Diego Morcillo Rubio de Auñón

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Diego Morcillo Rubio de Auñón
Anonymous portrait of Diego Morcillo Rubio de Auñón in the National Museum of Archaeology, Anthropology and History of Peru, in Lima.
10th [[Archbishop of Lima]]
In office
May 12, 1723 – March 12, 1730
Preceded byAntonio de Soloaga
Succeeded byFrancisco Antonio de Escandón
27th [[Viceroy of Peru
(and President of the Real Audiencia of Lima)]]
In office
January 26, 1720 – May 14, 1724
Preceded byCarmine Nicolao Caracciolo
Succeeded byJosé de Armendáriz
Interim Viceroy of Peru
(and President of the Real Audiencia of Lima)
In office
August 15, 1716 – October 5, 1716
Preceded byMateo de la Mata Ponce de León (as interim Governor)
Succeeded byCarmine Nicolao Caracciolo
(as Viceroy of Peru)
15th [[Archbishop of La Plata or Charcas]]
In office
March 21, 1714 – May 12, 1723
Preceded byJuan Queipo de Llano y Valdés
Succeeded byJuan de Necolalde
26th [[Bishop of Nicaragua and Costa Rica]]
In office
November 21, 1701 – May 14, 1708
Preceded byNicolás Delgado
Succeeded byJuan Benito Garret y Arlovi
11th [[Bishop of La Paz]]
In office
May 14, 1708 – March 21, 1714
Preceded byNicolás Urbano de Mata
Succeeded byMateo Panduro y Villafañe
Personal details
BornDiego Morcillo Rubio de Auñón de Robledo
(1642-01-03)January 3, 1642
Villarrobledo, Kingdom of Toledo, Spanish Empire
DiedMarch 12, 1730(1730-03-12) (aged 88)
Lima, Viceroyalty of Peru
Alma materUniversity of Alcalá
ProfessionTheologian
Episcopal consecration1703
Consecrated byJuan de Argüelles, O.S.A.
Coat of arms

Diego Morcillo Rubio de Auñón de Robledo, O.SS.T. (Villarrobledo, Kingdom of Toledo, January 3, 1642 – Lima, Viceroyalty of Peru, March 12, 1730) was a Spanish Trinitarian religious who was appointed Bishop of León in Nicaragua from 1701 to 1708 and of La Paz from 1708 to 1714.

He was then appointed Archbishop of La Plata in Charcas, a post he held from 1714 to 1723. He temporarily left his see upon being appointed interim Viceroy of Peru in 1716, an office he held for almost two months. A few years later he was appointed titular Viceroy, from 1720 to 1724, and finally Archbishop of Lima, from 1723 until his death.

As Viceroy he carried out a sound administration. In defensive matters, he took measures to confront the English pirates John Clipperton and George Shelvocke, who raided the coasts of the South American Pacific. In 1723 he had to face the uprising of the Araucanian Indians in the Governorate of Chile. He supported the construction of the Monastery of the Trinitarian Nuns of Lima. He was very zealous in sending the corresponding taxes and tributes to the Crown.

Toward the end of his viceregal government, the revolution of José de Antequera y Castro broke out in Paraguay, in the face of which he did not show much energy. He was still Viceroy when he was appointed Archbishop of Lima and, in that capacity, he received the bulls of canonization of Toribio de Mogrovejo and Francisco Solano, and presided over the celebrations of the former in 1729, which were very lavish.

Education and early posts

Diego Morcillo Rubio de Auñón was born on January 3, 1642, in Villarrobledo, in the Kingdom of Toledo, the son of Alfonso Morcillo Rubio de Muñón and María Manzano.[1][2][3][4]

At an early age he entered the Order of Discalced Trinitarians in the city of Toledo. He studied Philosophy and Theology at the University of Alcalá. He showed special gifts for study and preaching, rising to the position of professor. Within his order he obtained the posts of provincial for Castile, León and Navarre.[1][2][3][4]

