Amaro Pargo

From Hispanopedia
Amaro Pargo
Portrait of Amaro Pargo on the canvas of the «Christ of Humility and Patience» in the Hermitage of Our Lady of El Rosario in Machado (Tenerife).
Born
Amaro Rodríguez Phelipe de Varrios Machado Lorenzo de Castro y Núñez de Villavicencio.[1]

May 3, 1678
San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife
DiedOctober 4, 1747
(aged 69)
Other nameAmaro Pargo
OccupationsPrivateer, merchant and moneylender
ChildrenManuel de la Trinidad Rodríguez (illegitimate)[2] and Juan Rodríguez Felipe (illegitimate)[3]
Parent(s)Juan Rodríguez Felipe and Beatriz Tejera Machado
Signature

Amaro Rodríguez-Felipe y Tejera Machado (San Cristóbal de La Laguna, May 3, 1678[2] – Ibid., October 4, 1747), more popularly known as Amaro Pargo, was a Spanish privateer,[nota 2] moneylender and merchant.

He took part in the Indies run, amassing a great fortune by investing his profits in the lands he owned in Tenerife, which were devoted mainly to the cultivation of the vine. The intense trade that developed between the Atlantic and the Caribbean encouraged piratical and privateering activities. Amaro Pargo went so far as to take part in privateering actions against the fleets of other European countries, capturing ships and selling some of them.

He felt considerable devotion for Sister María de Jesús de León y Delgado, even financing her funeral and her tomb. He made various donations with the aim of improving the lives of the poorest people of Tenerife, especially to improve the living conditions of the prisoners in the jail of San Cristóbal de La Laguna.

His figure has been surrounded by an aura of romanticism that has linked him to piracy, hidden treasure and illicit romances. Various authors have taken advantage of this mystique surrounding him to write their novels.

Historical context

Commercial traffic in the 18th century was conditioned by various wars with Great Britain, such as the War of the Spanish Succession, the Anglo-Spanish War of 1727–1729 and the War of the Asiento. Attacks by Maghrebi corsairs continued during this period.[2]

This historical panorama shaped what would later be called the «Golden Age of Piracy», a period in which the great European empires of the time, such as Great Britain, Spain, Holland, Portugal and France, competed for trade and the colonization of new lands. In this era piracy, that is, the practice of organized plunder or maritime banditry, flourished.

This context made it necessary for ships engaged in Atlantic trade to be adequately armed. It also encouraged the buying and selling of ships captured during periods of conflict, an activity in which both Amaro Pargo and his brother, José Rodríguez Felipe, took part. Some documents, such as the «Power of attorney granted by Amaro Rodríguez Felipe to Bartolomé Farraz and Baltasar García Calzada, so that they may represent him in the proceedings for the declaration of good prize of a captured enemy vessel» (April 16, 1712),[nota 1] indicate that Amaro Pargo carried out privateering actions, individually or in collaboration with other captains who took part in the Indies run.[2]

Biography

Early years

Panoramic view of San Cristóbal de La Laguna, the city where Amaro Pargo was born.

He was born in a house located just above the present-day Hermitage of San Cristóbal, in La Laguna, in May 1678.[2] His parents were Juan Rodríguez Felipe de Barrios and Beatriz Tejera Machado, who had seven other children: Francisca, Ana, Pedro and José, as well as three other daughters who entered the Convent of Santa Catalina de Siena: Sister María Santa Beatriz, Sister Clara de San Juan Bautista and Sister Juana de San Vicente. His paternal grandparents were Cristóbal Rodríguez de Barrios and Ana Lorenzo Machado, and his maternal grandparents were Juan González Pargo de Castro and María Texera Machado.

