Maimonides

Not to be confused with Ramban, the acronym by which Nahmanides is known.

Maimonides
משה בן מימון / רמב"ם موسى بن ميمون
Born	Moshe ben Maimon, Musa ibn Maymun, RaMBaM or Rabbi Moses the Egyptian (1138-03-30)March 30, 1138 Córdoba, Al-Andalus, Almoravid Empire
Died	December 12, 1204(1204-12-12) (aged 66) Fustat (present-day Cairo), Ayyubid Egypt
Resting place	Tomb of Maimonides, Tiberias (Israel)
Occupations	Philosopher, physician, rabbi and theologian
Children	Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon (1186)
Signature

Moses ben Maimon, better known as Maimonides (Córdoba, al-Andalus, Almoravid Empire, March 30, 1138 – Cairo, Ayyubid Egypt, December 12, 1204), was a Sephardic Jew considered one of the greatest scholars of the Torah in medieval times. Known in Judaism, and therefore in Hebrew, by the acronym Rambam (רמב"ם), he worked as a physician, philosopher, astronomer and rabbi in al-Andalus, Morocco and Egypt.

Most Jews were familiar with Maimonides' writings on law and ethics during his lifetime, and these came to be received with praise and gratitude in places as distant as the territories that today make up Iraq and Yemen. In addition, Maimonides became the leader of the Jewish community in Egypt during the rule of Sultan Saladin and, posthumously, was recognized as one of the most important rabbinic philosophers in Jewish history, his extensive works being a cornerstone of any Talmudic school. This is the case of his Mishneh Torah, which today remains a reference in canonical authority and Jewish law, also gathering the oral tradition.

Beyond appearing in Jewish historical works, Maimonides also features in Islamic texts on science, and he is mentioned extensively in many investigations and studies. Influenced by Al-Farabi, Avicenna and his contemporary Averroes, he himself became a reference for Muslim philosophers and scientists.

Biography

Childhood in Córdoba

Maimonides was born in Córdoba at the end of the so-called golden age of Jewish culture in al-Andalus, into a family that was distinguished, on his father's side, for its rabbinic judges, scholars and community leaders, documented since the 10th century and claiming descent from Rabbi Yehuda Hanasi, of the second half of the 2nd century, the redactor of the Mishnah. His mother's family, by contrast, was of humble station; his mother, who died giving birth to him, was the daughter of a butcher; and his father remarried.

From an early age he began his biblical and Talmudic studies at the Madrasa of Córdoba, as well as philosophy and science, especially the classical Greek authors through Arabic translations, and he took an intense interest in learning the science of Islamic culture. Maimonides rejected mysticism, even though some kind of mysticism can be perceived in his philosophy. He declared that poetry was not useful to human beings, since it was drawn from the imagination. Maimonides studied the Torah thanks to the education given by his father Maimon, who in turn had been a pupil of the Lucena-trained rabbi Joseph ibn Migash.

Exile

The Almohad Caliphate conquered Córdoba in 1148 and put an end to all the privileges of the dhimmis, all those who were not Muslims and who enjoyed protection by paying the jizya. The loss of these rights led to the conversion of the Jewish and Christian communities to Islam, to their exile, or to the death penalty. Many Jews were accused of being false converts, and they were therefore forced to wear distinctive clothing so as to keep them under constant scrutiny.

After Maimonides' family wandered through several provinces of the south of the peninsula, in 1153/1154 they very probably settled in Almería, where they would have lived until 1157, when the city was taken by the Almohads. Like most Jews, they then chose exile. Some historians suggest that Maimonides feigned a false conversion while escaping, and that it was annulled once it came to light in Egypt. After leaving the peninsula, it is quite possible that he moved to Provence in France (although this is not known with complete certainty) before setting out for the Maghreb. After five years living in Fez, in present-day Morocco, Maimonides had to emigrate again owing to the Almohad intolerance toward Jews at that time. It was after the exile from Fez that his acclaimed commentary on the Mishnah was published, between the years 1166–68.

