Adolfo Suárez

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For other uses, see Adolfo Suárez (disambiguation).
Adolfo Suárez
1st Duke of Suárez
Photographed in 1978 at La Moncloa
President of the Government of Spain
In office
July 5, 1976 – February 26, 1981
MonarchJuan Carlos I
Preceded byCarlos Arias Navarro
(acting: Fernando de Santiago)
Succeeded byLeopoldo Calvo-Sotelo
Minister-Secretary General of the Movement
In office
December 12, 1975 – July 7, 1976
Preceded byJosé Solís Ruiz
Succeeded byIgnacio García López
Vice-Secretary General of the Movement
In office
March 21 – July 2, 1975
Preceded byAntonio García Rodríguez-Acosta
Succeeded byAntonio Chozas Bermúdez
Director General of Radio Broadcasting and Television
In office
May 14, 1969 – June 25, 1973
Preceded byJesús Aparicio Bernal Sánchez
Succeeded byRafael Orbe
Civil Governor of Segovia
In office
May 31, 1968 – November 7, 1969
Preceded byJuan Murillo de Valdivia y Martínez Matamoros
Succeeded byMariano Pérez-Hickman Rey
Procurador in the Cortes Españolas
In office
1967–1977
Deputy in the Cortes Generales
In office
July 22, 1977 – October 29, 1991
ConstituencyMadrid
Personal details
BornSeptember 25, 1932
Cebreros, Spain
DiedMarch 23, 2014(2014-03-23) (aged 81)
Madrid, Spain
Cause of deathNeurological disease
PartyFET y de las JONS (1958–1977)
UCD (1977–1981)
CDS (1982–1991)
Spouse
María Amparo Illana Elórtegui
​
​
(m. 1961; died 2001)​
ChildrenMaría Amparo, Adolfo, Laura, Sonsoles and Francisco Javier
Parent(s)Hipólito Suárez Guerra
Herminia González Prados
Alma materUniversity of Salamanca
OccupationPolitician, lawyer
CabinetSuárez I
Suárez II
Suárez III
Awards
See Titles, distinctions and decorations
Signature

Adolfo Suárez González (Cebreros, September 25, 1932 – Madrid, March 23, 2014),[1][2] 1st Duke of Suárez and Grandee of Spain, was a Spanish politician and lawyer, President of the Government of Spain between 1976 and 1981.

Suárez, whose childhood was spent in Ávila, earned his law degree from the University of Salamanca and pursued his doctoral studies at the Complutense University of Madrid. He held several public offices during the Francoist dictatorship: he was Civil Governor of Segovia, Procurador in the Cortes and Director General of Radio Broadcasting and Television. Despite being unknown to the public at the time,[3][4] he was appointed President of the Government by King Juan Carlos I in 1976.

As President of the Government, Suárez was one of the key figures of the Spanish Transition, the process through which the dictatorial regime of Francisco Franco was left behind and Spain was constituted as a social and democratic State under the rule of law. During his presidency, various measures were carried out that reformed the previous system, such as the "self-liquidation" of the Francoist Cortes or the legalization of political parties; the legalization of the Communist Party was particularly notable. He was elected President under the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) coalition in the 1977 general election, becoming the first President of the Government of the new Spanish democratic period, an office he would hold during the Constituent and 1st legislatures. In 1981 he presented his resignation as President of the Government due to the dismantling of the UCD.

After his resignation, he founded, together with other UCD leaders, the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) party and was elected deputy in the Cortes in several general elections, until he left politics in 1991. He withdrew from public life from 2003 onward, having been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. He died in 2014 of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.[2] After his death, he was awarded the collar of the Order of Charles III and the name of Madrid-Barajas Airport was changed in his honor.[5]

Early years and family

The firstborn son of Hipólito Suárez Guerra (A Coruña, July 1907 – Madrid, March 22, 1980) and Herminia González Prados (1910 – July 18, 2006), Adolfo Suárez was born in Cebreros by decision of his mother, whose family roots were there. However, the family's residence was already established in Ávila,[6] where the couple had moved shortly after marrying. He also had four younger siblings: Hipólito, María del Carmen (married to Aurelio Delgado Martín), Ricardo and José María.