He was baptized by Father Manuel Hurtado Mendoza in the Church of Our Lady of Los Remedios (now the city's cathedral), his godfather being Amaro López. His family lived mainly in the city of La Laguna, where they owned various properties, rural, urban and so on, around the Plaza de San Cristóbal (also known as Plaza Tanque de Abajo).[1]

The will of his mother, Doña Beatriz, displays the typical traits of the agrarian bourgeoisie, which can be identified through the objects it describes: goods for subsistence and exchange (cereals, figs, pipes of wine, etc.), household furnishings, clothing and various tools (for household tasks, farm work and craft work). In addition, the accounts, the records of sales of merchandise and the evidence of the importance of American products, such as cacao, reveal the commercial network in which all members of the family took part.[2]

The Indies run

His participation in the Indies run began in the two-year period 1703–1705, when he was owner and captain of the frigate El Ave María y las Ánimas, a ship with which he sailed from the Port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife to that of Havana. He made this same voyage on several occasions and with different ships. His knowledge of the means of transport and of the goods exported from the Canary archipelago to the West Indies allowed him to obtain large profits. He reinvested the profits of the Canarian-American trade in his estates, devoted mainly to the cultivation of malvasía and vidueño grapevines, whose production, chiefly the vidueño, was shipped to America.[1]

Amaro Rodríguez Felipe was a member of the Compañía de Honduras (Honduras Company), an enterprise for commercial modernization concerning Spain's dealings and services in its American possessions. The Spanish monarch Philip V had issued a decree on January 25, 1714, giving guarantees and stability to this transoceanic commercial project. Amaro, like his superior, Diego de Zárate y Murga, Marquis of Montesacro, attached himself to the new Bourbon Dynasty and its Atlantic interests.[3]

The company assigned Amaro Pargo as captain of the ship Nuestra Señora de la Concepción bound for Caracas, by virtue of a Royal order given at the Palace of El Pardo in Madrid on September 26, 1714. The order reads verbatim: «I appoint you, Don Amaro Rodríguez Felipe, to serve as sea captain on the ship bound for Caracas, named Nuestra Señora de la Concepción».[3] On October 24 of the same year, Amaro Rodríguez Felipe took possession as captain of that vessel in the city of Cádiz, under oath and pledge of homage in the presence of the Intendant Don Francisco de Varas y Valdés.

Main trade routes of the Spanish Empire with the Indies (in red). Amaro Pargo used the route that crossed the Atlantic and headed to the Caribbean Sea.

During this enterprise, Amaro Pargo and his brother, José Rodríguez Felipe, became embroiled in the power struggles taking place in the Captaincy General of Venezuela, which in 1717 was incorporated into the Viceroyalty of New Granada. Specifically, Pargo had a lawsuit with Governor Marcos de Bethencourt y Castro, because the latter had not counted him among his supporters, but quite the opposite. This lawsuit would not be resolved until 1724. It is detailed in a file held in the General Archive of the Indies titled: «Proceedings against Amaro Rodríguez Felipe, captain encomendero of the ship named NUESTRA SEÑORA DE LA CONCEPCIÓN for having opposed the inspection of this ship».[4]

It is documented that in March 1719 Amaro had trouble with the law, as he was detained by the Casa de Contratación of Cádiz for preventing the inspection of one of his ships.[3] Amaro explained that this ship, nicknamed "El Blandón", had been built in Campeche and had sailed from La Guaira covering the route to Veracruz, carrying cacao. However, faced with Governor Francisco de Varas's insistence on arresting the privateer and taking him to prison, Pargo reported what had happened directly to King Philip V and accused Francisco de Varas of abuse of authority, of the inefficiency of his administration and of corruption. After this, the matter was settled in favor of Amaro, who was set free.[1][3]

Little is known about Amaro Rodríguez's stay in the Caribbean. However, there are documentary records from the period that refer to a filiation claim. This claim was brought by Manuel de la Trinidad Rodríguez, an illegitimate son born in Havana, son of Josefa María del Valdespino y Vitrián. He provided witness statements, among other testimony, through the legitimation procedures of the 18th century. Nevertheless, Amaro never acknowledged him as his son.[2] Another illegitimate son was Juan Rodríguez Felipe, born in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, who would be buried in the parish of San Marcos in Tegueste. Juan Rodríguez was raised by Amaro Pargo's mother, Beatriz Tejera, and his mother was a married woman who had known Amaro's family since childhood, according to the documents of the period.[3] It is also known that Amaro sponsored a novice of the Convent of Santa Catalina in La Laguna, named Sister Michaela Rossa de San Vicente Ferrer, of unknown parents.[5] It is debated whether this novice was another unacknowledged daughter of the privateer or whether he took her in from among the foundlings and handed her over to the convent for her upkeep and education.[5]