After leaving Fez, he traveled with two children by ship from Morocco to Acre, which was ruled by the Crusaders of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and traveled through the holy cities of Hebron and Jerusalem. In addition, during this journey he visited the Temple Mount, the day of which was considered sacred by him and his descendants.

Egypt

Finally, after a brief stay in Alexandria, in 1168 he settled in Cairo, capital of the Fatimid Caliphate, and continued his studies at a yeshiva attached to a small synagogue that today bears his name. Even though he had been exiled from al-Andalus and was living in Egypt, Maimonides insisted on describing himself as a "Sephardi".

Maimonides was fundamental in rescuing Jews who were being held captive during the siege of the Egyptian city of Bilbeis by the Christian King Amalric I, since he sent numerous letters to the Jewish communities of Lower Egypt asking them to collect money to pay the ransom. The payment was administered by two judges who sent the money to the Kingdom of Jerusalem to negotiate with the Crusaders, and the prisoners were finally freed.

Death of his brother

The Almohad Caliphate, from which Maimonides had to flee, at its greatest extent around the 12th century.

As a result of his fame, Maimonides' family, wishing to increase its wealth, entrusted part of it to his brother, the young merchant David ben Maimon. Maimonides told his brother to go only as far as the Red Sea port of Aidhab. However, David was not impressed by the goods offered there and decided, against his brother's wishes, to set out by ship for India, since there were great riches in the East. Before he could reach his destination, David drowned in the Indian Ocean at some point between the years 1169–77. His death was devastating for Maimonides, who even fell ill.

In a letter, found in the Cairo Geniza, he wrote:

"The great misfortune that has befallen me for the rest of my life, worse than anything else, was the loss of the saint, may his memory be praised, who drowned in the Indian Ocean carrying money that belonged to me, to him, and to many others, and left me with a little girl and a widow. On the day I received the news I fell ill and was in bed for about a year, with sores, fever and depression, and I almost gave up. Almost eight years have passed and I am still in mourning and without consolation. And how could I be consoled? He grew up on my knees, he was my brother and my pupil."

— Maimonides

Leader of the Jewish communities and physician to Saladin

Relief of Maimonides in the United States House of Representatives chamber.

In 1171, Maimonides was appointed nagid (leader) of the Jewish community in Egypt. The Arabist Goitein believes that the role he played in rescuing the Jewish captives held by the Crusaders led to this recognition. With the loss of the funds from his brother's business voyage, Maimonides took up his vocation as a physician, for which he was also highly acclaimed and whose technique he had already applied in Córdoba and Fez. His successes in this field led him to become personal physician to the grand vizier Al-Qadi al-Fadil, and later to Sultan Saladin and the entire royal family.

Maimonides' medical works contain extensive descriptions of asthma, diabetes, hepatitis and pneumonia, in addition to emphasizing moderation and a healthy lifestyle. His treatises became very influential for many generations of physicians. He was trained both in classical Greek medicine and in the contemporary Islamic medicine, and he followed the principles of Galen's humoralism. He did not accept authority blindly, but applied his own through observation and experience. In his interactions with patients, Maimonides showed characteristics that today would be called cross-cultural care and respect for patient autonomy. Although he wrote on many occasions about solitude as a method for drawing closer to God and broadening his reflections, he devoted most of his life to caring for others. In a famous letter, he describes his daily routine.

After visiting the Sultan's palace, he would arrive home exhausted and hungry, where he "would find the antechambers full of gentiles and Jews… I would treat them and write prescriptions for their ailments until nightfall, and I would be extremely weak".

— Maimonides

Even on the Sabbath he would receive members of the community, so it is quite remarkable that he was able to write extensive treatises, not only on medicine and other scientific disciplines, but also on halakha, or rabbinic law, and medieval Jewish philosophy. Rabbi Joseph Caro later praised him, stressing that "Maimonides is the greatest administrator of Jewish law, and all the communities of Israel, Arabia and the Maghreb based their practices on him and regarded him as their own rabbi". In 1173 Maimonides wrote his famous Epistle to Yemen.