His mother was very devout and the daughter of small business owners, while his father was a court procurator,[7] son of the clerk of the court —a gambler and womanizer—[8] with whom he never got along.[9]

Suárez was never a good student. He went through several schools, did not read, and his pastimes had more to do with parties, sports and card games. He also shared his mother's religiosity, founding and presiding from his adolescence over various bodies linked to Catholic Action.[9]

He married on July 15, 1961[10] Amparo Illana Elórtegui (1934–2001),[11] with whom he had five children: María del Amparo "Mariam" (1963–2004),[12] Adolfo (1964), Laura (1966), Sonsoles (1967) and Francisco Javier (1969), and four grandchildren: Alejandra and Fernando (Mariam's children), and Adolfo and Pablo (Adolfo's children).[13]

His wife, Amparo Illana Elórtegi, died of cancer on May 17, 2001, at the age of 66, and his daughter Mariam died three years later, on March 7, 2004, also of cancer, at the age of 41.

Education

He studied Law as an external student in Salamanca, graduating not without difficulty.[9] At the beginning of 1955, he had just obtained his first paid job at the Charity Board of Ávila when his father fled home as a result of a business scandal. Unable to support the rest of his family on his own, in August he met the Falangist linked to Opus Dei[14] Fernando Herrero Tejedor, who had just been appointed Civil Governor and Provincial Head of the Movement in Ávila and who would become his political mentor from then on, helping him to establish himself in that profession.[9] At the beginning of the 1958–1959 academic year he entered the Colegio Mayor Francisco Franco —located in the Ciudad Universitaria of Madrid— with the aim of beginning to prepare for civil service examinations. He earned his doctorate in Law from the Complutense University of Madrid.[15]

Political career

He held different offices within the structures of Francoism under the guidance of Herrero Tejedor. Thus, in 1958, he joined the General Secretariat of the Movement, rising in 1961 to head of the technical cabinet of the Vice-Secretary General, procurador in the Cortes for Ávila in 1967[16] and Civil Governor of Segovia and Provincial Head of the Movement in 1968.[17][18] That year he had to deal with the Los Ángeles de San Rafael tragedy. In 1969 he was appointed Director General of Radio Broadcasting and Television, where he had already held other positions between 1964 and 1968; he remained in this office until 1973.

In 1975, once again under the guidance of Herrero Tejedor, he was appointed Vice-Secretary General of the Movement, an office he took up on March 24,[19][20] and which he would hold until the death of his mentor in a car accident on June 12 of that year. On July 11, 1975, he also took over the presidency of the political organization Union of the Spanish People (UDPE),[21] a position he held until December 12, when he was replaced in the presidency of the political association by Cruz Martínez Esteruelas.

On December 11, 1975, he entered the first cabinet of Arias Navarro formed after the death of Franco. At the suggestion of Torcuato Fernández Miranda, Adolfo Suárez was appointed Minister-Secretary General of the Movement.[22]

On June 9, 1976, in a speech on the Law of Political Associations before the Cortes Españolas prior to his election, he quoted some verses by Antonio Machado, who had died in exile:[23]

We are going to lay the foundations of a lasting understanding under the rule of law.

And allow me, to conclude, to recall the verses of a great Spanish author.

Today is open / to tomorrow. Tomorrow, to the infinite. / Men of Spain, neither has the past died, / nor is tomorrow written in yesterday.

President of the Government

Pre-constitutional period

Adolfo Suárez on August 29, 1977, flanked by Max van der Stoel and Joop den Uyl.