According to his will and the distributions of his property, Amaro Rodríguez Felipe accumulated a large estate, consisting of 733 fanegas, both dry and irrigated, spread across Tenerife, in places such as Valle Colino y Vinagre, Tegueste el Viejo and Tegueste el Nuevo, among others; 42 houses, both in the midlands and in the urban centers of San Cristóbal de La Laguna and Santa Cruz de Tenerife; movable property, furniture, paintings, liturgical vestments and merchandise, among other things; and «title deeds to tributes».[2] Although part of this fortune came from his parents' inheritance and from the award of lands in lawsuits, the great majority of the lands were bought by Amaro Pargo from 1714 onward.[1]

Privateering activities

Amaro Pargo's letter of marque has never been found. However, several contemporary documents have been found that indicate this seaman took part, individually or collectively, in privateering raids, such as the capture of ships belonging to enemy European powers. The texts suggest that these were fleets hostile to the Hispanic Monarchy and that most of these captured ships were destined for sale or resale.[2] In these documents, these captured vessels are commonly referred to as «prizes».

A document dated April 16, 1712, titled «Power of attorney granted by Amaro Rodríguez Felipe to Bartolomé Farraz and Baltasar García Calzada, so that they may represent him in the proceedings for the declaration of good prize of a captured enemy vessel», reads verbatim: «an enemy vessel which this grantor captured with his ship (…) by virtue of the letter of marque he holds as privateer captain».[2] This file has commonly been considered irrefutable proof of Amaro Pargo's status as a privateer, a status defended among others by Manuel de Paz, professor at the University of La Laguna, and Daniel García Pulido, researcher and librarian at the same university, both of them transcribers of the document.

The Port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife in 1806. This was Amaro Pargo's home port on his voyages to the Caribbean.

The document in question refers specifically to the capture of a small English vessel (navichuelo inglés), the San Joseph, whose consignees were in Dublin (Ireland), and which was commanded by the English captain Alexander Westher. The defense attorney of this English seaman, Agustín Francisco Ceferino, accused Amaro Rodríguez Felipe of not having acted with rigor in exercising his privateering rights. This was because Amaro Pargo had plundered that vessel and taken possession of its goods, in addition to forcing Alexander Westher to sail alongside his ship, named Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santo Domingo y San Vicente Ferrer, alias El Bravo, to the Port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, under threat of sending the English ship to the bottom of the sea.[3] In response to Francisco Ceferino's criticisms, the prosecutor Andrés Estévez de Guzmán testified that El Bravo was not armed as a privateer, but was a ship engaged in the Indies trade. Even so, the capture of the San Joseph was considered legitimate, since England was an enemy power of the Spanish Crown.[3]

Following Amaro Pargo's participation in the Compañía de Honduras, the monarch Philip V, in a Royal cédula dated at San Lorenzo de El Escorial on October 24, 1719, authorized him to build a ship in Campeche, which would bear the name El Pontencia or La Potencia. This ship was an armed merchantman with 58 guns, 64 cubits in length and 56 at the keel, with a beam of more than 16. This ship is also mentioned under the names Potencias Aliadas and Blandón.[3] According to current studies, the ship passed to the Navy in 1723, but just a year earlier it boarded and plundered a Dutch ship, the Duyvelant, believed to have been under the command of Amaro Rodríguez Felipe.

Among the letters and documents described in the inventory of Beatriz Tejera Machado, Amaro Pargo's mother, is a manuscript or document «written by Bernardo de Espinosa to Captain Amaro Rodríguez Felipe, in which he tells him to give and deliver to Manuel Mollette the share that corresponds to him in the prize». The inventory also contains a record of the «goods he left in the chest he has loaded aboard the prize», dated November 29, 1719.[2]

On March 21, 1729, Amaro Pargo signed a power of attorney for the collection of 800 pesos of the bond he had been required to deposit by order of the Captain General of the Canary Islands, the Marquis of Valhermoso. According to the text, this was «on account of an English prize he took while coming as captain» on the return voyage from Havana. It is mentioned that this raid was carried out with the ship named Santísima Trinidad, alias El Clavel, which was jointly owned by Amaro Pargo and Juan Pedro Dujardín, another seaman of the Indies run.[2]

