] The terrain, which was not favorable to the cavalry of the División del Norte, also had a great deal to do with it, as did the fact that Villa had been sold defective ammunition; the historian Paco Ignacio Taibo II called them the "balas de palo" ("wooden bullets").

Villa would later lose the Battle of Trinidad, the Battle of León, and the Battle of Aguascalientes in June 1915, so he would have to fall back once again toward the north of the country.

By the end of that year he decided to invade the state of Sonora; however, the Constitutionalists, better equipped, repelled them,[34] defeating him at Agua Prieta, under the command of Plutarco Elías Calles, and at El Alamito, commanded by General Manuel M. Diéguez.

Invasion and Battle of Columbus

Main article: Battle of Columbus
Columbus (New Mexico, United States) after being attacked by Villa.

After his military defeat, Pancho Villa fell back to Chihuahua, from where he plotted a military strike that would serve him to attack the United States after that country chose to give its support to Venustiano Carranza, and especially against Woodrow Wilson, because of Obregón's use of giant searchlights, powered by American electricity, to repel the night attack of the Villista troops on the border town of Agua Prieta, Sonora, on November 1, 1915.[43][44] In January 1916, a group of Villistas under the command of general de órdenes Ramón Banda Quesada ambushed a train of the México North Western Railway (Compañía del Ferrocarril Noroeste de México) near Santa Isabel, Chihuahua, and massacred 18 American employees of the ASARCO mining company.[45]

Before dawn on March 9, 1916,[46] a group of approximately 1,500 men (the official report of the U.S. Army mentioned between «500–700 participants»)[47] of Villa's army, under the command of General Ramón Banda Quesada, attacked the town of Columbus (New Mexico), in retaliation for the official recognition of the Carrancista regime by the United States and in search of the merchant Sam Ravel (the supplier who had sold him the defective ammunition or "balas de palo" that would cause many casualties in the División del Norte at Celaya).[48] Pancho Villa's invasion of New Mexico was the second invasion the United States had suffered on its territory since the Anglo-American War of 1812, since Juan Nepomuceno Cortina had invaded Brownsville in 1859.

The Punitive Expedition

Main article: Third United States Intervention in Mexico

In response to the events of the Battle of Columbus, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson would send, on March 14, 1916,[49] troops led by General «Black Jack» Pershing (the same man who would command the American forces in the First World War) to capture Villa.[49][48] The search for Villa would ultimately take the American troops some 600 km into Mexican territory, reaching as far as the city of Parral, where, after a confrontation led by the schoolteacher Elisa Griensen and in which the town's children took part, the American army had to fall back to its camps located in northern Mexico.[50][51] [52]

For eleven months, Pershing's ten thousand soldiers crisscrossed the deserts of the immense State of Chihuahua. Pershing managed to disperse the Mexican forces that had attacked Columbus, but Pancho Villa disappeared into the vast Mexican territory, eluding his pursuers.

Villa and the media

Pancho Villa was in the habit of being accompanied by journalists and intellectuals, such as the American writer John Reed and Martín Luis Guzmán himself, author of La sombra del caudillo, who even served as his secretary for a time.[53]

He gave interviews constantly, signed a contract with Hollywood to film his battles, and his troops even received new uniforms to shoot some scenes with a better image.[54]

Villa signed his contract with D. W. Griffith's Mutual Film Company on January 5, 1914. The representative was Harry E. Aitken, who distributed his works throughout the United States. The main purpose was to reveal the plans to scare General Huerta out of Mexico. The Life of General Villa premiered on May 14, 1914, in New York. It was a success, but the relationship between Villa and the United States did not last long, because support for Villa's army had been switched off by the end of 1914.[55]

Assassination of Villa

Automobile in which Pancho Villa was assassinated

Little by little Villa returned to guerrilla activity and also suffered increasingly from a shortage of arms. He remained in this situation from 1917 to 1920, except for a period of resurgence when Felipe Ángeles returned to the country to fight at his side.[56] Adolfo de la Huerta, upon assuming the interim presidency of the country as a result of the Agua Prieta movement, negotiated Pancho Villa's surrender.[57]

On June 26, 1920, Villa signed the Sabinas agreements, in Sabinas, Coahuila, committing himself to lay down his arms and to retire to the Hacienda de Canutillo (in Durango), which the government granted him as property for his services to the revolution.[58]

Álvaro Obregón reached the presidency of Mexico and, once he had consolidated his position, tolerated or openly promoted some plans to assassinate Pancho Villa. During the Delahuertista Rebellion, which sought to prevent the imposition of General Plutarco Elías Calles, out of fear that Pancho Villa would once again rise up in arms, the decision was made to kill him.

