Elisabeth of Valois

From Hispanopedia
Elisabeth of Valois
Born
Élisabeth de Valois

(1545-04-02)April 2, 1545
Fontainebleau (France)
DiedOctober 3, 1568(1568-10-03) (aged 23)
Aranjuez (Spain)
Cause of death
Pyelonephritis
Resting place
Pantheon of Infantes of the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial
OccupationAristocrat
TitleQueen consort of Spain, Portugal, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, Duchess of Milan, titular Duchess Consort of Burgundy and Sovereign Consort of the Netherlands
TermQueen consort of Spain (1559–1568)
SpousePhilip II of Spain (1559–1568)
ChildrenIsabella Clara Eugenia of Austria
Catherine Michelle of Austria
Parent(s)Henry II of France
Catherine de' Medici
FamilyValois dynasty

Elisabeth of Valois, Elisabeth of France or Isabel de la Paz (in French, Élisabeth de France; Fontainebleau, April 2, 1546 – Aranjuez, October 3, 1568) was a French Princess, the third wife of King Philip II of Spain (as a result of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, which established peace between Spain and France), and Queen consort of Spain from 1559 until her death.

Early years

Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici, the parents of Elisabeth of Valois.

Elisabeth of Valois was the second daughter of King Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici. Her parents influenced Elisabeth, and she always had a special affection for her father. Throughout her life her mother also had a great influence. Once she was living in Spain, there was a steady correspondence between mother and daughter, in which Catherine gave her advice of every kind (relations with her husband, subjects, medicines, etc.).

Elisabeth's childhood was spent in the French royal nursery, where her father insisted that she share her room with her future sister-in-law, Mary, Queen of Scots, who was about three years older. Although Elisabeth had to give precedence to Mary (because Mary was already a crowned Queen), the two would remain close friends for the rest of their lives. She spent her first years in a Renaissance court, full of luxury, where art predominated in every sphere.

Elisabeth of Valois had a special relationship with her parents, but the one she adored was her father, King Henry II of France. That is why the relationship her father maintained with his mistress Diane de Poitiers, which became public in 1536, always displeased her. Henry gave the Château de Chenonceau, which Catherine wanted for herself, to his mistress, who moreover placed herself at the center of power. This relationship surely marked Elisabeth's personality, and she saw it reflected in her own marriage, when she suffered some infidelity on the part of her husband.

As Elisabeth of Valois grew up, she became a key piece in the marriage policies of the French monarchy. Queen Catherine planned an advantageous marriage, and Elisabeth's first suitor was Edward VI of England, but he died prematurely in 1553. This marriage sought an alliance with the English, and was well regarded by both monarchies, because it was a way of joining forces and being able to offer greater resistance to Spanish power. Soon a new marriage project would appear that would fulfill her mother's ambitions, and with the most powerful nation of the time to boot: Spain. Spain and France were two enemy nations, since both sought to hold supreme power in Europe.

Betrothal to the Prince of Asturias

After the sudden death of Edward VI, her substitute betrothed was Prince Carlos, when France and Spain decided to make peace through a marriage union. On April 3, 1559, the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis was signed, which aimed to eliminate all causes of discord between France and Spain, achieving a just peace in which there would be neither winners nor losers. The two main parties each gave up something but obtained something else, swearing perpetual friendship between kings, successors and subjects. The true guarantee of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis was the marriage.

Prince Carlos's physical development was deficient, because he had fallen ill with malaria at the age of 11, which caused an abnormal development of his spine and legs, so that he could not walk upright and limped. Philip II thought of marrying him to Mary I of Scotland, a risky marriage, since it would arouse the enmity of France, England and possibly the Holy Roman Empire. These reasons, together with the Prince's personality, led Philip to let the negotiations cool. On the other hand, Carlos wanted to govern the Habsburg Netherlands as his father had promised him in 1559, but the instability in those territories, together with the Monarch's distrust, caused him to break that promise, and in fact he did not even summon him to discuss the matter.[1]

Carlos's father, Philip II, had married Mary I of England; he had no romantic feelings toward her and had only sought the marriage alliance out of political and strategic interests.[2] Mary died without issue on November 17, 1558, and Philip did not wish to cut off his relationship with England, so he sent a marriage proposal to his late wife's sister, Elizabeth I of England. However, she was slow to reply, and at that moment she learned that Philip was also considering an alliance with the House of Valois. In addition, a report reached Philip's court: Elizabeth "had something that rendered her unfit for marriage"; apparently she suffered from a genital malformation with absence of menstruation and vaginal aplasia. This is why Philip II, widowed for the second time, with the pressing need to obtain a healthy male heir, and having rejected the new English queen, decided to modify the plans for the alliance between Carlos and Elisabeth, he himself becoming the husband of the young French princess.

