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Julián Juderías
Julián Juderías | |
|---|---|
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| Born | Julián Juderías y Loyot September 16, 1877 |
| Died | June 19, 1918 |
Resting place | Almudena Cemetery |
| Spouse | Florentina Delgado González |
| Signature | |
Julián María Juderías y Loyot (Madrid, September 16, 1877 – ibid., June 19, 1918) was a Spanish historian, sociologist, journalist, translator, interpreter and civil servant.
A member of the regenerationist current that emerged after the Disaster of '98, he stood out for his studies on Spanish social reality, child protection, emigration, crime, international relations and the image of Spain abroad.
A polyglot with a deep knowledge of European history and culture, he carried out intense intellectual activity in the public administration, the press and various scientific and cultural institutions. Throughout his career he published numerous works on social and historical questions, becoming one of the most relevant figures of Spanish thought in the early 20th century on matters related to social policy and the interpretation of national history.
He is known mainly for having popularized and defined the concept of the "Black Legend", an expression with which he described the body of narratives, stereotypes and unfavorable judgments spread about Spain and the Hispanic Monarchy since the 16th century. His work La leyenda negra y la verdad histórica (1914) contributed decisively to the spread of the term and became a fundamental reference for the historiographical study of the international perception of Spain, exerting a notable influence on later debates about national identity, the legacy of the Spanish Empire and the external projection of Spanish history.
Biography
Julián was born in the family home on Calle Goya in Madrid, into an enlightened family.
His father, Mariano Juderías, was a well-known translator and author of historical essays. His mother was the Frenchwoman Enrique Loyot (born in Paris in 1842), and of his eight great-grandparents, two were Spanish, five French and one German.
Entry into the civil service
In August 1894, about to turn seventeen and already trilingual (English and French, in addition to his own language), he began working at the Ministry of State as a joven de lenguas (language trainee), a post he would hold for about six years at the ministry in Madrid.
During these years he met the woman who would become his wife, Florinda Delgado, daughter of the army officer Cándido Delgado Llamas, a native of Santibáñez de Vidriales in the Province of Zamora, who died during the Cuban War, and of Teresa González, from Madrid.
Travels abroad
In 1900, just four days after his father's death, he was granted a place at the School of Oriental Languages in Paris, with an annual salary of 3,000 pesetas. There and in Leipzig he studied and perfected his knowledge of Russian and other Slavic languages.
In September 1901 he was appointed joven de lenguas at the Spanish consulate in Odesa. He remained there until December 1903, when he returned to Madrid to "assist in the work of language interpretation".
In February 1904 he won the post of "third-class interpreter", having demonstrated his command of the Russian and Hungarian languages.
On April 5, 1905, he married Florinda Delgado in the parish of San Marcos in Madrid, and the following year, in May 1906, his only daughter, Clementina Juderías, was born.
Final years
On June 16, 1914, he was awarded the Legion of Honour of the French Republic.
In February 1918 he was hired by the newspaper El Debate, for which he wrote articles on international politics, and on March 1 of that same year his admission to the Royal Academy of History was approved.
He contracted the so-called Spanish flu and died at his home on Calle Preciados on June 19 of that same year, 1918.
Numerous personalities attended his funeral, and a few days later El Debate opened a national subscription to keep his widow and daughter from being left destitute: the Senate contributed 2,500 pesetas, His Majesty King Alfonso XIII contributed 1,000, as did the Royal Academy of History. When the subscription closed, almost 30,000 pesetas were handed over to the family, the equivalent of about five years of the deceased's salary.[1]
Literary activity
During his stay in Russia he began contributing to the magazine La Lectura, of which he would be editor-in-chief from 1909 until his death. For years he ran the section "Revista de revistas", reporting on and translating articles from the sixteen languages he knew: German, Bohemian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Danish, French, Dutch, Hungarian, English, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Serbian and Swedish.