Death

Statue of Maimonides in his native city, Córdoba, made in 1964 by Amadeo Ruiz Olmos.

Maimonides died on December 12, 1204, in Cairo. Tradition holds that he was buried for a short time in a study hall (bet midrash) in the courtyard of the synagogue and was later exhumed, his remains being moved to Tiberias, where he was reburied. Today this site is known as the Tomb of Maimonides, located on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee in Israel.

Maimonides and his wife, the daughter of Mishael ben Yeshayahu Halevi, had a son who survived to adulthood named Abraham, who was recognized as a great scholar. He succeeded Maimonides as nagid and as court physician at the age of eighteen. Throughout his career, he defended his father's writings against critics. The title of nagid was held by Maimonides' family for four generations, until the end of the 14th century.

Some traditions say that Maimonides was descended from King David, although he himself never made such a claim.

Thirteen principles of faith

Main article: Thirteen principles of faith

In his Commentary on the Mishnah (Tractate Sanhedrin, chapter 10), Maimonides formulates his "thirteen principles of faith". He summarizes all the precepts he saw as necessary to be a good Jew.

1. The existence of God.
2. The oneness and indivisibility of God.
3. The spirituality of God and His incorporeality.
4. The eternity of God.
5. God alone must be the object of worship.
6. God's revelation through the prophets.
7. The preeminence of Moses among the prophets.
8. The Torah was given to Moses on Mount Sinai.
9. The immutability of the Torah as the Law of God.
10. God's awareness of human actions.
11. The reward of good deeds and the punishment of evil.
12. The coming of the Jewish Messiah.
13. The resurrection of the dead.

Although there are several theories, these principles could be the origin of the Spanish expression "seguir en sus trece" ("to stick to one's thirteen"), which the Holy Inquisition used when it tried Jews who continued to practice their religion clandestinely after the expulsion in 1492.

Works

Sephardic art. Mishneh Torah (Maimonides, 1180), Hebrew manuscript copied in Sepharad, c. 1340, and illuminated by Matteo di Ser Cambio in Perugia in 1400. Pages of the Sefer Ahavah (Book of Love [of God]), with a Jewish believer carrying the Torah and covered by his tallit. Jerusalem, National Library of Israel, Ms. Heb. 4*1193.

Jewish art. Sephardic-Ashkenazi manuscript. Mishneh Torah made c. 1457. Pages of the Sefer Mishpatim (Book of Laws). Ashkenazi semi-cursive calligraphy. Israel Museum (Jerusalem).

Israeli stamp with a portrait of Maimonides, issued on the occasion of the Seventh International Congress of the History of Science (Jerusalem, 1953).

In his youth he wrote religious poetry and an epistle in Arabic.

On his knowledge of medicine he wrote a good number of treatises, such as the one he dedicated to Sultan Saladin, the Treatise on Poisons and Their Antidotes, in 1199; to the Sultan's son, Al-Fadl, the Guide to Good Health (1198); and the Explanation of Fits (1200).

His major works on rabbinic (Talmudic) subjects are two: a commentary in Arabic on the Mishnah, The Luminary (1168), also titled Book of Elucidation, and the Second Law or Repetition of the Law of 1180, which constitutes his magnum opus and consists of an extensive and meticulous compilation, arranged by subject, of all the religious and legal laws and norms of Jewish life (that is, of the Talmud). These works became very famous and earned him numerous disciples.

He is also the author of philosophical works of great weight in medieval thought, written during the last years of his life, such as the Treatise on the Resurrection of the Dead (1191). The Guide for the Perplexed (1190), incorrectly nicknamed Guide for the Strayed, is the key to his philosophical thought and exerted a strong influence on both Jewish and Christian circles, and above all on the Scholastics. In it he establishes a reconciliation between faith and reason, addressed to those who waver between the teachings of the Jewish religion and the doctrines of Aristotelian philosophy that prevailed at the time, showing that there is no contradiction on the points where faith and reason seem to be opposed. That is, a reconciliation between the literal sense of the scriptures and rational truths, resorting to allegorical interpretation in cases of conflict.

