| Content from Wikipedia under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license ⇔ Maps from OpenStreetMap under the ODbL license |
Joan I of Navarre
| Joan I of Navarre | |
|---|---|
| Queen of Navarre, Queen consort of France, Countess of Champagne and Brie | |
 Joan I. | |
.svg){kind=small} Queen of Navarre | |
| Reign | 1274 – 1305 |
| Predecessor | Henry I of Navarre |
| Successor | Louis I of Navarre |
.svg){kind=small} Queen consort of France | |
| Reign | 1285 – 1305 |
| Predecessor | Maria of Brabant |
| Successor | Margaret of Burgundy |
| Born | January 14, 1273 Bar-sur-Seine .svg){kind=small} |
| Died | April 4, 1305 Vincennes |
| Spouse | Philip IV of France and I of Navarre |
| Issue | See Issue |
| House | Champagne |
| Father | Henry I |
| Mother | Blanche of Artois |
Joan I of Navarre (b. Bar-sur-Seine, January 14, 1273 – Vincennes, April 4, 1305[1]) was Queen of Navarre and Countess of Champagne and of Brie between 1274 and 1305. She was also Queen consort of France between 1285 and 1305, owing to her marriage to the then future Philip IV "the Fair" of France. She was the daughter of Henry I and Blanche of Artois. She was the last Queen of the House of Champagne.
Biography
She succeeded her father Henry I at the age of 3,[1] with her mother as regent. This situation brought increased pressure from the Castilians, Aragonese and French, each seeking to marry the heiress and thereby incorporate the kingdom into their domains. Blanche, Joan's mother, was French, a niece of the late King Louis IX as the daughter of his brother Robert I of Artois, and so she asked for help from her first cousin Philip III of France. The monarch decided to marry her to his son Philip, when she was 11 and he was 16, getting ahead of Alfonso X the Wise, who wished to marry her to his own son. In this way, Philip the Fair became King Philip I of Navarre, Count of Champagne and of Brie. From this moment on, the history of the Kingdom of Navarre was bound to the history of the Kingdom of France.
Accession to the throne of France
The following year, in 1285, Philip III died and his son ascended the throne as Philip IV. He championed a centralized and all-powerful state, and the need for money to sustain this type of government shaped the policies applied in France and in Navarre:
- devaluation of the currency, reducing its gold and silver weight;
- imposition of heavy taxes on the Jews, who held the money, since the Church forbade Christians to engage in banking;
- sale of noble titles to wealthy burghers;
- exemption of serfs from their obligations in exchange for money;
- imposition of tithes on the clergy.
Conflicts with the Roman Church
In response to these measures, Boniface VIII forbade the clergy to provide subsidies to laymen. The King prohibited the export of gold and silver from the kingdom, to the Pope's protest. Boniface VIII finally gave way, but in 1301 the King arrested the Bishop of Pamiers, and Boniface VIII reacted by accusing the King of violating the prerogatives of the Church and was preparing to excommunicate him when he was seized by the King's men. The Pope died a month after this event, after being freed by the population of the city.
His successors Benedict XI and above all Clement V, elected through Philip's intervention, backed down: Clement V appointed French cardinals, revoked all of Boniface VIII's decisions against Philip IV and settled in Avignon. The French state had defeated Rome.
- Finally, since the Templars, owing to their prestige, had acted as bankers, he decided to seize their wealth, which he achieved by bringing accusations against the Order until obtaining its dissolution. Its leaders, including the Grand Master Jacques de Molay, were arrested in 1307 on charges of heresy. In 1309, a first group of Templars went to the stake. In 1312, the Holy See suppressed the order, but in 1314 Philip had the dignitaries of the Temple burned as relapsed heretics. In this way he was able to seize the movable property of the order; its real estate was granted to the Hospitallers.
- In Navarre, the French regime intensified anti-Judaism; King Philip and Queen Joan restricted the activity of the Hebrews by establishing that in their loans they would receive only the amount lent, without any kind of interest.