His first work, El obrero y la ley obrera en Rusia (1903), was a sociological essay on the condition of the worker in Russia, followed by Rusia Contemporánea (1904), which earned him great recognition.[2]
From 1904 until his death he was linked to the Institute of Social Reforms, today the CES, researching and comparing the treatment given in different countries to questions such as juvenile delinquency, juvenile courts, mendicancy, prostitution and the white slave trade, and small urban and rural credit, today called microcredit.
He wrote a great number of scholarly works, but he is remembered above all for having popularized in one of them the expression "Black Legend" to refer to the uncertain, exaggerated or manipulated treatment of the facts of the history of Spain, in matters such as the Central European and Italian Spanish Empire, the Spanish Inquisition or the conquest and colonization of America. Until the publication of the first biography of Juderías (2007) he was believed to be the inventor of the expression and the concept, but we now know that he had predecessors, such as Emilia Pardo Bazán in 1899 and Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, in the context of their respective lectures in Paris (1899) and Buenos Aires (1909).
Juderías was also considered a reactionary, but his biographer showed that, far from being one, he was a prominent regenerationist, linked to three of the landmarks of Spanish regenerationism: the Ateneo de Madrid (where he modernized the library, creating its bulletin and improving document management), the magazine La Lectura and the Institute of Social Reforms. His travels, and the universality given to him by his understanding of the cultures associated with languages, also have much to do with another of the dimensions of his work: sociology.
Perhaps because of the skills acquired in professionally compiling articles, laws and monographs on social reforms, he also took to collecting Histories of Spain in different languages and therefore with different approaches. He is said to have gathered twenty-four of them, written in at least five of the sixteen languages he read, plus a multitude of books and articles on topics of the history of his nation, told by writers from other countries.
In 1913, Juderías won a literary competition organized by the magazine La Ilustración Española y Americana with a work on the alleged manipulations, exaggerations or falsifications of historical facts that have ended up, according to some Spaniards, associating them individually and collectively, more than other nations, with attributes of fanaticism, cruelty, intolerance, greed, tyranny or a taste for barbaric spectacles. The Inquisition, the Brevísima historia de la destrucción de las Indias by Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, the repression in the Low Countries or bullfighting are examples in support of those attributions.
After the publication in 1914 of "La leyenda negra y la verdad histórica" in La Ilustración Española y Americana, in five installments spread over the January and February issues, he republished it in expanded form ("an expansion, and if you will a ratification," was his own presentation) in the same year, and published a second edition in 1917, adding a large chapter: "La obra de España". This second edition was sponsored by Juan C. Cebrián. Since then the reissues of that work have been numerous, always based on the second edition.
Less than two months after his admission to the Royal Academy of History, Juderías died at the age of forty, a victim of the so-called Spanish flu.
Years after his death, Juderías's works would exert a great influence on conservative authors such as Ramiro de Maeztu or José María de Areilza. The latter tried to identify criticism of the Franco regime with the Black Legend and was largely responsible for Juderías's classic being reissued once again.
Works
History

- Un proceso político en tiempos de Felipe III: don Rodrigo Calderón, marqués de Siete Iglesias; su vida, su proceso y su muerte, Madrid, Tip. de la Rev. de Archivos, 1906
- Los favoritos de Felipe III: don Pedro Franqueza, conde de Villalonga y Secretario de Estado, Madrid, Imprenta de la Revista de Archivos, 1909
- España en tiempos de Carlos II el Hechizado: obra que obtuvo el Premio Charro Hidalgo en el concurso abierto por el Ateneo de Madrid en 1908-1910, Madrid, Tip. de la Revista de Archivos, 1912
- Don Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos: su vida, su tiempo, sus obras, su influencia social: obra premiada por la Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas, Madrid, Imp. de J. Ratés, 1913
- "La leyenda negra y la verdad histórica: España en Europa, trabajo premiado por La Ilustración Española y Americana en el concurso de 1913", La Ilustración Española y Americana, Madrid, January–February 1914
- La leyenda negra y la verdad histórica: contribución al estudio del concepto de España en Europa, de las causas de este concepto y de la tolerancia política y religiosa en los países civilizados, Madrid, Tip. de la Revista de Archivos, 1914
- Gibraltar: apuntes para la historia de la pérdida de esta plaza, de los sitios que le pusieron los españoles y de las negociaciones entre España e Inglaterra referentes a su restitución: 1704-1796, Madrid, Tip. de la Rev. de Archivos, 1915
- La leyenda negra: estudios acerca del concepto de España en el Extranjero: segunda edición completamente refundida, aumentada y provista de nuevas indicaciones bibliográficas, Barcelona, Araluce, 1917
- La reconstrucción de la historia de España desde el punto de vista nacional: discursos leídos ante la Real Academia de la Historia en el acto de su recepción pública por el Excmo. Sr. don Julián Juderías y Loyot y por el Excmo. Sr. don Jerónimo Bécker y González, académico de número, el 28 de abril de 1918, Madrid, Imprenta Clásica Española, 1918
- Don Francisco de Quevedo y Villegas: la época, el hombre, las doctrinas: obra premiada con accésit por la Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas en el concurso ordinario de 1917, Madrid, Establecimiento Tipográfico de Jaime Ratés, 1923.