Thus there arose polemics on the part of "anti-Maimonists" — basically, on the part of a group of Muslims who sought a literal reading of the Quran, the mutallajim — who branded him a rationalist. In spite of this, it was a much-commented work of great influence in the Muslim world and in Christian Scholasticism, for example on Saint Thomas Aquinas.

As a Jew in Islamic territory he received a vast education in both cultures: the traditional Jewish one and the secular Arabic one (with its incorporations of Greek culture), based on the teachings of his learned father Maimum, and for this reason he wrote works in both Hebrew and Arabic, in a prose characterized above all by systematization and clarity of exposition.

From Maimonides arose the Jewish intellectual movement of the 13th and 14th centuries that spread through Spain and the south of France. A supporter of theological realism, he has come to be regarded as a forerunner of the ideas of Spinoza, but philosophically he is not considered very original, since he basically follows Aristotle, departing from him on points that seem to contradict Jewish beliefs and traditions. His character is therefore conciliatory.

Versions of the Mishneh Torah, the code of Maimonides

Main article: Mishneh Torah

Over the years, numerous errors were added to the text of the Mishneh Torah, whether in the text of each precept, in its divisions or in commentaries. The reasons for the errors are transcription errors, which became fixed in the text; editions in which some of the transcribers "corrected" the text according to their own understanding; and the censorship of the Church in certain European nations (Ashkenaz), which altered all references to it and to its points of view (for example, on marital relations) in the original text. If we add to this the fact that Maimonides himself corrected the text on several occasions, we find that the current text does not represent the original written by Maimonides.

In order to establish the correct and exact text, it is necessary to rely on manuscripts and exact editions that were not influenced by the transcribers or by censorship. On numerous occasions the incorrect versions were the cause of questions about Maimonides' words in his work The Code of Maimonides, and as soon as the error in the text was cleared up, the questions became irrelevant.

Since the mid-20th century, four scholarly editions of the work have been printed:

• The edition of Sabetai Frenkel. An edition that includes classical commentators along with others, as well as a complex set of indexes. So far all the books have been printed (the work is divided into 14 parts by subject, each of which is called a "book") except the Book of Love (Ahava).

• The edition of Rabbi Yosef Kapach. An edition based fundamentally on Yemenite manuscripts, to which a summary of the clarifications of Maimonides' commentators over the generations was added.

• The "Simple Hand" (Yad Pshuta) edition of Rabbi Nahum Eliezer Rabinovich. An edition based on several manuscripts (which change from volume to volume according to their accuracy), with the addition of original commentaries. To date, approximately half of the work has been printed.

• The "Exact Code of Maimonides" edition of Rabbi Yitzhak Shilat. An edition without commentaries in which the best-known versions are compared and revised. So far four volumes have been published. The original plan is to publish two volumes per year.

The edition that presents the versions based on manuscripts without any commentary, with numerous indexes and in a single volume (1,000 pages), was published by "Yeshivat Or VeYeshua". The edition presents the exact and revised version of the text based on the edition of Rabbi Yosef Kapach and includes the most important differences between versions with respect to the most renowned editions.

Within the framework of the "Mishne Tora Project (The Code of Maimonides)" of the Yeshivat Or VeYeshua, the publication of a pocket edition is planned, annotated according to various works of Maimonides. So far the Book of Knowledge has been published.

Guide for the Perplexed

Main article: Guide for the Perplexed

Tomb of Maimonides.