When in July 1976 King Juan Carlos I entrusted him with forming the second government of his reign and the consequent dismantling of the Francoist structures, Suárez was a complete unknown to a majority of the Spanish people. Nevertheless, at the age of 43, and not without considerable difficulty, he was able to bring together a group of politicians of his generation who had arrived at democratic convictions by various paths. He managed to gather, alongside "converted" Falangists like himself, social democrats, liberals, Christian democrats, etc., and between 1976 and 1979, to dismantle the Francoist regime with the complicity of anti-Francoist forces such as the PSOE and, especially, the Communist Party of Spain and its leader, Santiago Carrillo, who described Suárez as an "intelligent anti-communist".[24]

In this task he was helped by Torcuato Fernández Miranda, among others, who achieved the self-liquidation of the Francoist Cortes and the passage of the Political Reform Bill, in the face of a wary democratic opposition, and with the collaboration of Lieutenant General Manuel Gutiérrez Mellado, tasked with reassuring and controlling, as far as possible, the upper military ranks, composed for the most part of officers who had taken part in the Civil War and were inclined toward the Francoist regime.

First democratic president

On June 15, 1977, for the first time in Spain since 1936, free general elections were held. Adolfo Suárez emerged as their winner, at the head of a conglomerate of centrist groups gathered around his person under the acronym UCD (Union of the Democratic Centre). The Cortes that came out of those elections, turned into a constituent assembly, approved the Constitution, which the Spanish people ratified in a referendum on December 6, 1978.

Photographed during his investiture speech in the Congress of Deputies (March 1979)
Photographed together with Rafael Arias Salgado and Marcelino Oreja presiding over a meeting of the Council of Ministers (1980)

On March 1, 1979, Adolfo Suárez won a general election for the second time, and began his third term as President of the Government. However, the victory in the general election was largely overshadowed by the left's accession to the country's main City Councils after the first municipal elections in April. The agreement between the PSOE and the PCE allowed the large Spanish cities to be governed by mayors from opposition parties.

It was a period of government full of political, social and economic difficulties.[25] In 1980, the PSOE tabled a motion of no confidence which, although defeated in advance, further damaged the image of a Suárez deprived of support within his own party. Finally, on January 29, 1981, he chose to resign both as President of the Government[26][27] and from the Union of the Democratic Centre.[28][29] In his message to the nation, which lasted ten minutes[29] and was broadcast by Televisión Española at 7:40 p.m.,[28] he stated:

I do not want the democratic system of coexistence to be, once again, a parenthesis in the history of Spain.[29]

This gave rise to the idea that he was resigning under pressure from the military.[25] This theory seemed to be confirmed by the attempted coup d'état that took place during the investiture of Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo. However, some authors —Javier Cercas, Javier Tusell and Charles Powell among them— insist on weariness and the lack of support from the Crown as the main factors behind his resignation. Other authors such as Gregorio Morán refer to a specific episode combining military threats with the lack of royal support, all of which, together with the ongoing rebellion of the Christian democratic members of his party, who had supposedly already reached an agreement with those of People's Alliance, they cite as the decisive causes of the resignation.[25]

In 1981, the King granted him the title of Duke of Suárez in recognition of his role in the Transition process.[30][31]

Later political life

Adolfo Suárez, together with fellow CDS deputy Francisco Javier Moldes Fontán, celebrating the party's success in the 1986 election.

After his resignation, he left the UCD on July 28, 1982[32] and founded, together with other former UCD leaders, the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) party, which he presented three days after leaving the UCD, and with which he ran in the election of October 28, 1982, being elected deputy for Madrid. He retained his seat in the 1986 and 1989 elections, but in 1991 he resigned as President of the CDS after his party's poor results in the municipal elections and left politics for good.

In 1996 he was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord for his important contribution to the Spanish Transition to democracy, of which he is considered the great architect.