Later documents highlight the need to arm certain ships as privateers, such as the Nuestra Señora del Rosario, San Francisco Xavier y las Ánimas, generally known as La Venus. This ship is described as a vessel of 282 tons, with 32 guns of various calibers (28 six-pounders) and a crew of 250 well-armed men. It was captained by Bartolomé Sánchez Carta, Amaro Rodríguez Felipe and Nicolás María Bignoni.[2]

At the time there were a number of privateers and raiders of Canarian origin with whom Amaro Pargo maintained close collaboration. Thus, in 1740, Amaro Rodríguez Felipe himself and his companion Don Nicolás María Bignoni urged Captain Bartolomé Sánchez Carta to attack two English sloops that were harassing the islands' shipping.[4]

Recognition of hidalguía

Amaro Pargo requested and obtained recognition of his family's hidalguía through an order of protection (auto de amparo) on January 25, 1725.[nota 3] Later, on January 9, 1727, he obtained certification of nobility and arms from the king of arms of Philip V, Juan Antonio de Hoces Sarmiento.[7]

Devotion

Sister María de Jesús de León y Delgado.

As a fervent Catholic, Amaro Pargo is linked to «countless foundations, endowments and the institution of memorials and funds for the benefit of the religious estate and the people».[2] Notable among his contributions are his financing of improvements to the Church of Santo Domingo de Guzmán and to the Convent of Santa Catalina de Siena, where his three sisters lived.

He was devoted to Sister María de Jesús, a nun of the Order of Preachers and of the Convent of Santa Catalina. This devotion led him to pay for her funeral arrangements, which also involved the construction of a mausoleum three years after Sister María de Jesús's death. On February 15, 1734, Luis Tomás Leal, Provincial of the Dominican Order, took part in the handing over of the three keys to the tomb, giving one to Amaro Pargo in recognition of his affection for Sister María de Jesús, his good works and his displays of veneration toward the order.[2]

He also contributed to improving the lives of the poor in the city of San Cristóbal de La Laguna. He bought a tribute linked to the maintenance of the poor in the city jail, and, while holding the office of síndico personero of the Cabildo of Tenerife, he proposed putting «into circulation coins of "cuartos" and "ochavos" to improve the worrying financial and liquidity situation» of the archipelago's subsistence economy.[2]

Death and inheritance

Amaro Pargo died on October 4, 1747, in his native city, and was buried in the Convent of Santo Domingo de Guzmán, in the tomb of the Chapel of San Vicente, which he owned.[1] The marble tombstone is engraved with his family's coat of arms and a skull, a symbol that replaces the Latin cross, since the edicts of that time thereby prevented it from being trodden on by the faithful; it has mistakenly been thought that this symbol was a pirate emblem.

Having no legitimate descendants, he bequeathed his estate to his «close relatives and people he trusted»,[1] tying the properties to various institutions, such as the mayorazgo, the patronage and the chaplaincy. He placed the mayorazgos in the hands of his nephews and nieces, with Amaro González de Mesa and Ana Josefa Rodríguez Felipe holding the main mayorazgo.

Pargo

For centuries there has been speculation about the reason for the privateer's nickname «Pargo» or «El Pargo». Traditionally it has been believed that this pseudonym referred to the privateer being "fast", "elusive in battle" and that "he moved in the sea like the fish of that name", the Pagrus pagrus (also called «Pargo»),[8] as well as more recent theories, rooted in popular tradition, that attributed the nickname to the privateer's facial features. However, the matter has now been clarified, since «Pargo» was a family appellation, a nickname, linked to the maternal family of Amaro Rodríguez Felipe since at least the end of the 16th century. Thus, in the opinion of University of La Laguna professor Manuel de Paz and of the researcher and librarian Daniel García Pulido, his nickname «has nothing to do with his face resembling that of this fish, but with the nickname by which the family clan was known».[9][10]

Exhumation

Tombstone of Amaro Pargo's grave in the Church of Santo Domingo in San Cristóbal de La Laguna, featuring the skull with crossed tibias.

