José Joaquín de Olmedo

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José Joaquín de Olmedo
Portrait of José Joaquín de Olmedo.
Vice President of the State of Ecuador
In office
September 12, 1830 – September 15, 1831
PresidentJuan José Flores
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byModesto Larrea y Carrión
Member of the Provisional Government
Triumvir of Ecuador
In office
March 7 – December 8, 1845
Preceded byJuan José Flores (Pres.)
Succeeded byVicente Ramón Roca (Pres.)
President of the Superior Government Junta of Guayaquil
In office
October 9, 1820 – July 11, 1822
Supreme Chief: October 9 – November 8, 1820
Pres. of the Government Junta: November 8–11, 1820
Preceded byFerdinand VII (King of Spain)
Joaquín Pezuela (Viceroy of Peru)
Juan Urbina (Gov. of Guayaquil)
Succeeded bySimón Bolívar (Dictator)
Manuel Avilés (Mayor)
President of the Municipal Council of Guayaquil
In office
1839–1840
Preceded byJuan de Avilés
Succeeded byJosé María Viteri
Constituent Deputy of Ecuador
In office
June 22 – August 22, 1835
ConstituencyGuayaquil
In office
August 14 – September 28, 1830
Constituent Deputy of the Republic of Peru
In office
September 20, 1822 – March 10, 1825
ConstituencyPuno
Deputy to the General and Extraordinary Cortes of the Spanish Nation
In office
September 24, 1810 – May 11, 1814
ConstituencyViceroyalty of Peru
District of Guayaquil
Personal details
Died(1847-02-19)February 19, 1847
ChildrenVirginia de Olmedo Icaza
Signature

José Joaquín Eufrasio de Olmedo y Maruri (Guayaquil, March 20, 1780 – Guayaquil, February 19, 1847) was a Guayaquileño lawyer, politician, founding hero and poet. He was one of the figures of greatest significance and involvement in Ecuadorian history.

In the Spanish viceregal era, Olmedo distinguished himself as a great orator in the Cortes of Cádiz, with the aim of achieving the abolition of the mitas. However, with the defeat of the Napoleonic troops on the Iberian Peninsula and the return of King Ferdinand VII to the throne, the Cortes were dissolved and their deputies were persecuted, among them Olmedo, who was a fugitive for a short time. He returned to Guayaquil and began, together with other supporters of emancipationist ideas, the preparations for the independence of Guayaquil, which was achieved on October 9, 1820.

After the signing of the Act of Independence, Olmedo was proclaimed president of the Free Province of Guayaquil and arranged the creation of the Guayaquil army. He fought for the emancipation of the peoples of the former Real Audiencia of Quito, obtaining the help of Antonio José de Sucre, with whom he signed a military cooperation agreement that joined the local troops with the Colombian ones. Olmedo took refuge in Lima and became a deputy of the first Constituent Congress of Peru (1822). Out of his admiration for Bolívar's heroic deeds, Olmedo dedicated to him a long poem called ‘Victoria de Junín’ Canto a Bolívar. However, in 1827, together with Vicente Rocafuerte, he led the rebellion of the Department against Bolívar's centralist policies.

After the creation of the State of Ecuador in 1830, Olmedo served as the first vice president of the country during the first presidency of Juan José Flores. After fifteen years of Floreana domination and repressive policies, Olmedo, together with Roca and Noboa, led the Marcist Revolution, which began on March 6, 1845, and ended with the surrender of Flores, after which a triumvirate made up of the three of them was formed, which lasted until the drafting of the 4th constitution and the election of Roca as constitutional President. Afterwards, Olmedo continued to hold government offices until his death in 1847.