Adolfo Suárez receiving the Gold Medal of Castile and León on March 21, 1997

Final years

Both his wife, Amparo Illana Elórtegui (May 25, 1934 – May 17, 2001), and his eldest daughter, María Amparo (Mariam) Suárez Illana (February 9, 1963[33] – March 7, 2004), a lawyer, suffered from and died of cancer. Amparo died on May 17, 2001, at the age of 66, at her home in Madrid, after having undergone surgery in 1994 at the University of Navarra Clinic for the breast cancer she suffered from. Mariam died almost three years later, on March 7, 2004, at the age of 41 in Madrid. Another of Suárez's daughters, Sonsoles Suárez (1967), a television presenter, has also suffered from cancer. Suárez has two other children who have undergone cancer surgery, both successfully: Adolfo (May 5, 1964), who was the People's Party candidate for the presidency of the autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha in 2003 and was operated on twice in 2014 for throat cancer, and Laura (who also suffered from cancer and was successfully operated on in 2012). He has another son, Francisco Javier, in whom nothing has ever been detected.

In 2003, on the occasion of the candidacy of his son, Adolfo Suárez Illana, for President of Castilla–La Mancha for the People's Party, Suárez made his last public appearance, in Albacete, to support that candidacy. From then on he did not appear in public again, and it was precisely his son Adolfo who, during an interview for the Televisión Española program Las cerezas on May 31, 2005, made public that the former President had been suffering from Alzheimer's disease for two years, so that he did not even remember having been President of the Government and did not recognize anyone, responding only to affective stimuli.[34] That same year, the program Protagonistas by Luis del Olmo (Punto Radio) paid him a tribute joined by Adolfo Suárez Illana, Santiago Carrillo and the four subsequent Presidents of the Government, broadcast live by Punto Radio and by the various Spanish television channels belonging to Vocento's network of local-provincial channels, Punto TV.

On June 8, 2007, on the occasion of the thirtieth anniversary of the first democratic elections after the dictatorship, King Juan Carlos I appointed him a knight of the Distinguished Order of the Golden Fleece for his important role in the Spanish Transition, which was presented to him on July 16, 2008.[35] As he was unable to attend due to his state of health, the award was collected by Adolfo Suárez Illana, who read a speech on his father's behalf. On September 23, 2007, an unpublished interview with Suárez, conducted in 1980, was published in the newspaper ABC.[36] On June 12, 2009, the Adolfo Suárez and the Transition Museum, dedicated to his figure and to the Transition, opened to the public in Cebreros.[37]

Death

The remains of Adolfo Suárez are buried together with those of his wife in the Cathedral of the Savior of Ávila.

On March 21, 2014, his son Adolfo announced that his father's health had worsened due to pneumonia and that the "outcome was imminent", revealing that he had been hospitalized for several days. Two days later he died at the Cemtro clinic in Madrid, at the age of 81.[2]

On March 24, the Ministry of Public Works approved a ministerial order, at the proposal of the President of the Government, for Madrid-Barajas Airport to be renamed Adolfo Suárez, Madrid-Barajas.[38] He is the second Spaniard to give his name to a national airport, after the writer and poet Federico García Lorca, who gives his name to Granada Airport.[38] In recognition of his work, the Monarch posthumously bestowed on him the Collar of the Royal and Distinguished Spanish Order of Charles III, granted by an extraordinary Council of Ministers, thus giving him the two highest decorations of Spain, together with the Golden Fleece, which was granted to him in 2007 and presented to the Duke during his lifetime a year later.[39] It is the highest civil decoration awarded in Spain. The collar, its highest grade, is reserved for members of the Spanish royal family, heads of State and of Government, and citizens who have held the grand cross, the second grade of the decoration, for at least three years.[39]

Tomb of Adolfo Suárez and his wife.

His chapel of rest, set up in the Congress of Deputies, was attended by leading political figures who came to bid him farewell, the King and Queen and the Prince and Princess of Asturias, the President of the Government, Mariano Rajoy, with his wife, and the three former Presidents who followed his term (except Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo, who died in 2008). Thousands of citizens also came, forming lines more than five kilometers long in front of the chapel of rest set up in the Palacio de las Cortes.[40][41]

On March 25, after the celebration of the corpore insepulto Mass, Suárez was buried, at his express wish, in the cloister of the Cathedral of Ávila. Together with his mortal remains, those of his wife Amparo Illana were also buried, which until then had been interred in the Chapel of Mosén Rubí in Ávila. His epitaph reads "Concord was possible".[42][43]

A roundabout was built in Alcalá de Henares, which also bears the inscription "Concord was possible".