Written in Arabic and later translated into Hebrew and other languages, the Guide for the Perplexed is one of Maimonides' most important contributions to philosophy. In it, he attempts to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy with Jewish theology, addressing subjects such as the nature of God, the creation of the world, and divine providence. The work contains all of his philosophical thought, and responses to the Peripatetic school. Its ideas influenced Thomas Aquinas and the Scholastic universities. Probably those that influenced Alfonso de la Torre in the Visión deleitable are:

• Maimonides distinguishes three groups of created beings:
  • minerals, plants and living beings (including man), composed of perishable matter and form.
  • The spheres and the stars, in which form is permanent.
  • Beings endowed with form but without matter, such as angels.
• He accepts creation as an act in accordance with the divine essence, which encompasses all beings, has no end other than itself, and whose duration is therefore unlimited.
• He claims to prove the existence of God from Aristotelian arguments, and affirms His unity and incorporeality.
• The soul is one in essence, but has five faculties: the vital force, the senses, the imagination, appetite (passions and will) and reason (freedom and understanding).
• The understanding is the faculty that characterizes man, while the others he shares with most animals. It may be passive (material understanding that undergoes the action of organic life, is inseparable from the body and individual) or active (acquired or communicated, separate from the body).
• He speaks of the prophetic state, constituted by an illumination superior to what each person can aspire to, which produces the maximum of knowledge and bliss, understanding prophecy as an emanation from God that extends through the intellect to the rational faculty and then to the imaginative faculty.
• Man is free and freedom is a function of the intelligence, and this intellect, as the form of the human soul, is immortal because it does not need the soul for its operations, but understands absolutely separate from the body.
• The resurrection of bodies is owed to faith, but reason can neither demonstrate nor deny it, and he accepts it as a miracle compatible with creation.
• The understanding constitutes the true core of our being, the immortal part of man, and for that reason man must direct all his acts toward attaining the supreme perfection of this faculty through the knowledge of God; to know and love God is the ultimate end of life.
• Man is free and this freedom, acting as such, can by its own strength alone do good disinterestedly.

Medicine

Maimonides' achievements in the field of medicine are known in depth and are cited by many medieval authors. In addition to his work as a philosopher and theologian, Maimonides was a renowned physician. He wrote several medical treatises based on the knowledge of Greco-Roman and Arabic medicine, and his medical practice led him to serve as court physician to Sultan Saladin in Egypt.

One of his most important works on medicine is his Guide to Good Health (Regimen Sanitis), which he wrote in Arabic for Sultan al-Afdal, son of Saladin, who suffered from depression. The work was translated into Latin and published in Florence in 1477, being the first work on medicine to be printed there. Although his prescriptions have become obsolete, "his ideas on preventive medicine, public hygiene, the approach to the patient and the preservation of the health of the soul remain valid". Maimonides wrote ten works on medicine in Arabic, which have been translated into English by the Jewish medical ethicist Fred Rosner. Conferences and research on Maimonides have been held, even in the 21st century, at some universities in Morocco.

• Regimen Sanitatis, Suessmann Muntner (ed.), Mossad Harav Kook: Jerusalem 1963 (translated into Hebrew by Moshe Ibn Tibbon) (OCLC 729184001)
• The Art of Cure – Extracts from Galen (Barzel, 1992, Vol. 5).
• Commentary on the Aphorisms of Hippocrates (Rosner, 1987, Vol. 2; in Hebrew: פירוש לפרקי אבוקראט).
• Medical Aphorisms of Moses (Rosner, 1989, Vol. 3), titled Fusul Musa in Arabic ("Chapters of Moses," in Hebrew: פרקי משה), contains 1,500 aphorisms and describes many medical conditions.
• Treatise on Hemorrhoids (in Rosner, 1984, Vol. 1; in Hebrew: ברפואת הטחורים) also discusses digestion and food.
• Treatise on Cohabitation (in Rosner, 1984, Vol. 1) contains recipes with aphrodisiacs and anti-aphrodisiacs.
• Treatise on Asthma (Rosner, 1994, Vol. 6) discusses climate and diet and their effect on asthma, in addition to emphasizing the need for clean air.
• Treatise on Poisons and Their Antidotes (in Rosner, 1984, Vol. 1), an early book on toxicology that was popular for centuries.
• Regimen of Health (in Rosner, 1990, Vol. 4; in Hebrew: הנהגת הבריאות) is a discourse on healthy living and the body–soul connection.
• Discourse on the Explanation of Fits advocates healthy living and the avoidance of overabundance.
• Glossary of Drug Names (Rosner, 1992, Vol. 7) represents a pharmacopoeia with 405 paragraphs giving the names of medicines in Arabic, Greek, Syriac, Persian, Berber and Spanish.