The fame of his vast learning and sharp intelligence grew until it reached the ears of the King. While he was teaching at the University of Alcalá, King Charles II appointed him preacher of the Royal Chamber and theologian of the Royal Board of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin. He also obtained the post of qualifier in the Supreme Council of the Inquisition and that of consulting theologian to the nuncio of His Holiness in Madrid.[1][2][3][4]

Bishop of Nicaragua and of La Paz

His unstoppable rise within the ecclesiastical and political hierarchy led him to take on important posts in the New World when he was already nearly 60 years old. Thus, on November 21, 1701, he was preconized Bishop of León, in Nicaragua, but before taking possession, and having already set out for that diocese, he was appointed, around May 14, 1708, Bishop of La Paz, in the Province of Charcas (present-day Bolivia).[1][2][3][4]

Archbishop of La Plata or Charcas

Cathedral of Sucre, formerly called Charcas.

He was still in the midst of a pastoral visit of his diocese of La Paz when he received the news of his appointment as Archbishop of La Plata (in Charcas), which took place on March 21, 1714.[1][2][3][4]

The most important things he accomplished in his archiepiscopal government were the pastoral visit and the construction, in the Cathedral of Charcas, of a chapel dedicated to Saint John of Matha, commonly called the chapel of the Santo Rojas, the most sumptuous of that church because of its size and decoration.[1][5]

Interim Viceroy of Peru

On November 3, 1715, while he was exercising the archiepiscopal government in La Plata, King Philip V ordered him to move to Lima and occupy the office of Viceroy of Peru on an interim basis, pending the arrival of the new titular Viceroy. This was because the previous Viceroy, also interim, Diego Ladrón de Guevara (Bishop of Quito), had been removed from his post. In the meantime, power passed temporarily into the hands of Mateo de la Mata Ponce de León, President of the Real Audiencia of Lima, on March 2, 1716. The reason Morcillo was chosen was that his name appeared in the sealed letter of succession (pliego de providencia) for provisionally taking over the government of the Viceroyalty in case of major necessity.[6][7]

On August 15, 1716, Morcillo entered Lima and took office as interim Viceroy. His government was brief: it lasted only 50 days, during which he had no opportunity to take measures of great importance for the Viceroyalty, beyond those needed to guarantee its continuity and stability.[8][7]

Detail of the painting Entry of the Viceroy Archbishop Morcillo into Potosí (1718), a work by Melchor Pérez de Holguín. Museum of the Americas, Madrid.
Entry of the Viceroy Archbishop Morcillo into Potosí (1718), a work by Melchor Pérez de Holguín. Museum of the Americas, Madrid.

The only relevant event during his brief term was the solemn reception given to him in Potosí by the principal corporations of that mining emporium, as he traveled overland from Charcas to the port of Arica, an obligatory stop before embarking for Lima. This event was recorded in two major works:[9][1]

As can be gathered from these testimonies, Morcillo was feted by the wealthy guild of miners of Potosí so that, once installed as Viceroy, he would strengthen their privileges, which included maintaining the forced labor known as the mita and the permission to summon voluntary Indians for the mines. But for the time being these miners were disappointed, since Morcillo's interim government turned out to be very brief and he was unable to do anything in their favor.[1]

Finally, on October 5, 1716, Viceroy Carmine Nicolás Caracciolo, Prince of Santo Buono, arrived in Lima, coming with the title of proprietary or titular Viceroy.[10][11][7] According to tradition, when handing over the staff of command to the prince, Morcillo told him that he would have to give it back to him later. And so it would happen.[12]

Once the transfer of command had been made, Morcillo returned to his ecclesiastical duties as Archbishop of La Plata.[3]

Titular Viceroy of Peru

Viceroy Caracciolo governed for three years and a few months, and he himself asked the King to relieve him of command, as he wished to return to Europe. It was then that Morcillo again received the royal commission to serve as Viceroy, this time as proprietor or titular holder of the post. He was then at the advanced age of 78.[13][14]

Morcillo made his solemn entry into Lima, taking command on January 26, 1720. The metropolitan chapter offered him a Mass of thanksgiving in the cathedral on February 3, during which the canon Vicente Ortiz de Foronda delivered a laudatory sermon. Likewise, the University of San Marcos gave him a reception, a ceremony at which the celebrated Lima polymath Pedro de Peralta Barnuevo delivered a speech in his praise.[3]

Defense

English sailors in the cold waters of the South Sea look in astonishment at the sea lions from their bow. Engraving by Gustave Doré, which appears in the poetic book by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, inspired by the southern voyages of George Shelvocke.