Sociology
- El obrero y la ley obrera en Rusia, Madrid, Ministerio de Estado, 1903, Madrid, Ministerio de Estado, 1903, published in the Gaceta de Madrid (24.6.1903)
- La miseria y la criminalidad en las grandes ciudades de Europa y América, Madrid, Imp. de Arias, 1906
- La protección a la infancia en el extranjero, Madrid, Imp. de Arias. 1908
- Los hombres inferiores: estudio acerca del pauperismo en los grandes centros de población, Madrid, 1909, vol. VII of the Biblioteca de Ciencias Penales
- La reglamentación de la prostitución y la trata de blancas, Madrid, 1909
- Le Patronage Royal pour la repression de la traite des blanches et le Congrès de la Fédération Abolitioniste Internationale (Genève septembre 1908), Madrid, Suc. de Minuesa de los Ríos, 1908
- El problema de la mendicidad: medios prácticos de resolverlo, memoria que obtuvo el Premio del Ministro de la Gobernación en el concurso abierto en 1908 por la Sociedad Española de Higiene, Madrid, 1909
- Le petit crédit urbain et rural en Espagne, Bruxelles, Comité International de l'Association pour l'étude des problèmes des classes moyennes, 1909
- El problema del abolicionismo, memoria presentada al Congreso de la Asociación Española para el progreso de las Ciencias celebrado en Valencia, Madrid, 1909
- Los tribunales para niños: medios de implantarlos en España, ponencia presentada al Consejo Superior de Protección a la Infancia y publicada por éste, Madrid, 1910
- La trata de blancas: estudio de este problema en España y en el Extranjero, memoria premiada por la Sociedad Española de Higiene en el concurso de 1910, Madrid, 1911
- La higiene y su influencia en la legislación, memoria premiada por la Sociedad Española de Higiene en su concurso de 1911, Madrid, 1911
- La infancia abandonada: leyes e instituciones protectoras, memoria premiada por la Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas en el concurso de la fundación del señor d. José Santa María de Hita, Madrid, Imp. de J. Ratés, 1912
- La juventud delincuente: leyes e instituciones que tienden a su regeneración, memoria premiada por la Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas, Madrid, Imp. de J. Ratés, 1912
- Recueil des lois et ordonnances en vigueur pour la répression de la traite des blanches dans les principaux pays d'Europe et d'Amérique: fait au nom du Patronage Royal Espagnol pour la Repression de la Traite des Blanches, Madrid, Imp. Suc. de M. Minuesa de los Ríos, 1913
- Mendicidad y vagancia, ponencia para la Asamblea Nacional de Protección a la Infancia y represión de la mendicidad, 13-18 de abril de 1914; sección 3ª, Madrid, Imp. del Asilo de Huérfanos, 1914
- El problema de la infancia obrera en España, publicación de la Sección Española de la Asociación Internacional para la Protección Legal de los Trabajadores, Madrid, 1917
- Problemas de la infancia delincuente: la criminalidad, el tribunal, el reformatorio, Biblioteca «Pro-Infantia», Madrid, 1917.