In November 2013 his remains were exhumed by a team of anthropologists, archaeologists and forensic experts from the Autonomous University of Madrid, with the aim of studying the figure of Amaro Pargo, including DNA tests and a reconstruction of his face.[11]

According to historical records, Pargo's parents and a black servant, Cristóbal Lynch or Linche, were buried alongside him. Besides these there were six more people who, according to archaeologist Esther Andréu, head of Arqueomedia, the company in charge of the exhumation, could be nephews or great-nephews. In addition, bodies of babies unrelated to Amaro Pargo were found, which might reflect the custom of burying newborns who died unbaptized with an adult who could guide them to heaven.[12]

The exhumation was financed by the French video game company Ubisoft with the aim of documenting and researching the figure of Amaro Pargo as a privateer for the fourth installment of the saga, titled Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag.[13] Antonio Alonso, Ubisoft's brand manager in Spain, states that in his time he was a figure who «had the same reputation and popularity as Blackbeard or Francis Drake».[14]

The treasure of Amaro Pargo

Amaro Pargo's house in the neighborhood of Machado, in the municipality of El Rosario, has suffered constant looting by people seeking the treasure he supposedly hid. Stories about this treasure vary: some place it around the Roques de Anaga, while others place it in the area of Punta del Hidalgo and the cave of San Mateo, in the northeast of Tenerife.[13]

The treasure supposedly consisted of «wrought silver, gold jewelry, pearls and precious stones, Chinese porcelain, rich fabrics, paintings and perhaps the 500,000 pesos fuertes».[15]

Friendship with Sister María de Jesús

The passing of the centuries and romanticism have sought to see a deeper meaning in the friendship that united the privateer and the nun, which is far from reality, since it was a sincere devotion toward a religious figure who offered protection and shelter for all the life and business activities undertaken by Amaro Rodríguez Felipe. In literature this aspect has been exploited ad nauseam, without any basis. The writer Balbina Rivero, author of the book Amaro Pargo, el pirata de Tenerife, hints at this position in her book,[8] although others reject it, among them the author of the book El Sarcófago de las tres llaves, Pompeyo Reina Moreno, for whom their friendship was due rather to the privateer's devotional feelings toward the nun.[16]

One of the reasons that have contributed to popular confusion regarding Amaro Pargo's relationship with Sister María de Jesús is the story of the nun Sister Úrsula de San Pedro.[17] This 17th-century nun ran away from the Convent of Santa Catalina de Siena with Jerónimo de Grimón y Rojas, natural son of the owner of the Palacio de Nava, located next to the convent. The two lovers were discovered before they could leave the island; Jerónimo de Grimón was accused of abducting a nun, executed in the Plaza del Adelantado in La Laguna, and his head displayed on a pike. Sister Úrsula, for her part, was walled up for life in the convent.[17]

Literature

Amaro Pargo's dedication to mercantile and privateering activities has aroused the interest of several novelists and historians, who have perceived a certain mystique in his person. Standing out among all for its historical rigor is the work El corsario Amaro Pargo (2004) by Domingo García Barbuzano,[18][19] who spent five years researching the figure in historical archives such as that of the Indies in Seville, where all the documentation on voyages between Spain and America is kept.

Among the novels inspired by him are Amaro Pargo, el pirata de Tenerife by Balbina Rivero,[8] and El Sarcófago de las Tres Llaves by Pompeyo Reina.[20] In addition, the Argentine writer Ernesto Frers refers to Amaro Pargo in his work Más allá del legado pirata.[21]

Film and television

In 1989 Televisión Española in the Canary Islands broadcast a television series called "La historia en persona". The series consisted of thirteen episodes, one of which was devoted to the figure of Amaro Pargo.[22][23]

More recently, in 2017, the first documentary film examining various aspects of the life of this historical figure was shot, titled "Amaro Pargo: entre la leyenda y la historia".[23][24] The documentary was broadcast directly on television on August 10, 2017, by Radio Televisión Canaria. The project was produced by Rumen Justo Reyes[25][26] and directed by Juan Alfredo Amil, using the documentation compiled and the interviews conducted by the journalist Benjamín Reyes.[27][28][29]

Music and theater

The musical group Rincón de La Mareta dedicated a song to the privateer in 2016.[30] The song, composed by Raquel Álvarez, tells the story of Amaro Pargo, his fortune and his time in Cuba.

In the play La Conquista más pirata by Timaginas Teatro, Amaro Pargo shares the leading roles with Rear Admiral Horatio Nelson, the Catholic Monarchs and Alonso Fernández de Lugo.[31]

Popular belief has attributed to Amaro Pargo a certain link with another historical figure associated with the world of piracy, Edward Teach, better known as Blackbeard.[32] A naval engagement between the two lasting several days is attributed to them.[33] Although the two seamen were contemporaries, none of their contemporary biographies mentions this episode, so it is believed it may be a later popular legend.