In the matter of defense, between 1720 and 1721 he ordered that the English pirates John Clipperton and George Shelvocke be fought; entering through the Strait of Magellan, they devoted themselves to ravaging the coasts of the South Sea, that is, the Chilean and Peruvian coastline. All this took place in the context of the war between Spain and England (and the latter's allies), the so-called War of the Quadruple Alliance.[15]

Clipperton was the first to reach successively the coasts of Chile and Peru. He captured the galleon in which his old enemy José Antonio de la Rocha y Carranza, Marquis of Villa-Rocha, was traveling from Panama with his family. This figure had been Governor of Tierra Firme and President of the Real Audiencia of Panama. In Nicoya, on the coast of present-day Costa Rica, Clipperton released the marquis's wife and family, and returned to the Peruvian coasts, where he bombarded Arica in February 1721, facing the defense of the port hastily organized by the corregidor José de Morales. The Viceroy dispatched the frigate Águila Volante, under the command of Nicolás Gerardino, to intercept the pirate, without success. Another ship that was sent, commanded by General Pedro Medranda, also failed to achieve its objective.[16][17]

For his part, George Shelvocke sacked Chiloé, captured merchant ships at Concepción, and set fire to the port of Paita on March 21, 1720, when its population refused to pay a ransom. Morcillo sent three Spanish ships of war against him, under the command of General Bartolomé de Urdinso, but they failed to capture him. After a series of adventures worthy of a novel, Shelvocke continued his voyage toward Panama, where he joined his comrade Clipperton, and together they headed to California, from where they began their return to England via the Pacific Ocean, though with a booty not as substantial as they would have wished.[18] Clipperton was still holding the Marquis De la Rocha captive, from whom he hoped to obtain a good ransom, but the marquis escaped as soon as they let him go ashore in the Mariana Islands.[19]

Finally, there was another incursion, that of the Dutch privateer Jakob Roggeveen through the Strait of Magellan, which ended with the discovery of Easter Island on April 6, 1722. It was Easter Monday, so the island was christened with the name it still bears today.[20]

Morcillo had to pay for the repair of the ships of war out of his own pocket.

Economy

His biographers highlight Morcillo as an intelligent administrator in economic matters. Under his rule there was a great increase in royal revenues in the Viceroyalty.

In Huancavelica he not only attended to the guild of miners, providing the royal officials with the money needed to acquire quicksilver, but also set its price in the manner most favorable to the Royal Treasury.[21] With regard to the mines of Potosí, he honored the commitment he had made in 1716 with the guild of miners of that town to promote their revival and, in fulfillment of it, he did not abolish the Indian mita.[1]

The superintendency of mines recorded a significant surplus, which was invested in repairing the gun carriages of the port of Callao and in repairing the Pilcomayo bridge that linked the cities of La Plata and Potosí.[21]

A Spanish galleon. Engraving by Albrecht Dürer.

By a proclamation of March 11, 1720, he prohibited illicit trade along the Peruvian coasts, and in 1722 he informed the Council of the Indies that he had driven away ten French vessels loaded with European merchandise and had captured another, which he put up for sale.[21]

In 1722 the Royal George arrived at the fair of Portobelo, the first permit ship authorized to bring 650 tons of English merchandise, in accordance with the provisions of the Treaty of Utrecht signed between Spain and England in 1714. Trading at the fair took place between June and August, and the English managed to sell all their goods. In the long run, they would be the great beneficiaries, using fraudulent methods to bring in more merchandise than was officially permitted, among other frauds that were denounced by Dionisio de Alcedo Herrera.[1][22][23]