General Calles contacted Colonel Lara to assassinate Villa; he offered him fifty thousand pesos and promotion to the rank of general. It is not in doubt that American elements took part in the elimination of Villa.[3] Pancho Villa was ambushed and assassinated on the afternoon of July 20, 1923, while on his way to a family party in Parral, Chihuahua.

His corpse was decapitated. Local helpers and the American Handal took part in this desecration, paid by the King of the American press, William Randolph Hearst, who paid out five thousand dollars for Villa's head, turned into a Dantesque trophy.[59]

Villa and women

Agustín Villa, son of Pancho Villa and Asunción Villaescusa, in childhood.

It is not known for certain how many wives he had; however, it is said that he married legally some seventy-five times.[60][61][62] After his death, a few women claimed to be his legitimate wives:

1. Paula Alamillo; they married in Torreón and had a daughter named Evangelina.

2. María Barraza; they married in Parral and had a son named Miguel, who was adopted by another of his wives, Mrs. Soledad Seáñez, and was therefore named Miguel Villa Seáñez.

3. María Isabel Campa; they married in Durango and had a daughter named Ramoncita.

4. Esther Cardona; he also married her in Torreón, and they had twin sons who died shortly after birth.

5. Francisca Carrillo de Matamoros; they married in Coahuila and had a son.

6. Manuela Casas; they married in Parral, Chihuahua, and he had a son with her.

7. Luz Corral, the only one who married Villa both in the Church and in a civil ceremony, in San Andrés, Chihuahua, on October 24, 1911; they had a son who died before reaching the age of two.

8. Petra Espinoza; they married in Santa Bárbara, Chihuahua, and had a daughter named Micaela.

9. Guadalupe Coss married Villa at the Santigo ranch; they had a son named Octavio.

10. María Hernández; they married in Parral in 1920 and had a son.

11. Librada Peña married in Santa Bárbara, Chihuahua, and they had a daughter whom they named Celia Villa.

12. Austreberta Rentería married Villa in 1921, and they had two sons, Francisco and Hipólito.

13. María Reyes married the general in Rosario, Durango, and they had a son named Samuel.

14. Soledad Seáñez Holguín; they married in Valle de Allende, Chihuahua, on May 1, 1919, and had two children.

15. Juana Torres married Villa in Torreón, and they had a daughter named Juana María.

16. Cristina Vázquez married him in Santa Bárbara, Chihuahua; they had a son.

17. Asunción Villaescusa, a beautiful lady from Durango; they married and had a son.

18. Guadalupe Peral.

19. María Leocadia.

20. Guadalupe Balderrama; they had a son.

21. María Arreola; they had a daughter.

22. Margarita Núñez; they had a son.

23. María Izaac married Villa in Rosario, Durango.

In 1946, the Mexican Congress recognized Soledad Seáñez Holguín, whom Villa married in 1919, as Villa's legitimate wife.[63] However, other sources (among them the Presidency of Mexico) indicate that Luz Corral, Manuela Casas, and Austreberta Rentería were also legitimate wives.[64]

Controversies

Some historians have commented that a kind of black legend has been formed in which crimes he did not commit have been attributed to him, such as the famous massacre of Chinese people in Torreón; in addition, false stories were told to enlarge his "black legend," since there were cases of bandits who were not part of the revolution and committed misdeeds that were later attributed to Villa. It is well known that Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata are historical figures who have been reviled, and that there have even been attempts to erase them from the history of Mexico.

His figure has been questioned by some writers over events such as the massacre of San Pedro de la Cueva (December 2, 1915), where Villa allegedly ordered the murder of the priest Avelino Flores— and of almost 100 peasants, which this town remembers with a small monument and an annual commemoration. One of the reasons for this massacre was that the townspeople attacked and shot at the Villistas, which provoked their anger.