Biography

Early years and education

José Joaquín de Olmedo was born in Guayaquil on March 20, 1780, into a well-to-do family. His parents were Captain Miguel Agustín de Olmedo y Troyano and the Guayaquil lady Ana Francisca Maruri y Salavarría.[1] His father, Miguel de Olmedo y Troyano, was a Spanish captain native to the town of Mijas, near Málaga. Miguel de Olmedo left Cádiz in 1756 bound for Panama, summoned by a maternal uncle of his, Captain Cristóbal Troyano de León, who at that time held the General Command of the Artillery of Tierra Firme.[2] He lived in Panama for four years, and afterwards held in Guayaquil the post of Treasurer and war commissary for the expedition to the Marañón. In Guayaquil he stayed on as an officer of the San Carlos fort and devoted himself to trade, becoming the owner of the frigates "San Isidro" and "San Fermín". He married the Guayaquil-born Ana Francisca de Maruri y Salavarría, of the old Basque nobility settled in the Guayas basin, with whom he had his children José Joaquín and Magdalena.[3]

Olmedo received his primary education in his native city, and at nine years of age he was taken by his father to the city of Quito to continue his studies at the San Luis Seminary, although he later moved to the Convictorio de San Fernando, run by the Order of Preachers (Dominicans), where he learned the rudiments of Latin and Castilian grammar.[4] During his stay at this school he met José Mejía Lequerica—with whom he struck up a great friendship—,[5] and among his teachers was Doctor Eugenio de Santa Cruz y Espejo, who showed great interest in both of them, encouraging them in their studies.[6][7]

Image from a book of 1904; it may also have been published earlier.

In 1792 Olmedo returned to Guayaquil; however, his parents decided to send him to Lima in 1794,[8] in the care of his relative, Doctor José de Silva y Olave,[4] precentor of the Lima Cathedral and vice-rector of the Real Convictorio de San Carlos,[9] the school where he was enrolled and studied philosophy and mathematics.[7] In 1799 he was a student at the University of San Marcos and took part in a public act of philosophy and mathematics. In 1800 he won by competitive examination the chair of Philosophy at San Carlos. In 1802 he wrote Epitalamio on the occasion of the wedding of a couple who were his friends. In 1803 he wrote the poem Mi retrato and sent it to his only sister Magdalena, who lived in Guayaquil, asking her to put at its foot as an inscription: "Amó cuanto era amable, amó cuanto era bello" ("He loved all that was lovable, he loved all that was beautiful").

On June 15, 1805, he obtained his doctorate in Jurisprudence and went on to teach Civil Law at the college of San Carlos. On November 6 of the same year he was admitted to legal practice, and the following year he obtained the doctorate in both Civil and Canon law, writing his poems Matemáticas and Loa al Virrey. By 1807 he published En la muerte de doña María Antonia de Borbón, princesa de Asturias.

After 4 years of practice he qualified as a lawyer in 1808, joined the Bar of Lima and held the chair of the Digest at San Marcos. Almost immediately he was called to Guayaquil because his father was gravely ill. He arrived on August 20, to receive from his father the charge of being executor of his already diminished estate and of looking after the support of his mother (almost blind), who was still at home.

Beginnings of political life

Olmedo returned to the City of Guayaquil on August 20, 1808, having the opportunity to be present at the death of his father, for whom he felt deep respect and admiration.

In 1809 he was admitted as a lawyer of the Audiencia of Quito. In March 1810 he had a natural daughter with Ramona Ledós; he accompanied José de Silva y Olave on his journey to Spain, and in September he received in Mexico his appointment as deputy for Guayaquil to the Cortes of Cádiz. Weeks later he traveled to Spain and joined the Cortes.

On August 12, 1812, he delivered his celebrated speech on the abolition of the mitas; he was not a great orator, but it made a good impression. Deputy Castillo opened the debate and the Cortes finally approved the abolition of the mitas. That speech has been published several times since Vicente Rocafuerte had it printed in London. He then secured the appointment of his protector and relative José de Silva y Olave as bishop of the Diocese of Huamanga.

In the Cortes of Cádiz

Secretary of the Cortes of Cádiz and later member and secretary of the Permanent Deputation until May 11, 1814, the date on which the Cortes were dissolved by Ferdinand VII and the deputies persecuted and imprisoned, Olmedo hid in Madrid and returned to Guayaquil in 1816, finding that his mother had died in his absence.

At the beginning of 1817 he traveled to Lima, and on his return, on March 24, he married his relative Rosa de Ycaza y Silva, niece of Bishop Silva y Olave. In 1819 he defended in court Vicente Ramón Roca, accused of being a conspirator for having corresponded with the insurgent priest of Acapulco, who had turned from pro-independence to royalist.