The later accusations made about Elisabeth's supposed infidelity with Carlos of Austria, and the theory that her death was brought about for this reason, have no historical foundation, since on the contrary, Philip II trusted his wife blindly. Proof of that trust is that in 1565 he sent her on a diplomatic mission to France, accompanied by the Duke of Alba, so that Catherine de' Medici would change the direction of her policy toward the Protestants. Although the Bayonne talks were not successful, Philip had no reproaches for Elisabeth's conduct; in fact, she was the only one of his wives who took part in the politics of the realm.

Marriage and Queen of Spain

The Spanish monarchs at their coronation.

Since the King had the natural desire to meet the bride in person as soon as possible, and since any meeting prior to the ceremony was contrary to good custom and protocol, the gentlemen of his chamber contrived for him to catch a glimpse of her from a hidden gallery.

The proxy wedding took place on June 22, 1559, in Paris. King Philip II was represented by Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, the Grand Duke of Alba. There was a great celebration, and as part of the tradition of the time, the bride and groom were to consummate the marriage almost immediately. However, Philip was absent, so on the wedding night it was not her husband but the Duke of Alba whom Elisabeth received in her room. A large group of French nobles was present to witness what happened in the room, and the King and Queen of France, Elisabeth's parents, were also present. The Duke performed a symbolic act to resemble the consummation of the marriage, without any real physical contact. The act ended with a bow from the Duke to Elisabeth, who from then on harbored a deep resentment toward him. On February 2 the nuptial Mass (misa de velaciones) was celebrated, since the wedding ceremony had not included it.

To the political advantages that the alliance contained was added the hope that Elisabeth of Valois would be as prolific as her mother, Catherine, who had given Henry II nine children. At the time of this union she was only 13 years old and the King was 33. The French Princess's 13 years, about to turn 14, were no cause for scandal in the royal marriages of the time, since these entailed a lifelong commitment whose consummation was postponed until marriageable age. Her sister Claude had married one year younger, and her mother at 14. With the union, the differences between these countries would come to an end. It was a peace greatly desired by all, and thus the young Elisabeth was affectionately and popularly called by the Spanish people Isabel de la Paz.[3]

The festivities for the celebration included a tournament, in which her father, Henry, was seriously wounded, as the lance of the Count of Montgomery, who was jousting with Henry, pierced the King's eye. He died a few days later, on July 10, 1559. Elisabeth was present when the accident happened. The death of her father King Henry II not only caused Elisabeth incomparable suffering, but also caused the departure of her journey to Spain to be delayed. She would remain in mourning for him until the moment she arrived in Spain.

At her wedding she met the painter Sofonisba Anguissola and Ana de Mendoza, who would live with her for the rest of her life and would have great influence on the young queen. Philip II appointed Anguissola lady-in-waiting and court painter to his queen. Under Anguissola's tutelage, Elisabeth improved her amateur painting skills. Anguissola also influenced the artistic works of her future daughters, Isabella Clara Eugenia and Catherine Michelle, during her time at court.[4] Her lady companion, Claude de Vineulx, accompanied her to Spain and often wrote reports on Elisabeth's health to her mother, Catherine. Elisabeth was described as shy and much in awe of her formidable mother, but there is evidence in the letters that Catherine was tender and loving toward her. Although it is acknowledged that her sister, Margaret, and her future sister-in-law, Mary, were prettier than she was, Elisabeth was still considered one of Catherine's attractive daughters. Elisabeth's relations with the members of her new family were cordial at all times. The Queen was one of the best friends of Joanna of Austria, and treated her now stepson, Carlos, with affection.

Relationship with Philip

Portrait of Elisabeth. Juan Pantoja de la Cruz, Prado Museum (Madrid).