Another matter of interest to the Viceroy was the rights to collect the almojarifazgo, the alcabala, the avería and other taxes, which were in the charge of the Tribunal of the Consulado of Lima, according to an asiento signed between the merchants' guild and the viceregal government in 1690. Morcillo signed a new asiento on January 24, 1722, on the occasion of the reopening of the Portobelo fair, an asiento that was favorable to the royal treasury. But in 1724 the Crown abolished that asiento, arguing that it was disadvantageous to its interests, and therefore ordered that henceforth the royal officials should take charge of collecting those taxes. Morcillo, in agreement with the merchants' guild, sent a deputy of Commerce to the Court to explain the advisability of maintaining the asiento. That deputy was the aforementioned Dionisio de Alcedo Herrera, but his vigorous presentation of the matter did not change the Crown's decision.[1][24][25]

In any case, under the administration of Archbishop Morcillo, royal revenues rose to such an extent that it was possible to send the frigate Águila Volante, under the command of Nicolás Gerardino, to Spain with a significant cargo of silver and other riches as donations. It was the first vessel to make the direct voyage from Callao to Cádiz, via the Strait of Magellan (1722).[26]

Internal order

As for internal order, in March 1723 Morcillo had to face the uprising of the Araucanian Indians in Chile,[27][28] which led to the abandonment of the forts of Concepción, Purén and Nacimiento. In a letter he sent to the King, Morcillo attributed the rebellion to the extortion suffered by the natives at the hands of government officials. By a royal decree of December 30, 1724, it was ordered that the number of men under arms in Chile be raised to two thousand and that they proceed to pacify the Indians, improving the treatment of those populations and pardoning those who had committed crimes during the insurrection.[22]

File:Antequera y Castro.jpg
Portrait of José de Antequera y Castro, the fiscal of the Audiencia of Charcas who put himself at the head of the rebellion of the comuneros of Paraguay.

There were also the serious incidents in Paraguay, arising from the intervention of the fiscal José de Antequera y Castro in the so-called comunero revolution. Antequera, as a member of the Real Audiencia of Charcas, had been commissioned to investigate the charges that the criollo comuneros of Paraguay had brought against their Governor, Diego de los Reyes Balmaceda. The latter had the support of the Jesuits. Upon arriving in Asunción, Antequera put De los Reyes on trial, removed him from office and imprisoned him. He then accepted the command offered to him by the criollos. The deposed Governor complained to Viceroy Morcillo, who ordered his immediate release and reinstatement in his post. Antequera pretended to believe that the order was false and did not obey it.[29][30]

Morcillo, by then very old, adopted very weak measures in the face of the rebellion of Antequera and the comuneros, and it would be his successor in the Viceroyalty who would take charge of pacifying Paraguay.[3][31]

Social affairs

In the social sphere, it fell to this government to apply the royal decree of 1720 that abolished the encomienda system, which freed the Indians from this system of exploitation. Morcillo does not seem to have enforced this order fully, and it was disobeyed in several regions. It was his successor, the energetic Viceroy Marquis of Castelfuerte, who applied it without exception.[32][1] However, some encomiendas persisted until the second half of the 18th century, as was the case with those of Chiloé.

Between 1719 and 1720 there was a devastating epidemic in southern Peru, which also affected Upper Peru and even the Río de la Plata region (where it apparently originated). It was possibly epidemic typhus, which reduced the indigenous population of the highlands, particularly in Cuzco, where it was known as the great plague. This was followed by a period of food shortages, due to the lack of labor force caused by the death or flight of the inhabitants.[33]

It was mining activity that was especially affected by the demographic decline, given the lack of mitayos, or mita workers, just at a time when the Viceroy had again authorized that labor system. It was a problem that would last for a long time to come.[1]

Royal patronage

In August 1722 the license to raise the beaterio of the Mercedarian nuns in Lima to a monastery was presented to the Viceroy, but its foundation did not take place until 1734. This monastery is located on what is today the 10th block of Jirón Áncash (formerly Calle Mercedarias).[34][32]

Church of the Trinitarians in Lima.