On the island of Tenerife there is also the figure of a pirate called Cabeza de Perro. At present there is some controversy over the historicity of this character, and more puzzling is the fact that his life, as told by popular legend, has certain parallels with the privateer Amaro Pargo.[34] Many researchers believe that Cabeza de Perro was a literary character, thought to be based on the figure of Amaro Pargo, created by Aurelio Pérez Zamora in 1895, who later passed into the island's popular folklore as a real historical figure.[34]

Other

Popular tradition attributes to him numerous deeds that lack solid historical foundation or are insufficiently documented. Among them is that the King of Spain declared him "Señor de soga y cuchillo" ("Lord of rope and knife"), a title from the medieval period that conferred on its holder jurisdiction to punish, even with the death penalty.[35]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 «an enemy vessel which this grantor captured with his ship (…) by virtue of the letter of marque he holds as privateer captain». Document transcribed in De Paz Sánchez & García Pulido (2015), p. 413. The original is held in the Archivo Histórico Provincial de Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Historical Section of Notarial Protocols, shelfmark 1.107, folios 31 r–31 v.
  2. ↑ The historians Manuel de Paz Sánchez and Daniel García Pulido point out that although the letter of marque has not been found, Amaro Pargo himself mentions it,[nota 1] and several of the documents they present in the work El corsario de Dios. Documentos sobre Amaro Rodríguez Felipe (1678-1747) allude to Amaro Pargo's dedication to privateering, such as references to prizes and to his support of the privateering activities of Bernardo de Espinosa.
  3. ↑ In the words of Daniel García Pulido of the University of La Laguna: «We must not overlook that Amaro Rodríguez Felipe obtained a patent of hidalguía and nobility before José Isidro Uque Osorio in 1725, being protected by an order of protection as a gentleman hijodalgo by José Manuel de Mesones y Velasco on January 25, 1725, confirmed by certificate of His Majesty's king of arms on January 9, 1727».[6]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Fariña González, Manuel. "La evolución de una fortuna indiana: D. Amaro Rodríguez Felipe (Amaro Pargo)" (in español). Retrieved June 10, 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 De Paz Sánchez, Manuel; García Pulido, Daniel (2015). El corsario de Dios. Documentos sobre Amaro Rodríguez Felipe (1678-1747). Documentos para la Historia de Canarias (in español). Francisco Javier Macías Martín (ed.). Canarias: Archivo Histórico Provincial de Santa Cruz de Tenerife. ISBN 978-84-7947-637-3. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 "Amaro Pargo: documentos de una vida, I. Héroe y forrajido" (PDF) (in español). Ediciones Idea. November 2017: 520. ISBN 978-8416759811. Retrieved March 20, 2018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Amaro Pargo: documentos de una vida, III. Reyes del mar" (in español). Ediciones Idea. December 2018: 602. ISBN 978-84-17360-95-5. Retrieved December 22, 2018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Amaro Pargo: documentos de una vida, II. El Heredero" (PDF) (in español). Ediciones Idea. April 2018: 507. ISBN 978-84-17360-18-4. Retrieved June 14, 2018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
  6. ↑ García Pulido, Daniel (2015). "Tras la huella de Amaro Pargo. Los tibores de la colección patrimonial de la RSEAPT". amigos25julio.com (in español). Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 16, 2017.
  7. ↑ Barbuzano, Domingo (2012). "El corsario Amaro Pargo". MásD (eldia.es) (in español). Archived from the original on October 17, 2017. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 EFE (August 8, 2013). "Amaro Pargo, el pirata canario que se enamoró de una monja". ABC.es (in español). Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
  9. ↑ PAZ SÁNCHEZ, M. de / GARCÍA PULIDO, D., ed. (2015). El pirata de Dios. Documentos sobre Amaro Rodríguez Felipe (1678-1747) (in español). pp. 25–26.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  10. ↑ Lojendio, Sergio (December 26, 2015). "Amaro Pargo, la patente de un corso". El Día (in español). Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