Elisabeth set foot on Spanish territory for the first time on January 6, 1560, upon arriving at Roncesvalles, where she removed the white mourning customary for the queens of northern Europe. On February 2 of that same year, the official ceremony between the spouses was celebrated. They were married in the Palacio del Infantado of this city. Spain would have a French queen, known as Madame Elisabeth and not as Isabelle. Her special gifts would very soon exempt her from the Francophobia of her subjects.[5]

The marriage took a year to be consummated, until the Queen's menarche occurred. The old European superstition prescribed that a maiden could not begin sexual relations before it. During the obligatory abstinence, the King was unfaithful to her with some ladies of the court.[6] [7][8]

Among the King's mistresses was Isabel Osorio (1522–1589), lady-in-waiting to Philip II's sister, Joanna. She had two sons, Bernardino and Pedro, whose father she never named. Between 1559 and 1564, Eufrasia de Guzmán was also Philip II's mistress, coinciding with the time when the King had to wait for his wife to fulfill the requirement of becoming a woman in order to consummate the marriage. In 1564 she became pregnant, presumably by the Monarch, who, to silence the rumors, forced her to marry Antonio Luis de Leiva, 3rd Prince of Ascoli. Philip provided Eufrasia's dowry, and the wedding was celebrated in the spring of 1564 in the chapel of the Alcázar of Madrid, with Elisabeth of Valois herself and Don John of Austria as sponsors. The Queen learned of these love affairs and suffered greatly, since they brought back painful memories of her childhood, recalling her father's relationship with Diane de Poitiers.

Coins with the inscription of the monarchs.

The Queen's late menarche became a great concern for the entire Spanish court, and for the French one as well. In the European courts it was customary to make public the first periods of young princesses, infantas or queens, which is why it is known exactly that Elisabeth had her first bleeding on August 11, 1561. As soon as Elisabeth of Valois's menstruation ended, that very night the marriage was consummated.[9] At first there were the logical problems in the couple, as we know from the letters that the French ambassadors wrote to Elisabeth's mother: "The King's constitution causes the Queen great pain, and she needs much courage to bear it."[10] Once intimate relations began, Philip was completely enchanted with his 14-year-old bride, and by 1564 he had renounced his infidelities for good. Bonds of deep affection were formed and they drew closer in their life together, to the point that genuine love was born between the monarchs.[11] Despite the significant age difference, Elisabeth was also quite satisfied with her husband (in letters to her mother, she declared herself fortunate to have married such a charming Prince). Despite how dull she found the court of Spain, so different from the French one, in a letter sent to her mother she stated:[12]

This place seemed to me one of the dullest in the world. But I assure you, Madam, that I have such a good husband and am so happy that even if it were a hundred times duller, I would not be bored at all.

According to the King's biographer Henry Kamen, the new queen influenced Philip's personal and political life:

Elisabeth was a teenager with black hair and bright eyes, with immense vivacity and energy. She brought the energy of her youth to her husband. He spent a great deal of time with her and even discussed matters of his work. Despite this, there are some doubts as to whether they had a deep emotional relationship. All the optimistic love stories come from a single source: the French ambassadors, who were eager to prove to their government that the marriage was a success.

Despite reports that Philip had extramarital relations while he was married to Elisabeth, just as he had done in his previous marriages, the couple's domestic life appeared to be quite harmonious in the eyes of observers, which supported the French ambassadors' claims that the King loved his queen.[13] Philip was very attached to his wife, staying close to her even when she fell ill with smallpox. Philip enjoyed organizing chivalric tournaments to entertain his wife and was willing to indulge many of her wishes. The monarchs were described as happy and their marital bond as solid, even though they slept and ate separately, as prescribed by the rigid Burgundian etiquette that the court followed in Spain.