Independence of Guayaquil

Main article: Independence of Guayaquil

Fragua de Vulcano and the pro-independence process

Column to the Próceres of October 9, a monument located in Centenario Park in Guayaquil, which pays tribute to Olmedo, Febres Cordero, Antepara and Villamil.

José Joaquín de Olmedo took part in a conclave of supporters of secession from the Spanish Empire, organized by Don José de Antepara, which took place on the night of October 1, 1820, in the house of Don José de Villamil,[10] disguised as the fifteenth birthday party of the young Isabela Morlás—daughter of Don Pedro Morlás, who was also sympathetic to the emancipationist cause—,[11] in which Escobedo, Lavayen, Vivero, Rivas, Fajardo,[12] and the Venezuelans Febres Cordero, Letamendi and Urdaneta, among others, also took part.[13] The conclave, called the «Fragua de Vulcano» ("Forge of Vulcan"), ended with an oath of loyalty to the emancipation process by those present.[14]

The pro-independence process, whose leadership finally fell to León de Febres Cordero,[15] continued in the following days with exhaustive planning aimed at keeping casualties and the use of arms to a minimum. Finally, on the night of October 8, the emancipationist revolution broke out with the seizure of several barracks by the insurgents and the arrest of the authorities loyal to the Spanish Crown.[16] The movement continued until the early hours of October 9.

Presidency of the Province of Guayaquil

On the morning of October 9, 1820,[17] once the taking of the city by the insurgents was complete, the promoters of the pro-independence movement and members of the Fragua de Vulcano met in the city's Cabildo to sign the Act of Independence and form a provisional government.[18] Olmedo was one of the signatories of the act, after which he was also appointed to the post of «Political Chief» of the province,[17] while Colonel Gregorio Escobedo assumed the post of «Military Chief».[19]

During his political leadership, Olmedo quickly had to deal with the continuation of the emancipationist movement in the neighboring towns of the province.[20] The Guayaquil military garrisons that had joined the pro-independence cause contributed to the insurrection and expulsion of Spanish authorities in Daule, Samborondón and Naranjal in the following days.[21] However, during the first days of independence, Olmedo's political administration was compromised by cases of corruption and arbitrary acts committed by the military chief Escobedo,[22] who enjoyed control of the armed forces and the de facto power to seize political control. Olmedo ordered the installation of an electoral college, which appointed the new authorities of the provisional government junta, catching Escobedo off guard; he was immediately arrested and taken to the port in order to be shipped to Peru and placed under the command of General José de San Martín.[23]

Provisional Constitutional Regulation of Guayaquil, on display at the city's Municipal Museum.

The authorities of the province convened a convention of 57 representatives of the province to draft a constitutional text,[24] which was held between November 8 and 11, 1820,[25] concluding with the creation, signing and ratification of the Provisional Regulation of Government, by which the Republic of Guayaquil was officially established, with José Joaquín de Olmedo appointed as its first president.[26]

The Protective Division of Quito—the name given to the Guayaquil army—[27] fought several battles with the aim of securing the independence of the province and removing the Spanish authorities from the cities of Quito and Cuenca.[24] However, despite an initial victory at the Battle of Camino Real on November 9,[28] the troops of the Protective Division suffered a severe defeat at the First Huachi on the 22nd of the same month,[29] forcing them to fall back into the interior of the province and allowing the royalist troops to advance.[30]

Olmedo signed a military cooperation agreement with Marshal Antonio José de Sucre—who had been sent by Simón Bolívar and arrived in Guayaquil by sea together with reinforcements from the Colombian army—on May 6, 1821.[31] The Colombian forces and the Protective Division were united under Sucre's command,[30] beginning the so-called Southern Campaign, which concluded with the definitive pro-independence victory at the Battle of Pichincha on May 24, 1822.[32]

With the independence of Quito and Cuenca, Olmedo hoped to form a new state together with Guayaquil because of the ties among these peoples since the time of the Real Audiencia of Quito. However, after Bolívar's arrival in Quito territory on June 16 of that year, the provinces of Quito and Cuenca were annexed to the Republic of Colombia.[33] Olmedo ratified the decision of the people of Guayaquil to remain independent and refused integration into Colombia, which caused diplomatic friction with Simón Bolívar,[34] and in the face of an imminent invasion he sent letters to José de San Martín asking him to intercede in the conflict.