It fell to Morcillo to preside over the inauguration of the new Church and Convent of the Trinitarian Nuns in Lima, on May 30, 1722. Founded as a beaterio in 1673, it had been raised to a monastery in 1683. Its new building was financed by the maestre de campo Bernardo de Gurmendi, a wealthy resident of Lima, and it replaced the original building, which was humble and plain. The Archbishop promoted this work, which was close to his heart, since he too had professed the Trinitarian habit.[35][36][37]

In 1724 the Carmelite monastery was established in Trujillo, and the Franciscans erected the college and Convent of Santa Rosa de Ocopa in the region of the Ucayali.[38]

Important events

Among other important events that occurred during his viceregal term, the following should be mentioned:

Ruins of Saña. Church of San Agustín.
  • The disappearance of Saña, a prosperous town in northern Peru that succumbed on March 15, 1720, to a flood caused by torrential rains that lasted fifteen days. It was a catastrophe caused by what we today call the El Niño phenomenon. The ruins of churches and convents can still be seen, giving us an idea of the prosperity the town once enjoyed.[1][39][40]
  • The suppression in 1722 of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, which had been created in 1717, thus reincorporating the territory under its jurisdiction into Peru (although it would be definitively re-established in 1739).[14]
  • In 1723, the marriage of the Prince of Asturias, later King under the name Louis I, to Princess Luisa Isabel de Orleáns, which had taken place the previous year, was celebrated in Lima with sumptuous festivities.[41][28]

Election as Archbishop of Lima. End of his viceregal government

After the death of the titular Archbishop of Lima, Antonio de Soloaga, Morcillo was preconized to succeed him on May 12, 1723. He took possession of his see on December 18, and in view of his arduous and exhausting work as Viceroy, he had to delegate part of his responsibility in the highest religious post to his nephew Pedro Morcillo Rubio de Auñón, who, at his request, was preconized titular bishop of Drazen and auxiliary bishop of Lima.[1][42][14]

Morcillo's parallel government as Viceroy and Archbishop did not last long. In view of his advanced age and of the need for the Viceroyalty to have an energetic ruler at a time when it was convulsed by the revolt of the comuneros of Paraguay, King Philip V decided to relieve him of the viceregal government. This happened shortly before that King abdicated in favor of his son Louis I in January 1724, although the latter would die a few months later, whereupon Philip V was obliged to return to the throne.[43]

The person appointed as the new Viceroy of Peru was a military man, José de Armendáriz, Marquis of Castelfuerte, who took possession of the government on May 14, 1724. In total, Morcillo governed as Viceroy for four years, three months and seventeen days (apart from the fifty days he governed as interim Viceroy in 1716).[44][45]

Morcillo did not leave his successor a report on his government, as was the custom of viceroys. On the other hand, various writings were published accusing him of serious irregularities: embezzlement of funds, nepotism, unbridled ambition, corruption, bribery, etc. The defense of Morcillo's government was undertaken by the Lima polymath Pedro de Peralta y Barnuevo in his work Diálogo político. La Verdad y la Justicia.[1][46][47]

Archbishop of Lima

D. Diego Morcillo y Rubio de Muñón, 27th Viceroy of Peru and 10th Archbishop of Lima.

Shortly after handing over command to the Marquis of Castelfuerte, the official ceremony of his enthronement in the Archdiocese of Lima took place, on July 17, 1724. It was the Bishop of Concepción, Francisco Antonio de Escandón, who imposed the pallium on him. From that moment on, Morcillo devoted himself exclusively to his ecclesiastical work until his last days.[3][42]

Canonization of Toribio de Mogrovejo and Francisco Solano

Regarding his apostolic work, it is worth noting that in his time, and thanks to his intercession, Pope Benedict XIII raised to the altars the blesseds Toribio de Mogrovejo and Francisco Solano, two of the most important saints of Peru (1726). The celebration in Lima of the canonization of Toribio de Mogrovejo was held in 1729, and Morcillo, at 87 years of age, presided over the ceremony, which was very sumptuous. The celebration in honor of Francisco Solano was postponed until 1734, because the Franciscan Order (to which the saint belonged) wished to prepare it properly in order to give it special prominence.[3][44][48]