Life at court

With the arrival of Elisabeth of Valois at the Spanish court, the Renaissance entered Spain, mainly in its sober court. Catherine de' Medici had prepared a large French retinue to accompany her daughter, but the King sent part of it back to France and placed Spanish staff in the Queen's household, so that the new sovereign would learn the language and customs, but also to avoid excessive foreign influence. Elisabeth of Valois was a valued adviser to her husband in policy toward France, where the presence of the Protestant Huguenots had an effect on neighboring Spanish Flanders, and through regular correspondence with her mother, she was the latter's eyes and ears at the Spanish court. The King decided that she would be his representative at the Bayonne conference held there in 1565, sending her to meet with her mother,[14] where she did not hesitate to defend Spanish interests, to the point that her mother exclaimed: "You come back very Spanish!"[15]

Elisabeth would try to adapt, but she would never come to appreciate some aspects of Spanish life and customs, missing the bustle and brilliance of the French court, the leafy forests and the sophisticated and comfortable Renaissance palaces built by her grandfather Francis I. The new queen was an accomplished horsewoman, who enjoyed riding and hunting, traditional pastimes among the members of the Spanish royal house, but significantly similar to those of Catherine de' Medici, who introduced a new women's saddle in France. In the West, since at least the beginning of the Middle Ages, women rode "sidesaddle," seated sideways with their legs together, since riding astride or "a la jineta" was considered indecorous and harmful to female fertility, and the clothing, with long and heavy dresses, did not make it easier either. In the 13th century the jamuga appeared, a chair-like saddle with a back and arms to improve the lady's comfort, but she still sat sideways, which became uncomfortable on long journeys, and, most importantly, she could not control her mount, needing the constant help of a groom who guided her horse, donkey or mule. It was a passive form of riding, owing to a position that prevented any action on the mount.

But in the Renaissance ladies wanted to participate more actively in hunts, to "take the reins." Some intrepid ladies even dared to ride astride during the hunt, such as Diane de Poitiers herself, despite strong criticism. Catherine de' Medici was the one who introduced an improved saddle so as not to miss the hunting days with her husband Henry II: the saddle with a fixed pommel. The horsewoman's position changed completely; the pommel prevented the lady from slipping to the left, the left leg was turned toward the axis of the horse's neck, supported by a thin stirrup, and thus the woman's shoulders and hips were oriented in the direction of travel. With the improved position, the horsewoman took the reins and could direct the movements of the mount, gaining grace and steadiness, making it possible not only to ride out on horseback but to hunt actively, combining femininity and sportsmanship.[16]

The Spanish court would settle permanently in the Alcázar of Madrid, after Elisabeth expressed her dislike for the Alcázar of Toledo, where they lived for six months. That is how Madrid became the capital of the Spanish realm. This decision of Philip II was due to many reasons: the city's good geographic location with respect to the rest of Spain, its good water supply, and the wish to please his wife. Elisabeth's health, which had been affected, improved remarkably with the change of city.

Elisabeth of Valois also introduced to the Spanish court a taste for the arts, sponsoring painters, musicians and poets. Among her ladies-in-waiting she brought Sofonisba Anguissola, her friend and drawing teacher. The Queen alternated French and Spanish fashion, wore the finest silks and velvets, never repeated a dress, and her mother sent her periodic shipments of the best French and Italian perfumes. Some advisers warned Philip about the effects of these wardrobe excesses on the royal coffers, but the enamored Philip ignored them. Her successor Anna of Austria, the King's fourth wife, later suffered the consequences when she was forced into austerity in her personal expenses.

Ancestry

Ancestors of Elisabeth of Valois

  1. Elisabeth of Valois
  2. Henry II of France
  3. Catherine de' Medici
  4. Francis I of France
  5. Claude of France
  6. Lorenzo II de' Medici
  7. Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne
  8. Charles of Orléans
  9. Louise of Savoy
  10. Louis XII of France
  11. Anne of Brittany
  12. Piero II de' Medici
  13. Alfonsina Orsini
  14. John IV, Count of Auvergne
  15. Jeanne of Bourbon-Vendôme
  16. John of Orléans
  17. Marguerite de Rohan
  18. Philip II of Savoy
  19. Margaret of Bourbon
  20. Charles I of Orléans
  21. Mary of Cleves
  22. Francis II of Brittany
  23. Margaret of Foix
  24. Lorenzo de' Medici
  25. Clarice Orsini
  26. Roberto Orsini
  27. Caterina Sanseverino
  28. Bertrand VI de La Tour d'Auvergne
  29. Louise de La Trémoille
  30. John VIII of Vendôme
  31. Isabelle de La Roche-sur-Yon