Politics

- Rusia contemporánea: estudios acerca de su situación actual, Madrid, Imp. de Fortanet, 1904.
Translations
- Páginas eslavas: cuentos y narraciones de Gogol, Pushkin, Wagner, Marlinsky, Sagoskin, Gorki, etc. Madrid, Imp. Artes Gráficas, 1912. Includes: La bruja, by Gogol; El Kan y su hijo, by Gorky; Las dos cuñadas, by Sagoskin; El velo rojo, by Marlinsky; Myrrha, by Wagner; La hidalga campesina, by Pushkin; La dama de pique, by Pushkin; Una noche extraordinaria, by Chekhov; Dos cuentos populares, by Tolstoy
- Strindberg, August, "La señorita Julia" (Fröken Julie), "El padre" (Fadren), Madrid, Imp. Artes Gráficas, 1909
- Pushkin, Alexander, La hidalga campesina; Azar en el juego; El desafío, Madrid, Imp. de la Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos, 1916 (reissued in Madrid, Biblioteca El Sol, 1992)
- Andrieief, Leónidas, "Erase una vez..." La Lectura, 1913, I, pp. 45–58
- Dickens, Charles, "Documentos póstumos del club Pickwick" (excerpt), La Lectura, 1914, I, pp. 285–294
- Gatty, Margaret, "La nieve roja", La Lectura, 1913, II, pp. 170–177
- Hoffmann, E.T.A., "El tonelero de Núremberg", La Lectura, 1914, I, pp. 426–432; 1914, II, pp. 53–59, 150–160, 264–271, 395–402
- Pinheiro Chagas, "La cuna siniestra: leyenda histórica portuguesa", La Lectura, 1913, I, pp. 388–399; 1913, II, pp. 46–56
- Turguénev, Iván, "Un rey Lear de la estepa", La Lectura, 1913, II, pp. 295–301, 417–427; 1913, III, pp. 49–56, 281–290, 414–429.
Articles
- "Una boda regia a principios del siglo XVII", La España Moderna, May 1906
- "Españoles y franceses en el siglo XVII", La Lectura, 1911, III, pp. 126 to 134
- "Madrid en tiempos de Carlos II el Hechizado", La Lectura, 1911, III, pp. 434 to 448
- "Estado político-militar de España a finales del siglo XVII", Revista técnica de Infantería y Caballería, August–September 1911
- "Políticos y militares españoles bajo el reinado de Carlos II", Revista técnica de Infantería y Caballería, January–September 1912
- "La formación de la América Española según un libro reciente" (Les démocraties latines de l'Amérique, par J. García Calderón), La Lectura, 1913, I, pp. 11 to 19 and 142 to 154.
- "La candidatura de Hohenzollern al trono de España" (on the studies of Richard Fester), La Lectura, 1913, II, pp. 307 to 309
- "El pensamiento político catalán durante la guerra del Rosellón según un libro reciente", La Lectura, 1913, III, pp. 269 to 280
- "Felipe II según un libro reciente" (Fanatiques. Philippe II d'Espagne, par E. Clauzel), La Lectura, 1913, II, pp. 279 to 294
- "Los comienzos de una privanza", La Lectura, 1915, III, pp. 62 to 71 and 405 to 414
- "Los exploradores españoles del siglo XVI" (on the translation of Charles Lummis's book The Spanish Pioneers), La Lectura, 1916, I, pp. 192 to 197
- "España y sus políticos en tiempos de Mendizábal, según Lord Clarendon", La Lectura, 1917, III, pp. 242 to 253 and 362 to 375
- "Tomás Juan Barnardo", Revista Penitenciaria, 1906, pp. 593 to 603
- "Juan Enrique Wichern y su sistema de educación protectora", Revista Penitenciaria, 1909?, pp. 721 to 727
- "Un alma grande: Josefina Butler", La Lectura, 1909, II, pp. 407 to 422
- "Socialismo y sindicalismo" (on the book by Philip Snowden), La Lectura, 1913, III, pp. 439 to 444