Influence and legacy

Portrait of Maimonides on postage stamps of Tajikistan (2020).

Maimonides' legacy is vast and multifaceted. His contributions to philosophy, theology and medicine make him a central figure in the intellectual history of the Middle Ages. His attempt to reconcile reason and faith remains relevant in contemporary philosophical and theological debates.

Arab Medicine, painting by Veloso Salgado (1906) in which Maimonides appears standing.

Maimonides' Mishneh Torah is still considered by Jews today as one of the supreme works of codification of Jewish law and ethics. It is considered exceptional because of its logical and concise construction and its clear expression, which is why it has become a standard against other, later codifications, and it is still studied in rabbinic yeshivas. The first person to compile a comprehensive, alphabetically ordered lexicon of Maimonides' Mishneh Torah was Tanhum ha-Yerushalmi (1220–1291). A popular medieval saying that also appears on his epitaph states: "From Moses [of the Torah] to Moses [Maimonides] there was none like Moses".

Likewise, Maimonides was also one of the most influential figures in medieval Jewish philosophy. His brilliant adaptation of Aristotelian thought to the Hebrew faith greatly impressed later Jewish thinkers, and had an immediate historical impact. Jews who lived a century after his death, especially in Spain, tried to apply Maimonides' Aristotelianism in ways that clashed with traditionalist thought and observance, giving rise to an intellectual controversy in the Jewish circles of Spain and the south of France. The intensity of the debate led to interventions by the Catholic Church against "heresy" and a general confiscation of rabbinic texts. As a consequence, the more radical interpretations of Maimonides failed, especially among Ashkenazi Jews, where there was a tendency to ignore his philosophical works and to insist on the rabbinic texts. These works often include philosophical chapters or discussions supporting the observance of Halakha; David Hartman writes that Maimonides clearly expressed "the traditional support for a philosophical understanding of God both in the Aggadah of the Talmud and in the behavior of Hasidic Judaism". Maimonides' thought continues to influence traditionalist Jews.

Because of his search for a synthesis between Aristotle and biblical faith, Maimonides had a great influence on the Christian theologian Saint Thomas Aquinas, who mentions Maimonides in several of his works, including the Libri quattuor sententiarum.

Tributes and honors

Maimonides has been honored on numerous occasions. In Córdoba, his native city, a statue of him made by Amadeo Ruiz Olmos was unveiled in 1964, near the Córdoba Synagogue. Likewise, this city is home to the Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba.

In the United States there is a relief of him in the House of Representatives, while several university and hospital centers are named after him, including the Maimonides School in Brookline, Massachusetts, the Maimonides Academy School in Los Angeles, the Brauser Maimonides Academy in Hollywood, Florida, the Maimonides Medical Unit in Brooklyn, New York, and a learning area of the School of Medicine of Tufts University in Boston.

In Israel, several streets bear his name, the Hebrew acronym Rambam, as does the Rambam University Hospital in Haifa. In 1953, the Israel Postal Company issued a stamp with Maimonides' face. On the one-shekel banknotes, the official currency of Israel, series A featured an illustration of Maimonides' face on the obverse and his tomb in Tiberias on the reverse.

Other institutions in various countries have honored Maimonides by taking his name. In Morocco there is the Maimonides Institute in Casablanca; in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Maimonides University; and in Montreal, Canada, one of the region's main geriatric centers. The University of Hamburg inaugurated the Maimonides Centre for Advanced Studies in 2015.