Issue

Queen Elisabeth with her daughter Isabella Clara Eugenia. Baptized "the first [name] after her mother (Elisabeth of Valois), the second after the day of her birth, and the third out of devotion to St. Eugenius."[17]

In May 1564 the Queen's first pregnancy was announced. The physicians prescribed the usual herbal teas, prayers, amulets and bloodlettings, which in reality weakened her. Three months later, Elisabeth miscarried twin girls. The Spanish physicians gave their patient up for lost, but the insistence of an Italian physician who purged her managed to save Elisabeth's life. It seems that while these unfortunate events were occurring, Philip continued with his love affairs. However, he made an act of contrition and resolved to remain faithful to his wife, and he is considered to have loved her deeply.

The Queen's delicate state of health continued and the physicians recommended baths, but Elisabeth refused because of the great modesty she showed about anyone seeing her naked, not even her own chamber attendants. Given the delay of a new pregnancy, the Queen had the remains of Saint Eugenius, first Bishop of Paris and martyr, brought to Madrid. Whether through divine help or the laws of nature, she later gave birth to the Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain on August 12, 1566. Philip II was delighted with the birth of the girl, and she would be his favorite daughter. The French ambassador relates that "Philip behaved very well, like the best and most affectionate husband one could wish for, since on the night of the birth he held her hand the whole time, giving her courage as best he could and knew how." Isabella Clara Eugenia would undoubtedly be the apple of Philip's eye, serving him in his old age as a physical and spiritual support, participating successfully in the affairs of government. Her father championed her as Queen of France but, after that aim failed, she married the Archduke Albert, receiving as inheritance the government and ownership of the Netherlands.

The infantas Isabella Clara Eugenia and her younger sister, Catherine Michelle. Portrait from 1570.

Shortly afterward, Elisabeth became pregnant again, and on October 10, 1567, she gave birth to Catherine Michelle of Spain (Catherine in memory of her maternal grandmother and Michelle for having come into the world during the octave of Saint Michael). The Infanta Catherine Michelle would marry the Duke of Savoy, giving Philip the only grandchildren he would hear of, since he would never have the opportunity to meet them. Upon the birth of another girl, there was great disappointment at court, which made Elisabeth depressed. Although she was happy about the birth of her little one, she wished to please her husband with a son who could inherit the Spanish throne. Hopes for an heir soon revived, since the Queen was young and could have more children.

The matter of offspring greatly worried Elisabeth of Valois, since she was aware that one of her main objectives as Queen of Spain was to have offspring, and male offspring. Despite this, Philip and Elisabeth were very close to their two daughters, buying them jams, dolls, toys and more. It is said that 'both rejoiced at the birth of Isabella as if it had been the birth of a son'.[18]

Elisabeth of Valois and King Philip II of Spain had five daughters:[19]

Death

In 1568, the Queen's health deteriorated. A new pregnancy caused her vomiting, vertigo and dizziness stronger than usual, which the court physicians tried to relieve once again with bloodlettings. On October 3 of that same year she suffered the premature birth of a girl of five months' gestation, who lived an hour and a half. She was given baptism and received the name Juana.[20] Elisabeth, anticipating her death, grieved at not having given her husband a son and at leaving her little daughters, whom she adored. She asked for the little infantas to be brought to her room, because she wanted to see them. She was able to bid farewell to her daughters and to her husband, who was at her side the whole time.[21]

The physicians thought that with the expulsion of the fetus the Queen's health would improve, but they were mistaken, since only a few hours after the miscarriage, Elisabeth of Valois died at the age of 23.[18] Elisabeth is thought to have suffered from gestational pyelonephritis, which the physicians of the time were unable to diagnose or treat.[22] According to Philip's enemies, her death was a consequence of the alleged love affair between Elisabeth and Prince Don Carlos, who had died three months earlier.

Monastery of El Escorial, where Philip II and Elisabeth of Valois can be seen

It is said that Philip II was seen to cry only once in his life, during the funeral of his wife Elisabeth. The remains of the young queen were shrouded in a Franciscan habit and buried in the monastery of the Descalzas Reales, to be moved in 1572 to the Pantheon of the Infantes of the Royal Crypt of the Monastery of El Escorial, not beside her husband and other queens, since she did not become the mother of a King of Spain. The body, displayed until the following day, was placed together with that of the little infanta Juana and taken to the chapel of the Alcázar.