File:Rotonda Adolfo Suarez en Alcalá de Henares por DejiJJ..jpg
Adolfo Suárez Roundabout, Alcalá de Henares.

His state funeral was held on March 31, 2014, at the Almudena Cathedral. The ceremony was officiated by the Cardinal Archbishop of Madrid, Antonio María Rouco Varela, and was presided over by King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofía of Greece. Notable among those present were other authorities such as the Prince and Princess of Asturias and the highest authorities of the State, as well as numerous foreign political figures, among whom were the Equatoguinean head of State Teodoro Obiang, the President of the European Commission José Manuel Durão Barroso, and the Moroccan prime minister Abdelilah Benkirane; the deputy prime ministers of the United Kingdom, Nick Clegg, and of Portugal, Paulo Portas, and the Argentine vice president, Amado Boudou.[44]

Titles, distinctions and decorations

Titles of nobility
Spanish
Great arms of Adolfo Suárez González, 1st Duke of Suárez, Grandee of Spain.
Foreign
  • Grand Cross of the Order of Christ (Portuguese Republic, April 20, 1978).[73]
  • Grand Cross of the Order of Liberty (Portuguese Republic, February 22, 1996).[73]

Literature

Like other real figures of the Transition, Adolfo Suárez appears in the novel by Fernando Vizcaíno Casas Y al tercer año, resucitó. In the 1981 film based on the novel, his role was played by José Sancho.

The book (a novelized historical essay) Anatomía de un instante (Mondadori, 2009) by Javier Cercas centers on the 1981 Spanish coup attempt, when Suárez was the outgoing President. The "instant" referred to in the title is the one captured by the cameras of RTVE, when the Civil Guard has occupied the Congress and Adolfo Suárez remains seated in his seat while the rest of the deputies (with the exception of Santiago Carrillo) are hiding under their seats, and Gutiérrez Mellado confronts Antonio Tejero and his troops.[74] This work won the National Prize for Narrative in 2010.[75]

Film and television

In the comedy film El gran Mogollón (1982), a parody of him appears, played by the actor Pedro Ruiz.

On January 27, 2010, Antena 3 broadcast the film Adolfo Suárez, el presidente, in which he was portrayed by the actor Ginés García Millán. The TV movie consists of two 70-minute parts. The first narrates his youth and his political career up to his investiture as President. The second covers his years in government up to the 23-F coup d'état.[76]

In the Televisión Española series Cuéntame cómo pasó, President Suárez, played by the actor Francesc Pagès, appears on several occasions in footage of public events from the Transition era and also interacting with the Alcántara family, especially with Antonio Alcántara, a member of the UCD and supporter of the CDS.

On February 23, 2011, coinciding with the 30th anniversary of 23-F, the film of the same name premiered, in which President Suárez is played for the second time by Ginés García Millán.

On December 5, 2013, TVE broadcast a documentary on his presidency of the Government on the occasion of the 35th anniversary of the Spanish Constitution.[77]

In the Televisión Española series El Ministerio del Tiempo, he made a special appearance in the 9th and 12th episodes of the 3rd season, played by Jaime Pujol.