On July 11, 1822,[35] Simón Bolívar arrived in Guayaquil with an army of approximately 2,000 men and carried out a coup d'état, disregarding the local government and proclaiming himself «dictator».[36] José de San Martín arrived in the city a few days later; however, the Colombian forces had already taken the city.[37] San Martín held an interview with Bolívar in which they dealt with the matter of Guayaquil's sovereignty and the subsequent military campaigns in Peru.[38] On July 27, in the face of the Colombian military might established in the city, San Martín departed from the docks bound for Peru.[39]

Self-exile

On July 31, 1822, Bolívar decreed the annexation of the Province of Guayaquil to Gran Colombia.[40] Olmedo protested against this annexation[41][42] and on July 29 emigrated to Peru together with Ximena, Roca and more than two hundred residents of the highest distinction.[43]

On September 22 he was elected deputy for the Department of Puno and was part of the Commission appointed by the Constituent Congress of 1822 to draft the first political constitution of Peru.[44][45] On behalf of the Congress he extended an invitation to Simón Bolívar to come to Peru to fight for independence. From then on he renewed his friendship with Bolívar, and when he learned in 1824 of the victory of Junín, he began the Canto a Bolívar, an epic poem that brought him international fame when it was published in Guayaquil in 1825 and in London in 1826.

In 1825 he was appointed minister plenipotentiary of Gran Colombia in England. In October he was in London. In 1826 he found time to publish his celebrated Canto a Bolívar in Paris and London. In November of the same year he was elected a founding Member of the National Academy of Colombia, and by 1827 he traveled to Guayaquil. In 1828 his daughter Rosa, called Mi rosita de Ayacucho ("My little rose of Ayacucho"), died.

Beginnings of the State of Ecuador

Between 1828 and 1829, on two occasions, he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs of Gran Colombia, but he excused himself both times. In 1830 he was Prefect of Guayaquil and on May 19 he signed the Act of Annexation of the Department of Guayaquil to the Republic of Ecuador. In August he went to Riobamba as a deputy to the first National Convention, was appointed a member of the commission formed to draft the first constitution, and on September 12 he obtained fourteen votes and was elected Vice President of the Republic. In February he assumed the presidency on an interim basis in the absence of the incumbent. Shortly afterwards he resigned because he had to go away to Guayaquil, and in November he was again Prefect of the Department of Guayaquil; in that capacity he authorized the taking of possession of the islands of the Galápagos Archipelago, and he traveled to Bogotá as Boundary Commissioner to resolve a conflict with New Granada over the annexation of Pasto, until 1833, when he continued these negotiations in Quito.

In 1833 he was appointed by Vicente Rocafuerte to discuss peace with the delegates of the Supreme Chief, José Félix Valdivieso. In 1835 he wrote his poem Al General Flores, vencedor en Miñarica, was elected deputy for Guayaquil and then President of the National Convention assembled in Ambato, which elected Vicente Rocafuerte as the new president.

In 1836 he was commissioned for the mediation between Chile and Peru.

In 1837 he took part in drawing up the bases of the Treaty with Spain signed by Pedro Gual. In 1838 he was First Mayor of the Municipality of Guayaquil, then interim Governor of the Province, and was commissioned by the President to settle the principal and interest of the public debt with Miguel de Anzoátegui Cossio, which was never actually paid.

In 1839 he was Deputy Director of Studies, wrote the prologue to the Historia del Reino de Quito by Father Juan de Velasco and drafted a project for a "Police Regulation".

Marcist Revolution

On March 6, 1845, the anti-Flores Marcist Revolution broke out in Guayaquil, and Olmedo was appointed President of the triumvirate with Vicente Ramón Roca and Diego Noboa. In November he resigned these functions and Vicente Rocafuerte put forward his candidacy for the presidency of the Republic, which he lost to Roca, who rose to power after obtaining two-thirds of the vote.