Philip II wore strict mourning for the rest of his life, and only the lack of a male heir drove him to marry again. It is said that his character changed profoundly, becoming more reserved and melancholy. Upon Elisabeth's death, her mother Catherine offered him her youngest daughter Margaret as a bride. Philip rejected the offer. Instead, he married for the fourth time his niece, the Archduchess Anna of Austria (1549–1580), on November 14, 1570. It is considered that Philip saw in Maria Manuela of Portugal adventure; in Mary Tudor, reason of State; in Elisabeth of Valois, love; and in Anna of Austria, the need for an heir.

In fiction

Elisabeth of Valois is a central character in Thomas Otway's play Don Carlos, in Schiller's play of the same name, in Verdi's opera adapted from Schiller's play, also titled Don Carlos, and in several other lesser-known operas; Antonio Buzzolla's 1850 version is actually called "Elisabetta di Valois". All these works involve an alleged tragic romance between Elisabeth and Carlos, suggesting that they were truly in love with each other when she was forced to break her betrothal to Carlos and marry his father Philip.

In Madame de La Fayette's novel The Princess of Cleves, Elisabeth's marriage to Philip II is the occasion for the wedding games in which her father Henry II dies; her role is brief but substantially affects the novel's narrative arc. Elisabeth is played by Caoimhe O'Malley (in the Pilot) of the CW program Reign and later by Anastasia Phillips, in the fourth season of the series.

She is also a main character in The Creation of Eve, a novel by Lynn Cullen, based on the story of Sofonisba Anguissola, the first renowned female artist of the Italian Renaissance. In the novel, Sofonisba is the painting tutor and principal lady-in-waiting of the young Queen Elisabeth.