Francisco I. Madero himself went so far as to say that the entire population of Chihuahua knew that Villa never robbed or killed anyone "except when he had to resort to legitimate self-defense".[65]

There has also been comment on the case of the alleged mass rape in Namiquipa in 1917. Namiquipa is a town located in the mountainous zone of the Sierra Madre Occidental in the State of Chihuahua. There, it is allegedly said, Villa ordered his men to put all the women into a corral and rape them. Many died. This account can be found in the second volume of Frederich Katz's book "Pancho Villa," in Ana Alonso's text "A Thread of Blood," and in Daniel Nugent's Spent Cartridges of Revolution. Katz, in an interview, mentions this account as "one of Villa's most disputed acts"[66], implying that there is no confirmation of its authenticity.

In his research, Paco Ignacio Taibo II recounts in the book "Pancho Villa: una biografía narrativa" that Villa went to Namiquipa to "teach a lesson to a town he had thought was loyal to him" and to capture José María Espinoza, who had revealed to the Americans a cache of 600 rifles that Villa had hidden in a cave near the town. Villa's attitude was transmitted to his subordinates and to "the most savage ones," Carmen Delgado and Baudelio Uribe, who ordered the women to be gathered in a house and set fire to other empty houses. Arguing that "Villa did not give those orders," some members of the escort, led by Nicolás Fernández and Elías Acosta, tried to prevent greater harm. Villa ordered that the women be released and entrusted their custody to Colonel Belisario Ruiz so that there would be no rape; he later arrested Carmen and Baudelio for the outrages they had committed. And as Taibo II mentions, "Later the authors of the Villista black legend would say that those women were burned alive".

Bronze statue of Villa in the city of Chihuahua.
  • In 2017, researchers from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) discovered a new species of freshwater fish, native to the State of Oaxaca, which was named in honor of Pancho Villa: Thorichthys panchovillai.[67]
  • In the Mexico City Metro there is the División del Norte station, named after the army Pancho Villa commanded. The station's symbol represents the sculpture in honor of Pancho Villa that stood in the center of a traffic circle at the intersection of División del Norte, Universidad, and Cuauhtémoc avenues.
  • In the City of Zacatecas, the city's main stadium bears his name.
  • In 1970, Víctor Jara released the «Corrido de Pancho Villa» on his album Canto libre.
  • In 1971 there was a Mexican rock band called La División del Norte.
  • In 1977, the Irish poet Paul Muldoon opened his work Mules with the poem «Lunch with Pancho Villa».
  • In 1987, the French group Magazine 60 released a song called «Pancho Villa».
  • In the 1993 action and science fiction film Demolition Man, directed by Marco Brambilla and starring Sylvester Stallone and Wesley Snipes, a reference is made to "Pancho Villa" when the protagonist (John Spartan, played by Stallone) says to his partner: Did you hit your head and think you're Pancho Villa?
  • In 1995, country music singer Steve Earle included the song «Mercenary song» on his album Train a comin' (ASIN B000002NAV), about two men from the State of Georgia who go to Mexico to join Pancho Villa's army.
  • In 2000, the band Brujería included on its album Brujerizmo the song «División del Norte», dedicated to that division and to Pancho Villa.
  • Kid Frost released a song called «Pancho Villa» together with Mellow Man Ace.
  • In 2004, in Thalía's song Acción y reacción, the lyric says: "Pancho Villa a la frontera..." ("Pancho Villa to the border...").
  • In an episode of the television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, Indiana Jones becomes involved with Pancho Villa and the Mexican Revolution, which is pointed out in the 2008 film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.
  • In the animated series The Simpsons, in episode 18 of season 28, which premiered in 2017 for Latin America, a reference is made to the head of "Pancho Villa."