In 1846 he was commissioned together with General Antonio Elizalde to bring the remains of La Mar to Guayaquil, wrote a sonnet Al General Lamar, and traveled to Lima, where he found no improvement for his old stomach ailment.[46]

Death

Cenotaph of José Joaquín de Olmedo in the General Cemetery of Guayaquil.

Back in Guayaquil, he held the Deputy Directorship of Studies of Guayas, aging prematurely because of continual stomach pains and constipation caused by a slow cancer, and he finally died on February 19, 1847, at 1:15 in the morning, at the age of 66 years and 11 months. Before dying he had said: «I have fulfilled, not without glory, my destiny».

His funerals were held in all the cities of Ecuador, and his remains were buried in the Church of San Francisco, where they were burned during the Great Fire of October 5–6, 1896.

Works

During his life, he devoted part of his time to the creation of novels, songs, works and poems, among other kinds of literary creations. Among his best-known works are: Canto a Bolívar; Al General Flores, vencedor en Miñarica; and Alfabeto para un niño. He designed the flag and the coat of arms of Guayaquil, in addition to writing the lyrics for its later anthem.

In 1808 he was inspired to compose the prologue to the tragedy El Duque de Viseo de Quintana and his silva entitled El Árbol, which he finished in 1809 and which contains two parts, one philosophical and of great aesthetic sense, and another, less polished, with which the poem closes, seeming as if he had joined two different pieces of verse.

In January 1811 he was still in Mexico and read his poem Improntu.

At the beginning of 1817 he traveled to Lima and wrote A un amigo, don Gaspar Rico....

In 1821 he wrote his beautiful Canción del 9 de octubre, considered the first anthem that the Ecuadorian territory has had.

In 1823 he published in Lima his translation from English of the Essay on Man by Alexander Pope, in 45 pages.

In 1825 he composed a Marcha and the poem La Libertad.

In 1837 he wrote the Canción del 10 de agosto, which, as Father Espinosa Pólit has shown, served as a precursor to the current national anthem.

In 1840 he wrote En la muerte de mi hermana. In 1843 he published Ocios poéticos del General Flores y una oda en su obsequio in 52 pages.

From then on his songs and poems began to be republished with great success. In 1848 a volume of Obras Poéticas came out in Valparaíso, the only collection revised and corrected by Olmedo, months before his death. The second edition dates from 1853, Paris, 214 pages. There are other later ones.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Velásquez 1984, p. 13.
  2. ↑ Pérez Pimentel, Rodolfo. "Miguel de Olmedo Troyano". Diccionario biográfico del Ecuador, tomo 4 (in español). Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
  3. ↑ Noboa Icaza 1980, p. 545.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Velásquez 1984, p. 14.
  5. ↑ Andrade Reimers 1993, p. 20.
  6. ↑ Andrade Reimers 1993, p. 21.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Herrera 1987, p. 2.
  8. ↑ Rodríguez Castelo 2009, p. 8.
  9. ↑ Castillo 1980, p. 18.
  10. ↑ Avilés Pino 2008, p. 79.
  11. ↑ Rosales Valenzuela 2004, p. 51.
  12. ↑ Pareja Diezcanseco 1954, p. 48.
  13. ↑ Gómez Iturralde & Paredes Ramírez 2000, p. 77.
  14. ↑ Avilés Pino & Hoyos Galarza 2007, p. 24.
  15. ↑ Gómez Iturralde & Paredes Ramírez 2000, p. 43.
  16. ↑ Avilés Pino & Hoyos Galarza 2007, pp. 29–30.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Avilés Pino & Hoyos Galarza 2007, p. 31.
  18. ↑ Avilés Pino & Hoyos Galarza 2007, p. 33.
  19. ↑ Pareja Diezcanseco 1954, p. 33.
  20. ↑ Avilés Pino & Hoyos Galarza 2007, p. 37.
  21. ↑ Avilés Pino & Hoyos Galarza 2007, p. 39.
  22. ↑ Pareja Diezcanseco 1954, p. 55.
  23. ↑ Castillo 1980, p. 6.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Rodríguez O. 1998, p. 223.
  25. ↑ Avilés Pino & Hoyos Galarza 2007, p. 41.
  26. ↑ Avilés Pino & Hoyos Galarza 2007, p. 43.
  27. ↑ Avilés Pino & Hoyos Galarza 2007, p. 45.
  28. ↑ González, Fajardo & Robles Chambers 1998, p. 72.
  29. ↑ Avilés Pino & Hoyos Galarza 2007, p. 49.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Avilés Pino & Hoyos Galarza 2007, p. 50.
  31. ↑ Avilés Pino & Hoyos Galarza 2007, p. 56.
  32. ↑ González, Fajardo & Robles Chambers 1998, p. 111.
  33. ↑ Avilés Pino & Hoyos Galarza 2007, p. 62.
  34. ↑ Andrade Reimers 1993, p. 114.
  35. ↑ Avilés Pino & Hoyos Galarza 2007, p. 68.
  36. ↑ Rodríguez O. 1998, p. 225.
  37. ↑ Avilés Pino & Hoyos Galarza 2007, p. 72.
  38. ↑ Andrade Reimers 1993, p. 140.
  39. ↑ Avilés Pino & Hoyos Galarza 2007, p. 74.
  40. ↑ Avilés Pino & Hoyos Galarza 2007, p. 80.
  41. ↑ «José Joaquín Olmedo» Biografías y Vidas (in Spanish)
  42. ↑ «José Joaquín Olmedo» El Poder de la Palabra (in Spanish)
  43. ↑ Rosales Valenzuela 2004, p. 62.
  44. ↑ "Constitución Política del Perú de 1823" (PDF) (in español). Congreso del Perú. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2019. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
  45. ↑ Tuesta Soldevilla, Fernando. "Constituyentes 1822-1825" (PDF). Polítika (in español). PUCP. Retrieved April 12, 2020.
  46. ↑ Andrade Reimers 1993, p. 29.