See also

Notes

References

  1. ↑ Morán 2009, p. 310.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Fallece Adolfo Suárez, el presidente de la Transición". elmundo.es (in español). March 23, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
  3. ↑ Adolfo Suarez, un presidente de todos, La Verdad, July 30, 2010 (in Spanish)
  4. ↑ Adolfo Suárez, Presidente del Gobierno, Canal Historia (in Spanish)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Real Decreto 209/2014, de 24 de marzo, por el que se concede, a título póstumo, el Collar de la Real y Distinguida Orden Española de Carlos III al excelentísimo señor don Adolfo Suárez González, Presidente del Gobierno y duque de Suárez" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado no. 72 of March 24, 2014 (in español). Gobierno de España.
  6. ↑ Hemeroteca ABC. (in Spanish)
  7. ↑ «Adolfo Suárez: La profunda huella gallega.» El Faro de Vigo, March 24, 2014 (in Spanish)
  8. ↑ Alfredo Semprún. "Una vida y cuatro años y medio" (pdf) (in español).
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Cercas, Javier (2009), op. cit. «Quinta parte: ¡Viva Italia!» (2), pp. 338-356.
  10. ↑ Revista Semana (March 23, 2014). "Adolfo Suárez muere a los 81 años" (in español). Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
  11. ↑ El País (May 18, 2001). "Fallece Amparo Illana, esposa de Adolfo Suárez" (in español). Retrieved March 21, 2014.
  12. ↑ Almudena Pérez Pedrayo (March 21, 2014). "Mariam Suárez retrasó la quimio por su hijo y el cáncer le ganó la batalla". lainformacion.com (in español). Retrieved March 22, 2014.
  13. ↑ Nombre completo del segundo hijo de Adolfo Suárez. La Opinión de Zamora. (in Spanish)
  14. ↑ Suárez himself belonged to this Catholic institution for a few years, remaining close to it afterwards. See http://www.elmundo.es/encuentros/invitados/2007/09/2662/index.html
  15. ↑ Fundación Príncipe de Asturias. (in Spanish)
  16. ↑ Morán, Gregorio (2011). "8". Adolfo Suárez (in español). Debate. ISBN 9788499920283. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
  17. ↑ Navarro, Eduardo (October 10, 2014). "El hombre que hacía sonreír a Franco". El País (in español).
  18. ↑ Ministerio de la Gobernación (June 4, 1968). "Decreto 1126/1968, de 31 de mayo, por el que se nombra Gobernador civil de la provincia de Segovia a don Adolfo Suárez González" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado núm. 134 (in español). Official State Gazette Agency.
  19. ↑ Sabín Rodríguez 1997, p. 436.
  20. ↑ "De gobernador de Segovia, a Castellana, 3". El País (in español). July 4, 1976.
  21. ↑ "Adolfo Suárez, presidente de la Comisión Provisional de la U.D.P.E." ABC (in español). July 12, 1975.
  22. ↑ Suárez Fernández, Luis; Espadas Burgos, Manuel (1987). Historia general de España y América: La época de Franco (in español). Ediciones Rialp. p. 466. ISBN 978-84-321-2359-7. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
  23. ↑ Gregorio Morán. "El elegido". Afolfo Suárez: Ambición y destino (in español). Retrieved February 21, 2015.
  24. ↑ UN «ANTICOMUNISTA INTELIGENTE», por Victoria Prego, at elmundo.es. (in Spanish)
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Gregorio Morán “Adolfo Suárez: Ambición y destino”, Ed Debate; Barcelona, 2009. ISBN 84-8306-834-6. Pages 259 ff. (in Spanish)
  26. ↑ Suárez-Íñiguez 2011, p. 173.
  27. ↑ Folgueira Lombardero & Bayón Iglesias 2009, p. 59.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 El País. "Suárez: "No quiero que el sistema democrático sea un paréntesis en la historia de España"" (in español). Retrieved March 21, 2014.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 RTVE. "Discurso de dimisión de Adolfo Suárez. Noticias en el archivo de RTVE (presentación dimisión en minuto 0:57 y cita en minuto 3:47)" (in español). Retrieved September 16, 2017.