Battles and military actions of Pancho Villa

Villa's series of victories from the beginning of the Mexican Revolution was fundamental to the fall of the dictator Porfirio Díaz, the triumph of Francisco Madero, and the defeat of the usurper Victoriano Huerta. His actions made him a heroic figure for many Mexicans. His military actions included:

Battle Year Result
Battle of San Andrés 1910 Victory
Battle of Santa Isabel 1910 Victory
First Battle of Ciudad Juárez 1911 Victory
Second Battle of Ciudad Juárez 1913 Victory
Battle of Tierra Blanca 1913 Victory
Battle of Chihuahua 1913 Victory
Battle of Ojinaga 1914 Victory
First Battle of Torreón 1914 Victory
Second Battle of Torreón 1914 Victory
Battle of San Pedro de las Colonias 1914 Victory
Battle of Paredón 1914 Victory
Battle of Lerdo 1914 Victory
Battle of Gómez Palacio 1914 Victory
Battle of Saltillo 1914 Victory
Battle of Zacatecas 1914 Victory
Battle of Celaya 1915 Defeat
Battle of Trinidad 1915 Defeat
Battle of Agua Prieta 1915 Defeat
Battle of Columbus 1916 Victory
Battle of Guerrero 1916 Victory
Battle of Chihuahua 1916 Victory
Third Battle of Torreón 1916 Victory
Battle of Parral 1918 Victory
Third Battle of Ciudad Juárez 1919 Defeat
Siege of Durango 1919 Defeat