- He granted the Order of Grandmont the church of Corella with all its revenues, valued at 125 pounds a year, in exchange for the property of the monastery of Tudela, which reverted to the crown, except for the plot on which it was built, the orchard, the aqueduct and the use of the woodland of the Bardena.
However, he was unable to repeal the General Fuero of Navarre, set down in writing in 1250 by the nobility to prevent royal abuses.
When Joan died in 1305, the natives of the Navarrese kingdom agreed to keep the kingdom for her son Louis, since they did not wish to continue maintaining Philip the Fair as King in Navarre. Louis finally swore to the fueros in October 1307.[2]
Marriage and issue
On August 14, 1284, she married the future King Philip IV of France in the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris, thereby associating her spouse with the throne as Philip I of Navarre, King of Navarre and Count of Champagne and of Brie.
Seven children were born of this marriage:
- Louis the Stubborn (b. October 4, 1289 – d. castle of Bois de Vincennes, June 5, 1316), King of France and Navarre upon the death of his parents, from 1314 to 1316. Married to Margaret of Burgundy and to Clementia of Hungary; father of Joan II of Navarre and of John I of France.
- Margaret (1290 – 1294). She was betrothed to King Ferdinand IV of Castile, but her premature death frustrated the marriage.
- Blanche (1293 – 1294).
- Philip the Tall (1291 – Longchamps, January 3, 1322), Count of Burgundy through his marriage to Joan of Burgundy (1307) and usufructuary Count of Poitiers (1311); he succeeded to the throne of France his nephew John I, for whom he was regent. He was King of France as Philip V from 1316 to 1322. He established the Salic Law, or Law of the Males, eliminating his niece Joan from the succession to the throne in the main line of the Capetians.
- Isabella, known as "the She-Wolf of France"[3] (Paris, 1292 – Roseing, August 22, 1358), married to Edward II, King of England (1284–1327). Mother of Edward III of England, who began the Hundred Years' War.
- Charles the Fair (Clermont, 1294 – castle of Bois de Vincennes, February 1, 1328), Count of La Marche (1314); he succeeded his brother Philip V on the throne from 1322 to 1328 as Charles IV of France.
- Robert (1297 – St. Germain-en-Laye, 1308).
Genealogy
Genealogy of Joan I of Navarre
- Generation 1
- 1. Joan I of Navarre
- Generation 2 (parents)
- 2. Henry I of Navarre
- 3. Blanche of Artois
- Generation 3 (grandparents)
- 4. Theobald I of Navarre
- 5. Margaret of Bourbon
- 6. Robert I of Artois
- 7. Matilda of Brabant
- Generation 4 (great-grandparents)
- 8. Theobald III of Champagne
- 9. Blanche of Navarre
- 10. Archambaud VIII of Bourbon
- 11. Guigone (Alice) of Forez
- 12. Louis VIII of France
- 13. Blanche of Castile
- 14. Henry II of Brabant
- 15. Maria of Swabia
- Generation 5 (great-great-grandparents)
- 16. Henry I of Champagne
- 17. Marie Capet
- 18. Sancho VI of Navarre
- 19. Sancha of Castile
- 20. Guy II of Dampierre
- 21. Matilda of Bourbon
- 24. Philip II of France
- 25. Isabella of Hainault
- 26. Alfonso VIII of Castile
- 27. Eleanor Plantagenet
- 28. Henry I of Brabant
- 29. Matilda of Boulogne
- 30. Philip of Swabia
- 31. Irene Angelina
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Herreros Lopetegui, Susana (1993). "Navarra en la órbita francesa". Historia Ilustrada de Navarra (in español). Pamplona: Diario de Navarra. ISBN 84-604-7413-5.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - ↑ Lacarra, José María (1972). El Juramento de los reyes de Navarra (1234-1329) (in español). Real Academia de la Historia. pp. 50–52.
- ↑ http://www.archive.org/stream/agnesstricklands01striiala/agnesstricklands01striiala_djvu.txt
See also
External links