  11. ↑ Cruz, Almudena (November 19, 2013). "Una empresa de videojuegos exhuma los huesos del corsario Amaro Pargo". La Opinión de Tenerife (in español). Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  12. ↑ Docampo, Laura (February 21, 2015). "Amaro Pargo medía 1,66 de estatura, era delgado y de joven había sido apuñalado". La Opinión de Tenerife (in español). Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Ramos, Domingo (August 8, 2014). "Amaro Pargo: un corsario tinerfeño e internacional". Canarias Ahora (in español). Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  14. ↑ Goodnews (December 9, 2013). "El pirata canario Amaro Pargo revive con Assassin´s Creed". La Provincia (in español). Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  15. ↑ Sánchez, Almudena. "La ruta del pirata Amaro". Canarias7 (in español). Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  16. ↑ Romero Martín, Juanca (May 11, 2014). "Las tres llaves de Amaro Pargo". Angulo13 (in español). Archived from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Tabares de Nava, Tomás, «Una tragedia lagunera: Decapitación de un noble», Revista de Historia (1946), no. 76, pp. 419–425.
  18. ↑ "Un libro recrea con detalle la vida del corsario lagunero Amaro Pargo". eldia.es (in español). December 9, 2004. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
  19. ↑ "El cosario Amaro Pargo. Domingo Barbuzano". laislalibros.com (in español). December 9, 2004. Archived from the original on February 24, 2019. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
  20. ↑ "Presentación del "El sarcófago de las tres llaves", de Pompeyo Reina". Gran Canaria isla de lecturas (in español). June 24, 2013. Archived from the original (Institutional) on August 22, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  21. ↑ Frers, Ernesto (2008). Más allá del legado pirata. Historia Enigmas (in español). Barcelona: Robinbook. p. 99. ISBN 978-84-7927-963-9.
  22. ↑ "La historia en persona. Amaro Pargo". mdc.ulpgc.es (in español). Retrieved February 24, 2019.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Amaro Pargo en formato cine". eldia.es (in español). May 2, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
  24. ↑ "La película sobre Amaro Pargo despliega sus velas" (in español). Diario de Avisos. Retrieved August 7, 2017.
  25. ↑ "Televisión Canaria estrena este jueves un documental sobre Amaro Pargo". www.rtvc.es (in español). August 7, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
  26. ↑ "La película sobre Amaro Pargo despliega sus velas". creativacanaria.com (in español). Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  27. ↑ Gorroño, Raúl (August 8, 2017). "Un "televisivo" Amaro Pargo". eldia.es (in español). Retrieved February 24, 2019.
  28. ↑ "Primer documental sobre la leyenda y la historia del corsario Amaro Pargo". eldia.es (in español). August 7, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
  29. ↑ Hernández, Zenaido (August 20, 2017). ""Amaro Pargo no fue un pirata, ni el Robin Hood de Canarias"". diariodeavisos.elespanol.com (in español). Retrieved May 24, 2020.
  30. ↑ "Tenderete dedicado a las madres con la parranda La Palma y el grupo Rincón de La Mareta". www.noticanarias.com (in español). May 14, 2016. Archived from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
  31. ↑ "La conquista más pirata Timaginas Teatro". www.laopinion.es (in español). May 2017. Archived from the original on December 16, 2018. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
  32. ↑ "Perfiles con historia: Amaro Rodríguez: ¿Corsario o pirata?". creativacanaria.com (in español). August 30, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
  33. ↑ "Amaro Pargo, una leyenda entre el corso y la piratería que acabó de estrella de videojuegos". www.abc.es (in español). June 7, 2015. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "El pirata "cabeza de perro" ficción o realidad". www.abc.es (in español). Retrieved February 24, 2019.
  35. ↑ "Rumbullion" (in español). Lantia Publishing. January 20, 2016: 250. ISBN 849-1123210. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)

Bibliography

  • GARCÍA BARBUZANO, Domingo (2004). El corsario Amaro Pargo (in español). Excmo. Ayuntamiento de La Laguna. ISBN 978-84-88919-86-1.
  • PAZ SÁNCHEZ, M. de / GARCÍA PULIDO, D., ed. (2015). El corsario de Dios. Documentos sobre el corsario Amaro Rodríguez Felipe (1678-1747) (in español). Viceconsejería de Cultura y Deportes del Gobierno de Canarias. ISBN 978-84-7947-637-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
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