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Katz 2007, p. 5.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Krauze 2009, p. 143.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Krauze 2009, p. 182.
  4. ↑ Taibo 2006, p. 16
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Krauze 2009, pp. 15–18.
  6. ↑ Katz 2007, p. 532.
  7. ↑ Krauze 2009, p. 152.
  8. ↑ Katz 2007, pp. 391–392.
  9. ↑ Krauze 2009, p. 172.
  10. ↑ Note: The lyrics of the corrido Mi General Pancho Villa.. are by Miguel Ángel Menéndez.
  11. ↑ «Pancho Villa.»
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Katz 1998, pp. 3–8.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Aguilar Mora 1990, pp. 59–60.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Fausta Gantús (January 2008). "La inconformidad subversiva: Entre el pronunciamiento y el bandidaje..." (PDF) (in español). Estudios de historia moderna y contemporánea de México. Retrieved October 8, 2009.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Ulloa Ortiz 2009, p. 760.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 La Prensa San Diego (November 1998). "La Revolución Mexicana, 20 de noviembre de 1910" (in español). Archived from the original on October 5, 2009. Retrieved October 8, 2009.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Desarrollo del movimiento obrero (December 2006). "México 1900‑1952 - Evolución política" (in español). Retrieved October 8, 2009.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Krauze 2009, p. 147.
  19. ↑ José T. Meléndez (1936). "Historia de la Revolución mexicana. Tomos I y II" (in español). Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de la Revolución Mexicana. Retrieved October 8, 2009.
  20. ↑ SEDENA (December 9, 2008). "22 de febrero de 1913 Muerte de Francisco I. Madero y José María Pino Suárez" (in español). Retrieved October 8, 2009.
  21. ↑ Ulloa Ortiz 2009, p. 786.
  22. ↑ Krauze 2009, p. 148.
  23. ↑ Katz 1998, pp. 101–102.
  24. ↑ José Jesús Vargas Garza. (Lerdo) (March 28, 2008). "Conozcamos más de nuestra bella historia; La boda del General Máximo García" (in español). (Lerdo). Retrieved October 8, 2009.
  25. ↑ Katz 2007, pp. 259–261.
  26. ↑ Katz 2007, p. 343.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Krauze 2009, pp. 148–149.
  28. ↑ mexico-tenoch.com. "Chihuahua" (in español). mexico-tenoch.com. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Vito Alessio Robles (July 2003). "La Convención Revolucionaria de Aguascalientes, Capítulo 16, El bello escenario aqüicalidense y los ciudadanos armados como actores" (in español). Biblioteca Virtual Antorcha. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
  30. ↑ Katz 2007, p. 383.
  31. ↑ Álvarez Noguera 1977, p. 8068.
  32. ↑ Paz Sánchez 2006, p. 88.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Arturo Langle Ramírez (1965). "El significado de la toma de Zacatecas" (in español). Estudios de Historia Moderna y Contemporánea de México, José Valero Silva (editor), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas. Archived from the original on November 29, 2009. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Flor Muñoz López. "La toma de Zacatecas" (in español). sepiensa.org.mx. Archived from the original on November 29, 2009. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
  35. ↑ Gloria Villegas Moreno y Miguel Ángel Porrúa Venero (Coordinadores) Margarita Moreno Bonett (1997). "De la crisis del modelo borbónico al establecimiento de la República Federal" (in español). Enciclopedia Parlamentaria de México, del Instituto de Investigaciones Legislativas de la Cámara de Diputados, LVI Legislatura. México. Primera edición, 1997. Serie III. Documentos. Volumen I. Leyes y documentos constitutivos de la Nación mexicana. Tomo III. p. 287. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Ulloa Ortiz 2009, pp. 793–795.
  37. ↑ Gobierno Federal Mexicano. "Victoriano Huerta" (in español). Retrieved October 10, 2009.
  38. ↑ Krauze 2009, p. 207.
  39. ↑ Krauze 2009, p. 166.
  40. ↑ Francisco Villa (September 22, 1914). "Documento 584. El Gral. Francisco Villa desconoce a don Venustiano Carranza como Primer Jefe de la República" (in español). 500 años de México en documentos. Revolución y Régimen Constitucionalista. Retrieved February 20, 2010.
  41. ↑ «Villa y Zapata toman el DF.»
  42. ↑ Ulloa Ortiz 2009, p. 796.
  43. ↑ Joe Griffith. "In Pursuit of Pancho Villa 1916-1917". Unknown. Archived from the original on February 9, 2010. Retrieved February 6, 2010.
  44. ↑ James A. Sandos (1981). "Pancho Villa and American Security: Woodrow Wilson´s Mexican Diplomasy Reconsidered". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved February 6, 2010.
  45. ↑ William K. Meyers (1991). "Pancho Villa and the Multinationals: United States Mining Interests in Villista México, 1913 - 1915*". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved February 6, 2010.
  46. ↑ Krauze 2009, p. 176.
  47. ↑ Hurst 2008, pp. 21–23.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional. "9 de marzo de 1916 Villa ataca Columbus" (in español). Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, México. Retrieved February 6, 2010.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Ulloa Ortiz 2009, pp. 807–808.
  50. ↑ Marina Martínez Orpineda (September 9, 2007). "Parral, una ciudad que conquista por su historia" (in español). El Sol de Parral. Retrieved February 6, 2010.
  51. ↑ Víctor M. Medina C. (November 21, 2006). "Elisa Griensen: Heroína parralense" (in español). El Heraldo de Chihuahua. Retrieved February 6, 2010.
  52. ↑ Krauze 2009, pp. 178–179.
  53. ↑ Petri Liukkonen (author) & Ari Pesonen (2008). "John (Silas) Reed (1887-1920)". Kuusankosken kaupunginkirjasto. Archived from the original on December 18, 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2010. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  54. ↑ David Milholland (2000). "John Reed in Mexico & Latin America". Oregon Cultural Heritage Commissions. Retrieved February 6, 2010.
  55. ↑ «Pancho Villa's War.»
  56. ↑ Juvencio Robles and Adolfo Jiménez Castro.; et al. "Pancho Villa's High-IQ General and possibly the best trained soldier in the Revolution". emersonkent.com. Retrieved February 6, 2010. {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  57. ↑ Castro Martínez 1998, p. 81.
  58. ↑ Katz 2007, p. 321.
  59. ↑ Luchadores por la libertad de América Latina (1988), pp. 227 and 228.
  60. ↑ Katz 2007, pp. 295–297.
  61. ↑ Taibo 2006, p. 14.
  62. ↑ Juan Zapata Pacheco (June 2008). "Sobre los tristes amores de Francisco Villa, el hombre" (in español). elporvenir.com.mx. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved February 18, 2010.
  63. ↑ «Soledad Seáñez, viuda de Pancho Villa.» El País, July 13, 1996.
  64. ↑ Erika P. Buzio (April 2008). "Novelan los amores de Francisco Villa" (in español). Grupo Reforma. Retrieved February 6, 2010.
  65. ↑ [Cervantes, M. Federico: Francisco Villa y la revolución.]
  66. ↑ Volvámos con Pancho Villa: Una entrevista con Friedrich Katz
  67. ↑ [1]

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