Bibliography

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  • Avilés Pino, Efrén (2008). 1820, la Revolución del 9 de Octubre y la importancia de Guayaquil en la independencia de América (in español) (1st ed.). Guayaquil: Poligráfica, Biblioteca Municipal. ISBN 978-9978-354-59-9.
  • Avilés Pino, Efrén; Hoyos Galarza, Melvin (2007). El Libro de Guayaquil: Independencia - República. El Libro de Guayaquil (in español). Vol. II (1st ed.). Guayaquil: Poligráfica. ISBN 978-9978-454-30-6. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
  • Castillo, Abel Romeo (1980). Olmedo: prócer y poeta (in español). Guayaquil: Instituto Olmediano del Ecuador.
  • Gómez Iturralde, José Antonio; Paredes Ramírez, Willington (2000). Guayaquil, por su libertad y por la patria (in español). Guayaquil: Archivo Histórico del Guayas. ISBN 9978-72-333-1.
  • González, Víctor A.; Fajardo, Manuel J.; Robles Chambers, Pedro (1998). Rumbos de libertad: Guayaquil, 9 de octubre de 1820: primera revolución triunfante. Colección Guayaquil y el Río, n.° 8 (in español). Guayaquil: Archivo Histórico del Guayas. ISBN 9978-72-299-9. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
  • Herrera, Pablo (1887). Apuntes biográficos de D. José Joaquín Olmedo (in español). Quito: Imprenta de Juan P. Sanz.
  • Noboa Icaza, Luis (1980). Genealogía de Olmedo (in español). Guayaquil: Instituto Olmediano del Ecuador.
  • Pareja Diezcanseco, Alfredo (1954). Historia del Ecuador: de la Independencia a la República de 1895 (in español). Quito: Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana.
  • Rodríguez Castelo, Hernán (2009). Olmedo: el hombre y el escritor (in español). Quito: Academia Nacional de Historia. ISBN 978-9978-394-00-7.
  • Rodríguez O., Jaime E. (1998). The Independence of Spanish America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-62298-0.
  • Rosales Valenzuela, Benjamín (2004). El general José de Villamil y la independencia de Hispanoamérica (in español). Quito: Cámara Ecuatoriana del Libro - Núcleo de Pichincha. ISBN 978-9978-43-940-1.
  • Velásquez, César Vicente (1984). Olmedo: el hombre, la leyenda, la verdad (in español). Quito: Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana. p. 13.
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