In 2004, conferences on him were held at Yale University, Florida International University, Pennsylvania State University and the Rambam Hospital in Israel. On the occasion of the celebrations of the 800th anniversary of his death, Harvard University published a commemorative volume.

In March 2008, during the Euromed conference, the ministers of Tourism of Israel, Morocco and Spain agreed to work together on a joint project to follow in the footsteps of Maimonides and create a tourist route through the cities of Córdoba, Fez and Tiberias.

Between December 2018 and January 2019 the Israel Museum held a special exhibition devoted to the writings of Maimonides.

In May 2023, during a review of lexicographic materials of Andalusi origin in the Library of the University of Cambridge, a glossary of terms related to colors, staple foods and herbs written in a Romance language by Maimonides was found.

Bibliography

• Maimónides (2008). Guía de perplejos (in español). Edición a cargo de David Gonzalo Maeso. Madrid: Trotta, quinta edición. ISBN 978-84-8164-222-3.
• Guía de los perplejos, 3 volumes. Mexico City: Conaculta, 2001.
• Libro de los preceptos, 2 volumes. Buenos Aires: Jabad-Lubavitch, 1985
• Mishné Torá. Tel Aviv (Israel): Sinaí, 1998.
• Maimónides (2017). Obras médicas I: El régimen de salud - Tratado sobre la curación de las hemorroides (in español). Barcelona: Herder. ISBN 9788425438776.
• Maimónides (2017). Obras médicas II: El libro del asma (in español). Barcelona: Herder. ISBN 9788425438783.
• Maimónides (2017). Obras médicas III: El comentario a los aforismos de Hipócrates (in español). Barcelona: Herder. ISBN 9788425438790.

On Maimonides

• Aguinis, Marcos: Maimónides. Buenos Aires: Biblioteca Popular Judía, 1976
• Beltrán, Miquel; y Fullana, Guillema (2005). El Dios de Maimónides (in español). Zaragoza: Certeza. ISBN 978-84-96219-44-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
• Dubnow, Simón. Manual de la Historia judía. Buenos Aires: Sigal, 1977.
• "Averroes y Maimónides. Dos grandes espíritus del siglo XII", article in the magazine El Correo de la UNESCO, no. 9; 1986.
• Gaos, José (1940): La filosofía de Maimónides.
• Hayoun, Maurice-Ruben (1998): Maimónides o el otro Moisés. Santiago de Chile: Dolmen, 1998.
• Heschel, Abraham Joshua: Maimónides. Buenos Aires: Amia, 1997.
• Orián, Meir: Maimónides, maestro de generaciones. Montevideo: Comunidad Israelita del Uruguay, 1975.
• Perednik, Gustavo (2005): Grandes pensadores judíos en la civilización occidental. Montevideo: Universidad ORT, 2005
• Goic Goic, Alejandro (2004). Grandes médicos humanistas (in español). Editorial Universitaria. pp. 49 ff. ISBN 9789561117167.
• Kraemer, Joel L. (2012). Maimónides: vida y enseñanzas del gran filósofo judío (in español). Buenos Aires: Kairós. ISBN 9788472457539.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)

External links

• Maimonides Rabbi Moses ben Maimon, 1135-1204 ("Rambam")
• Rambam (in Russian)
• Mishneh Torah translated into Portuguese and Spanish
• Mishne Tora en un solo tomo con 8 índices
• JUDERIA.NET: Multilingual site devoted to the Jewish Quarter of Córdoba and to Maimonides, with nearly a thousand images and texts translated into English, Hebrew, Spanish and Arabic
• José Gaos, La filosofía de Maimónides. Digital ed.: Alicante, Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, 2000, based on the ed. of Mexico, La Casa de España en México, 1940.
• Yale University: visual art works based on the legacy of Maimonides
• Daily Audiovisual Study of the Mishneh Torah in Spanish