The ecclesiastical history of Alonso de la Cueva

In 1724, Morcillo commissioned the licentiate Alonso de la Cueva Ponce de León, who was traveling to Spain, to gather information from the archives and write an ecclesiastical history of the events and illustrious men of the Peruvian church. Mendiburu states that by 1749 Cueva already had three folio volumes ready for the press and two in draft, but that he had found no record of their having been published.[3][44][49]

Controversy

Morcillo lived austerely, showing simplicity in his daily acts, but at the same time he stood out for his generous distributions of alms.[5] As a political and religious authority, he was noted for his diligence in sending donations to the Crown, and it was said at the time that he owed his elevation to the high offices he held to this, an accusation that the historian Manuel de Mendiburu recorded in his Diccionario histórico biográfico del Perú (published at the end of the 19th century). That historian even says that King Philip V, pleased with his donations, wrote him a letter in his own hand in which, among other expressions of gratitude, he told him verbatim: "You are my father, who remember me in those kingdoms." The King was then about 40 years old, while the Archbishop was already over 80.[44][12]

The historian Rubén Vargas Ugarte does not share this negative judgment and says in this regard:[5]

To incriminate him [Morcillo] for having generously aided the King, even giving up his own emoluments, has an air of Pharisaism, and to suppose that he did so out of ambition or to flatter the sovereign is foolishness, when he had already come to occupy the highest posts to which he could aspire.

Benefactor of his order and of his hometown

He also stood out as a benefactor of his Trinitarian order and of his hometown, donating large sums from his personal fortune. He allocated 200,000 pesos to erect in Rome the convent and the Church of the Most Holy Trinity of the Spaniards, so that it would be a place to receive Trinitarian priests during their visits to the Eternal City.[3]

His patronage accounts for major cash donations to build churches and convents of the Calced Trinitarians, both in Peru and in Castile-Toledo, Alcalá or his own town of Villarrobledo, where he founded a Carmelite convent.[50] The parish of the latter town preserves the monstrance he sent from Nicaragua in 1708. There is another piece in the convent of Villarrobledo sent by his nephew Pedro Morcillo Rubio de Auñón.[citation needed]

Death

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Fray Diego Morcillo and his signature. Engraving by Evaristo San Cristóval (1891).

Archbishop Morcillo died in his see of Lima on March 11, 1730, at the age of 88, and was buried in the crypt of Lima Cathedral. In 1743, at the request of his nephew Pedro Morcillo Rubio de Auñón (Bishop of Cuzco), his remains were moved to the chapel that bears his name in the same church,[44][49] which is currently undergoing restoration.

Of this illustrious figure, the historian Rubén Vargas Ugarte has said the following:[42]

"D. Fray Morcillo was an exemplary religious in the years he lived in the cloisters, and in the exercise of the episcopal dignity he acted with gentleness and prudence, without giving cause for complaints on the part of his subordinates. Already advanced in years, he was called to fill the office of Viceroy, which was not the most suited to his character and circumstances, but it cannot be said that in it he neglected his duties or fell into errors. Brief was the time of his government and, all things considered, he has more right to praise than to censure."