- "La huelga minera inglesa en los periódicos y en las revistas", La Lectura, 1912, pp. 42 to 59 and 158 to 169
- "Alemania vista por un francés" (on Huret's book En Allemagne), La Lectura, 1909, III, pp. 198 to 202
- "La unidad imperial inglesa" (on the book Imperial Unity, by Viscount Milner), La Lectura, 1909, III, pp. 318 to 324
- "Guillermo II, su carácter y sus ideas según un libro reciente", La Lectura, 1912, I, pp. 225 to 231
- "La prensa en los Estados Unidos", Nuestro Tiempo, 1912, I, pp. 79 to 87
- "El imperialismo japonés" (on Henri Labroue's book L'Impérialisme japonais), La Lectura, 1912, I, pp. 386 to 394
- "Silueta egregia: Mutsu Hito, emperador del Japón", La Lectura, 1912, III, pp. 1–8
- "El Times de Londres, sus orígenes y su organización", La Lectura, 1912, III, pp. 142–149
- "En los Balkanes: los estados, las razas, las ambiciones", La Lectura, 1912, III, pp. 238–248
- "El tratado hispano-francés ante el Parlamento español", La Lectura, 1913, I, pp. 20–44 and 155–178, an account of the different points of view held in the Congress
- "Los secretos de la prensa europea: un libro sensacional. A propósito de la obra de Joseph Eberle Grossmacht presse", La Lectura, 1913, II, 409–416; 1913, III, pp. 40 to 48
- "Literatura de la guerra" (bibliography of the European war), La Lectura, more than twenty reviews spread between 1914 and 1918
- "Don Antonio Maura y los problemas de la vida española", La Lectura, 1917, II
- "Chejov", La Lectura, 1902, III, pp. 165–170
- "Nicolás Vasilievich Gogol. A propósito de su primer centenario", La Lectura, 1909, I, pp. 414–430
- "Tolstoi en la intimidad" (on Serge Persky's book Tolstoi Intime), La Lectura, 1909, III, pp. 440–449
- "El triunfo de la imaginación: Selma Lagerlöf", La Lectura, 1910, I, pp. 44–52
- "Una nueva biografía de Dickens" (on a book by Chesterton, Charles Dickens), La Lectura, 1910, I, pp. 74–85
- "La literatura contemporánea en Rusia", Nuestro Tiempo, 1910, III, pp. 85–96
- "El conde León Nicolaievich Tolstoi: apuntes biográficos", La Lectura, 1910, III, pp. 392–405
- "Tolstoi y la prensa europea", 1910, III, pp. 405–421
- "August Strindberg", La Lectura, 1912, II, pp. 233–245
- "Un filósofo del amor: Remy de Gourmont", Nuestro Tiempo, 1912, III, pp. 293–300
- "La correspondencia de don Juan Valera", La Lectura, 1913, I, pp. 130–142 (signed as Bénder)
- "Shakespeare no fue autor dramático" (on the book by Demblon Lord Rutland et Shakespeare), La Lectura, 1913, I, pp. 244–253
- "La muerte, según Maeterlinck", La Lectura, 1913, II, pp. 34–45
- "Romancerillo del Plata. A propósito del libro de Ciro Bayo", La Lectura, 1913, II, pp. 438–442
- "Vida y aventuras de Fray Tiburcio de Redin. A propósito del libro de don Julio Puyol y Alonso", La Lectura, 1913, III, pp. 448–452
- "Don Juan Valera: apuntes para su biografía", La Lectura, 1913, III, pp. 151–159; 245–256; 393–404; 1914, I, pp. 32–38; 166–174; 396–408; 1914, II, pp. 138–149; 254–263
- "La bondad, la tolerancia y el optimismo en las obras de don Juan Valera", La Ilustración Española y Americana, August–September 1914.
- "Los orígenes de Gil Blas de Santillana", La Lectura, 1916, I, pp. 280–286; 395–400; 1916, II, pp. 47–56.