  30. ↑ "Real Decreto 254/1981, de 25 de febrero, por el que se concede el título del Reino de Duque de Suárez, a don Adolfo Suárez González" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado no. 49 of February 26, 1981 (in español). Gobierno de España.
  31. ↑ "Muere Adolfo Suárez, el presidente de la Transición". El Mundo (in español). March 23, 2014.
  32. ↑ Fuentes, Juan Francisco, Adolfo Suárez. Una biografía política, Barcelona, Planeta, 2011, p. 448
  33. ↑ "«Adolfo Suárez muere a los 81 años.»" (in español). Archived from the original on April 19, 2014. Retrieved April 17, 2014.
  34. ↑ "Elmundo.es - La familia de Adolfo Suárez habla por primera vez de su enfermedad" (in español). Retrieved January 25, 2008.
  35. ↑ Real Decreto 726/2007 (9 de junio de 2007) BOE. (in Spanish)
  36. ↑ "abc.es - Entrevista inédita a Adolfo Suárez: «Soy un hombre completamente desprestigiado»" (in español). Retrieved January 25, 2008.
  37. ↑ El Mundo. "Museo a Suárez y la Transición" (in español). Retrieved March 21, 2014.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 ABC. "El Gobierno aprueba que el aeropuerto Madrid-Barajas se llame Adolfo Suárez" (in español). Retrieved March 24, 2014.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "El Rey concede al expresidente el collar de la Real Orden de Carlos III como muestra de su "real aprecio"" (in español). 20minutos.es. March 24, 2014.
  40. ↑ El País. "La despedida a Suárez reúne a todos los presidentes y fuerzas políticas" (in español).
  41. ↑ La Información. "Colas de cinco kilómetros para despedir a Suárez" (in español).
  42. ↑ "Los restos mortales de Amparo Illana se encuentran ya en la catedral de Ávila" (in español). El Panorama. March 24, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
  43. ↑ "POLÍTICA Entierro del primer presidente de la democracia Adolfo Suárez reposa ya en Ávila bajo el epitafio 'La concordia fue posible'" (in español). El Mundo. March 25, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
  44. ↑ "Último adiós a Adolfo Suárez, el presidente de la transición" (in español). Expansión. March 31, 2014.
  45. ↑ "Real Decreto 726/2007, de 8 de junio, por el que se concede el Collar de la Insigne Orden del Toisón de Oro a don Adolfo Suárez González, Duque de Suárez". BOE (in español). June 9, 2007. Archived from the original on February 2, 2012. Retrieved December 23, 2011.
  46. ↑ "El Rey concede al expresidente el collar de la Real Orden de Carlos III como muestra de su "real aprecio"" (in español). Europa Press. March 24, 2014.
  47. ↑ "Real Decreto 1468/1978, de 23 de junio, por el que se concede la Gran Cruz de la Real y Muy Distinguida Orden de Carlos III al excelentísimo señor don Adolfo Suárez González, Presidente del Gobierno". BOE (in español). June 28, 1978. Retrieved December 23, 2011.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  48. ↑ "Decreto 2347/1973, de 29 de septiembre, por el que se concede la Gran Cruz de la Orden de Isabel la Católica a don Adolfo Suárez González". BOE (in español). October 30, 1973. Retrieved December 23, 2011.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  49. ↑ "Decreto 1471/1975, de 4 de julio, por el que se concede la Gran Cruz de la Orden Imperial del Yugo y las Flechas a don Adolfo Suárez González" (PDF). BOE (in español). July 5, 1975. Retrieved December 23, 2011.
  50. ↑ "Decreto1966/1972, de 18 de julio, por el que se concede la Gran Cruz de la Orden de Cisneros a don Adolfo Suárez González". BOE (in español). July 18, 1972. Retrieved December 23, 2011.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  51. ↑ "Decreto 603/1971, de 1 de abril, por el que se concede la Gran Cruz de la Orden Civil de Alfonso X el Sabio a don Adolfo Suárez González". BOE (in español). April 5, 1971. Archived from the original on February 2, 2012. Retrieved December 23, 2011.