Publications

Among his original works, Clamores de la obligación stands out.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 Peralta Ruiz, Víctor. "Diego Morcillo Rubio y Auñón. Biografía". Real Academia de la Historia (in español). Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Hampe Martínez, Teodoro (2000). "MORCILLO RUBIO DE AUÑÓN, Diego". In Lexus Editores (ed.). Grandes Forjadores del Perú (in español) (1st ed.). Lima: Lexus. p. 281. ISBN 9972-625-50-8.
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 Tauro del Pino, Alberto (2001). "MORCILLO Y RUBIO DE AUÑÓN, Diego". Enciclopedia Ilustrada del Perú (in español). Vol. 11 (3rd ed.). Lima: PEISA. pp. 1727–1728. ISBN 9972-40-149-9.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Vargas Ugarte, Rubén (1986). "MORCILLO RUBIO DE AUÑÓN, Diego". In Carlos Milla Batres (ed.). Diccionario Histórico y Biográfico del Perú. Siglos XV-XX (in español). Vol. 6 (2nd ed.). Lima: Editorial Milla Batres. pp. 206–207. ISBN 84-599-1820-3.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Vargas Ugarte 1981, p. 122.
  6. ↑ Vargas Ugarte 1981, p. 95; 108.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Mendiburu 1885, p. 357.
  8. ↑ Vargas Ugarte 1981, p. 95; 111.
  9. ↑ López Parada, Esperanza (2021). "Pasiones compensadas, vicios públicos e imágenes disruptivas en el recibimiento de un virrey". Nuevas de Indias. Anuario del CEAC (in español). 6. Barcelona: Autonomous University of Barcelona: 120–162. ISSN 2462-7291. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
  10. ↑ Vargas Ugarte 1981, p. 108.
  11. ↑ Hernández Alfonso 1945, pp. 179–180.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Mendiburu 1885, p. 358.
  13. ↑ Lavalle 1891, pp. 60–61.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Mendiburu 1885, p. 359.
  15. ↑ Vargas Ugarte 1981, p. 124.
  16. ↑ Vargas Ugarte 1981, pp. 125–126.
  17. ↑ Mendiburu 1885, pp. 359–360.
  18. ↑ Vargas Ugarte 1981, pp. 124–125.
  19. ↑ Mendiburu 1885, p. 360.
  20. ↑ Vargas Ugarte 1981, pp. 139–140.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Vargas Ugarte 1981, p. 123.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Vargas Ugarte 1981, p. 130.
  23. ↑ Mendiburu 1885, p. 361.
  24. ↑ Vargas Ugarte 1981, pp. 132–134.
  25. ↑ Mendiburu 1885, pp. 361–362.
  26. ↑ Fernández Duro 1972, p. 187.
  27. ↑ Vargas Ugarte 1981, pp. 128–129.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Mendiburu 1885, p. 364.
  29. ↑ Vargas Ugarte 1981, pp. 145–152.
  30. ↑ Hernández Alfonso 1945, pp. 182–183.
  31. ↑ Mendiburu 1885, pp. 363–364.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Mendiburu 1885, p. 362.
  33. ↑ Vargas Ugarte 1981, pp. 117–118.
  34. ↑ Bromley 2019, p. 309.
  35. ↑ Bromley 2019, p. 419.
  36. ↑ Vargas Ugarte 1981, p. 134.
  37. ↑ Mendiburu 1885, pp. 362–363.
  38. ↑ Mendiburu 1885, pp. 364–365.
  39. ↑ Vargas Ugarte 1981, pp. 127–128.
  40. ↑ Mendiburu 1885, pp. 360–361.
  41. ↑ Vargas Ugarte 1981, pp. 134–135.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Vargas Ugarte 1981, p. 135.
  43. ↑ Lavalle 1891, p. 61.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.4 Lavalle 1891, p. 62.
  45. ↑ Mendiburu 1885, p. 367.
  46. ↑ Zinni, Mariana (July–December 2021). "Contra Morcillo: Peralta Barnuevo y la defensa del virrey". Memoria Americana. Cuadernos de Etnohistoria (in español). 29 (2). Buenos Aires: Instituto de Ciencias Antropológicas, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Buenos Aires: 171–185. ISSN 1851-3751. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
  47. ↑ Vargas Ugarte 1981, pp. 123–124.
  48. ↑ Mendiburu 1885, p. 365.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Mendiburu 1885, p. 366.
  50. ↑ Gutiérrez Rivas, Patricia (2005). "Villarrobledo y el Perú en el siglo XVIII: Los Morcillo Rubio de Auñón y su actuación en el Perú borbónico". BIRA (in español) (32). Lima: Instituto Riva Agüero-PUCP: 89–99. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)

Bibliography

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