- "La idea del Quijote en España y su evolución", La Lectura, 1916, II, pp. 140–144; 287–295
- "La novela uruguaya", La Lectura, 1917, I, pp. 19–31
- "Don Juan Valera y don Gumersindo Laverde: fragmentos de una correspondencia médica", 1917, III, pp. 15–27; 165–178
- "Tristezas de la guerra" (on Sous le joug de la guerre. Impressions d'un petit homme des grands jours, by Léonid Andreief), 1918, I, pp. 47–57
- "La literatura norteamericana en España. A propósito de un libro", La Lectura, 1918, I, pp. 350–355
- "La España moderna. Das moderne Spanien, von Gustav Diercks", La Lectura, 1910, I, pp. 59–75
- "La verdad acerca de España. The truth about Spain, by G. H. Ward", La Lectura, 1911, pp. 228–239
- "La vida doméstica en España. Home life in Spain, by S. L. Bensusan", La Lectura, 1911, II, pp. 206–217
- "Cuatro meses a pie por España. Four months afoot in Spain, by Harry A. Frank", La Lectura, 1912, II, pp. 83–86
- "Un nuevo libro acerca de España. A propósito de Spanien Kulturbilleder, de Karl Bratli", La Lectura, 1913, I, pp. 303–306.
Articles in El Debate
- "El Cardenal Cisneros y M. Pitollet", 10.2.1918
- "Don Quebrantahuesos, grande de España", 2.3.1918
- "España y la opinión pública alemana", 16.3.1918
- "El ejemplo de Cristo, según Don Francisco de Quevedo", 30.3.1918
- "Los españoles no éramos latinos en 1890: ¿lo somos en 1918?", 18.4.1918
- "Don Quijote en Irlanda", 27.4.1918
- "Don Quijote en Irlanda", 1.5.1918
- "Cómo tomaron los españoles Amiens en 1597", 11.5.1918
- "Una defensa absurda de nuestra colonización", 30.5.1918
Under the pseudonym Marcos de Obregón
- "Rectificaciones históricas", 8.2.1918
- "Las ideas de Mr. Wilson", 14.2.1918
- "Candor de los yanquis", 21.2.1918
- "Un plagio intolerable", 7.3.1918
- "Los socialistas alemanes y la Conferencia de Londres", 20.3.1918
- "Espejo de neutrales", 22.3.1918
- "Sociedad libre de Naciones o England, America & Cº Limited", 6.4.1918
- "¿Quién impidió la conciliación entre España y los Estados Unidos en 1898?", 8.4.1918
- "Un debate parlamentario acerca de Gibraltar en 1782", 10.4.1918
- "¿Se desmorona el Imperio británico?", 14.4.1918
- "Bélgica e Irlanda", 24.4.1918
- "Irlanda en el siglo XIX: insistiendo", 4.5.1918
- "España, Inglaterra, Gibraltar, etc: rectificando", 6.5.1918
- "Cosas de Irlanda: nueva réplica a 'Anglo-Irlandés'", 8.5.1918
- "La aportación de la Múltiple (tercera y última réplica a Anglo-Irlandés)", 14.5.1918
- "Bélgica e Irlanda: epílogo a una polémica", 22.5.1918
- "Francia y el corso en 1796", 24.5.1918
- "Por qué fracasó la tentativa de paz del Emperador Carlos", 27.5.1915
- "La culta Europa y los salvajes de África", 5.6.1918
References
- ↑ Español Bouché, Luis (2007). Leyendas negras. Vida y obra de Julián Juderías (in español). Junta de Castilla y León. p. 62. ISBN 9788497184441.
- ↑ Julian Juderías Loyot Memorial Hispanidad
Bibliography
- Luis Español Bouché, Leyendas negras: vida y obra de Julián Juderías, Salamanca, Junta de Castilla y León: Consejería de Cultura y Turismo, 2007, ISBN 978-84-9718-444-1
- Escolar Sobrino, Hipólito (1997). "Julián Juderías y la difusión del libro". Revista General de Información y Documentación.