  52. ↑ "Orden de 1 de abril de 1967 por la que se concede el ingreso en la Orden Civil de Alfonso X el Sabio a don Adolfo Suárez González". BOE (in español). May 1, 1971. Retrieved May 1, 1967. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  53. ↑ "Decreto 1892/1969, de 18 de julio, por el que se concede la Gran Cruz de la Orden del Mérito Civil a don Adolfo Suárez González". BOE (in español). September 13, 1969. Retrieved December 23, 2011.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  54. ↑ Diputación Provincial de Segovia (1991). Medalla de Oro de la provincia de Segovia concedida a su Alteza Real Don Juan de Borbón y Battenberg (in español). Segovia. ISBN 84-86789-35-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  55. ↑ "Decreto 2535/1970, de 14 de septiembre, por el que se concede a don Adolfo Suárez González la Gran Cruz de la Orden del Mérito Militar, con distintivo blanco". BOE (in español). September 15, 1970. Retrieved December 23, 2011.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  56. ↑ "Decreto 755/1972, de 14 de septiembre, por el que se concede a don Adolfo Suárez González la Gran Cruz de la Orden del Mérito Naval, con distintivo blanco" (PDF). BOE (in español). April 1, 1972. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Adolfo Suárez, Medalla de Oro de Ávila, e Hijo Adoptivo de dicha ciudad (in Spanish)
  58. ↑ Adolfo Suárez ganador del I Premio Internacional Alfonso X el Sabio (in Spanish)
  59. ↑ Medalla de Oro de Madrid para Adolfo Suárez, Teresa Berganza, Pedro Laín Entralgo y Joaquín Garrigues (in Spanish)
  60. ↑ Concesión de la Medalla de Oro de Madrid para Adolfo Suárez (in Spanish)
  61. ↑ Adolfo Suárez y Mario Soares, investidos Doctores Honoris Causa por la Universidad Complutense de Madrid (in Spanish)
  62. ↑ «Concesión Príncipe de Asturias a Don Adolfo Suárez González.» El País. (in Spanish)
  63. ↑ Adolfo Suárez, profeta en su tierra (in Spanish)
  64. ↑ [1]
  65. ↑ «Con Adolfo Suárez se va el primer galardonado por la Fundación Premio Convivencia.» (in Spanish)
  66. ↑ «Suárez, González y Roca hablarán de "España desde la Constitución".» El País. Retrieved March 24, 2014. (in Spanish)
  67. ↑ «Medalla de Honor de Madrid para Suárez, y de Oro para González y Aznar.» (in Spanish)
  68. ↑ "Decreto 44/2014, de 1 de abril, por el que se concede la Medalla de Extremadura a Don Adolfo Suárez González" (PDF). DOE (in español). June 7, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
  69. ↑ «Adolfo Suárez, nombrado a título póstumo Hijo Adoptivo de Madrid.» (in Spanish)
  70. ↑ Presidencia de la Generalitat: "Decreto 50/2014, de 28 de marzo, del Consell, por el que se concede, a título póstumo, la Gran Cruz de la Orden de Jaume I el Conqueridor al Excelentísimo Señor Adolfo Suárez González, presidente del Gobierno de España y duque de Suárez" (PDF). Diario Oficial de la Comunidad Valenciana núm. 5804, de 31 de marzo de 2014 (in español): 6964. ISSN 0212-8195.
  71. ↑ [2]
  72. ↑ [3]
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 República Portuguesa. Base de datos de condecorados. Retrieved March 24, 2014 (in Portuguese)
  74. ↑ Cercas, Javier (2009), op. cit.
  75. ↑ Ruiz Mantilla, Jesús (October 8, 2010). "Javier Cercas gana el Premio Nacional de Narrativa". El País. (in español). Retrieved November 13, 2013.
  76. ↑ "140 minutos con Suárez" (in español). El País. January 24, 2010. Archived from the original on February 7, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  77. ↑ RTVE. "Televisión Española dedica un programa especial a Adolfo Suárez" (in español). Retrieved March 21, 2014.

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