References

  1. ↑ Sánchez-Molero, José Luis Gonzalo (March 5, 2019). "La biblioteca postrimera de Carlos V en España: Las lecturas del emperador". Hispania (in español). 60 (206): 911. doi:10.3989/hispania.2000.v60.i206.541. ISSN 1988-8368. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
  2. ↑ Ruiz Martín, Felipe. (2003). La monarquía de Felipe II (in español). Real Academia de la Historia. ISBN 84-95983-30-3. OCLC 54521119. Retrieved June 27, 2020.
  3. ↑ Rodriguez Salgado, M. J. (January 1, 2003). «Una perfecta princesa» Casa y vida de la reina Isabel de Valois (1559-1568). Segunda parte (in español). Ediciones Complutense. OCLC 1112679975. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
  4. ↑ Lapeyre, Henri. (1975). Las monarquías europeas del siglo XVI : las relaciones internacionales (in español). Labor. ISBN 84-335-9341-2. OCLC 1024324697. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
  5. ↑ O'Donell, Hugo (2013). Felipe II e Isabel de Valois, un matrimonio político del que nació el amor, probado en la felicidad y en la desgracia / Philip II and Isabel de Valois: a political matrimony in which love was born, proven in happiness and misfortune PDF (in español). OCLC 885385064. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  6. ↑ "Eufrasia de Guzmán | Real Academia de la Historia". dbe.rah.es (in español). Retrieved June 25, 2020.
  7. ↑ Menéndez Pidal, Ramón, (1869-1968). Jover Zamora, José María, (1920-2006) dir. Juliá Díaz, Santos, (1940-). Hernández-Pacheco y Esteban, Eduardo, (1872-1965). Almagro Basch, Martín, (1911-1984). García y Bellido, Antonio, (1903-1972). Maluquer de Motes Bernet, Jordi. Montenegro Duque, Angel. Blázquez, José María, (1926-). Mangas Manjarrés, Julio. Fernández, Antonio, (1936-). Lévi-Provençal, E. (1894-1956) trad. Torres López, Manuel. Pérez de Urbel, Justo. Arco y Garay, Ricardo del, (1888-1955). Sánchez-Albornoz, Claudio, (1893-1984). Viguera, María J. Pastor de Togneri, Reyna. Grassotti, Hilda. Torres Fontes, Juan (1919-2013) Martín Duque, Ángel J. Suárez Fernández, Luis, (1924-). Fernández Alvarez, Manuel, (1921-2010). Fernández Fernández de Retana, Luís. Domínguez Ortiz, Antonio. Pérez-Bustamante, Ciriaco. Tomás y Valiente, Francisco, (1932-1996). Molas Ribalta, Pere. Batllori, Miguel, (1909-2003). Hernández Sánchez-Barba, Mario. Artola, Miguel, (1923-). Laín Entralgo, Pedro, (1908-2001) pr. Seco Serrano, Carlos. Tusell, Javier. Carr, Raymond. Pérez, Joseph. Espadas Burgos, Manuel. Gómez-Ferrer, Guadalupe. García de Enterría, Eduardo, (1923-2013) dir. García de Cortázar, Fernando, (1942-). (1958-). Historia de España (in español). Espasa-Calpe. ISBN 84-239-4800-5. OCLC 1123378407. Retrieved June 25, 2020. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ Cervantes, Felipe II y la España del Siglo de Oro (in español). Iberoamericana Vervuert. December 31, 2016. pp. 91–118. ISBN 978-3-95487-852-9. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
  9. ↑ Junceda Avello, Enrique. (2001). Ginecología y vida íntima de las reinas de España (in español). Temas de Hoy. ISBN 84-8460-125-0. OCLC 50087949. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
  10. ↑ Gomezsays, Jose. "Felipe II e Isabel de Valois – La vida privada de Felipe II" (in español). Retrieved June 27, 2020.
  11. ↑ Domínguez, Mari Pau, 1963- (2009). El diamante de la reina el amor francés de Felipe II (in español). La Esfera de los Libros. ISBN 978-84-9734-799-0. OCLC 733796058. Retrieved June 26, 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  12. ↑ Bucuré, Miriam N. (January 7, 2018). "Revisión crítica de la edición elaborada por L.P. Gachard de Lettres de Philippe II a ses filles les Infantes Isabelle et Catherine: écrites pendant son voyage en Portugal (1581-1583) y trayectoria de posteriores ediciones a lo largo del siglo XX". Quaderns de Filologia - Estudis Literaris (in español). 22: 41. doi:10.7203/qdfed.22.11251. ISSN 2444-1457. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  13. ↑ "Isabel de Valois, Rainha de Espanha - Wikiwand". www.wikiwand.com (in português). Retrieved June 27, 2020.
  14. ↑ "Isabel de Valois (1546-1568): reinterpretación del papel de una reina consorte en la monarquía española" (PDF) (in español). 2005.
  15. ↑ Verdú, Paulino Capdepón (January 30, 2014). La Casa de Borgoña: la Casa del rey de España (print) (in español). Leuven University Press. pp. 229–254. ISBN 978-94-6166-085-5. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  16. ↑ "Amazona: historia y evolución" (in español). June 14, 2019.
  17. ↑ Flórez, Enrique ( 1702-1773) (O.S.A.) (1790). Memorias de las Reynas Catholicas : historia genealogica de la Casa Real de Castilla y de León : todos los infantes : trages de las reynas en estampas, y nuevo aspecto de la Historia de España (in español). en la oficina de la Viuda de Marin. OCLC 1124905517. Retrieved June 25, 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Paula Usó: Isabel De Valois - El Gran Amor de Felipe II, p. 10. (in Spanish)
  19. ↑ Albaladejo Martínez, María (May 21, 2015). "Las infantas Isabel Clara Eugenia y Catalina Micaela: modelos de la perfecta princesa educada e instruida". Anales de Historia del Arte (in español). 24 (0). doi:10.5209/rev_anha.2014.v24.48695. ISSN 1988-2491. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
  20. ↑ "Isabel de Valois: el gran amor de Felipe II" (PDF) (in español). 2008.
  21. ↑ López de Hoyos, Juan (1569). Historia y relación verdadera de la enfermedad, felicísimo tránsito y suntuosas exequias fúnebres de Doña Isabel de Valois (in español). Madrid: Pierres Cosin.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  22. ↑ Martínez Llamas, Antonio (1996). Isabel de Valois, reina de España: una historia de amor y enfermedad (in español). Temas de Hoy. ISBN 84-7880-619-9. OCLC 901230265. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
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